The medicinal chemistry of Urtica dioica L.:from preliminary evidence to clinical studies supporting its neuroprotective activity

Urtica dioica is a perennial herb from the family of Urticaceae that is commonly known as stinging nettle.This plant is widespread in Europe,Africa,America,and a part of Asia,as it adapts to different environments and climatic condi-tions.The leaves,stalk,and bark of U.dioica found applications in the field of nutrition,cosmetics,textile,pest control and pharmacology.In this connection,bioactive chemical constituents such as flavonoids,phenolic acids,amino acids,carotenoids,and fatty acids have been isolated from the plant.With this review,we aim at providing an updated and comprehensive overview of the contributions in literature reporting computational,in vitro,pre-clinical and clini-cal data supporting the therapeutic applications of U.dioica.Experimental evidence shows that U.dioica constituents and extracts can provide neuroprotective effects by acting through a combination of different molecular mecha-nisms,that are discussed in the review.These findings could lay the basis for the identification and design of more effective tools against neurodegenerative diseases.

Hepatoprotective effects of Nigella sativa L and Urtica dioica L on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme systems and liver enzymes in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats

AIM: To investigate the effects of Nigella sativa L (NS)and Urtica dioica L (UD) on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme systems and liver enzymes in CCl4-treated rats.METHODS: Fifty-six healthy male Wistar albino rats were used in this study. The rats were randomly allotted into one of the four experimental groups: A (CCl4-only treated), B (CCl4+UD treated), C (CCl4+NS treated) and D (CCl4+UD+NS treated), each containing 14 animals.All groups received CCl4 (0.8 mL/kg of body weight, sc,twice a week for 60 d). Tn addition, B, C and D groups also received daily J.p. injections of 0.2 mL/kg NS or/and 2 mL/kg UD oils for 60 d. Group A, on the other hand,received only 2 mL/kg normal saline solution for 60 d.Blood samples for the biochemical analysis were taken by cardiac puncture from randomly chosen-seven rats in each treatment group at beginning and on the 60th d of the experiment.RESULTS: The CCl4 treatment for 60 d increased thelipid peroxidation and liver enzymes,and also decreasedthe antioxidant enzyme levels. NS or UD treatment (aloneor combination) for 60 d decreased the elevated lipidperoxidation and liver enzyme levels and also increasedthe reduced antioxidant enzyme levels.The weight ofrats decreased in group A,and increased in groups B, Cand D.CONCLUSION: NS and UD decrease the lipid peroxidation and liver enzymes, and increase the antioxidant defense system activity in the CCl4-treated rats.

Antimicrobial Effectiveness on Selected Bacterial Species and Alkaloid and Saponin Content of <i>Rosa nutkana</i>C. Presl (Nootka Rose) and <i>Urtica dioica</i>L. (Stinging Nettle) Extracts

Nootka rose (Rosa nutkana C. Presl) and stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) have been traditionally used in the treatment of skin infection by Indigenous peoples of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The main objective of this study was to examine the antibacterial efficacy of extracts of Nootka rose and stinging nettle against the common pathogenic skin bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using Indigenous science and standard methods of analysis. The Indigenous science method of plant extraction by steeping as advised by the Traditional Knowledge keeper was performed to examine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) by serial dilution and bacterial population counts. Soxhlet extractions and Kirby Bauer disc sensitivity testing showed that Nootka rose extracts possessed antibacterial effectiveness against all three bacterial species while stinging nettle extracts were effective against M. luteus. Results for MIC and MBC indicated antibacterial activity against M. luteus and S. aureus for the Nootka rose when using full-strength solutions;all three bacterial species exhibited growth when undiluted stinging nettle treatments were used. When considering bacterial population counts for S. aureus, results indicated that only the Nootka rose treatment offered effective inhibition. Chemical analysis showed that alkaloid percentage was greater in the stinging nettle (0.17%) than Nootka rose (0.07%), while saponin percentage was greater in the Nootka rose (0.87%) than stinging nettle (0.17%). Overall, Nootka rose showed a greater level of antibacterial effectiveness than stinging nettle by Indigenous and Western scientific methods of plant extract preparation.

Effect of nettle(Urtica dioica) extract on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in male rabbits

Objective:To investigate the antioxidant ef ect of an orally administered ethanol extract of nettle(Urtica dioica) and its protective role in preventing or ameliorating oxidative stress as a major factor in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rabbits. Methods: Twenty rabbits were divided into 4 equal groups:(G1) control group,(G2) gentamicin treated group(100 mg/kg),(G3) nettle treated group(100 mg/kg),(G4) combination treated group with both gentamicin(100 mg/kg) and nettle(100 mg/kg) for 10 days. The antioxidant properties of nettle were evaluated using dif erent antioxidant tests, such as determination of glutathione and malondialdehyde levels and total phenolic content analysis. Results: Biochemical and histopathological study revealed that gentamicin caused nephrotoxicity observed clearly in the histopathological section of the kidney in the gentamicin treated group. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen were biochemical indicators for nephrotoxicity which increased signii cantly in gentamicin treated group; other groups have no signii cant change in these two parameters. Nettle extract protected the rabbits from alteration in the level of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine when given after inducing of gentamicin nephrotoxicity. The nettle treated group showed a great ef ect as an antioxidant factor by increasing the glutathione level and reducing malondialdehyde level. No signii cant changes in biochemical parameters and no renal histopathological changes observed in the groups treated with nettle extract, which meant nettle had powerful antioxidant activity. Conclusions: Therefore, it can be assumed that the nephroprotective ef ect shown by nettle in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity can reserve intracellular levels of biological pathways and supportively enhance excretion of toxic levels of gentamicin.

The healing effects of herbal preparations from Sambucus ebulus and Urtica dioica in full-thickness wound models

Objective:To investigate the healing effects of two herbal preparations.Methods:For this purpose,106 wistar rats were divided into 9 groups including a control,eucerine,phenytoin,Urtica dioica(U.dioica)(2%),U.dioica(5%),Sambucus ebulus(S.ebulus)(2%),S.ebulus(5%),combination(2%),and combination(5%)groups.The control group remained untreated,the eucerin and phenytoin groups were considered as the negative and positive controls respectively,and the remaining groups received different concentrations of the ointments.Full thickness wounds were made.The healing process of the wounds was investigated on day 7,14 and 21 of the experiment.Several factors including the number of fibroblasts,new vessel formation(angiogenesis),thickness of the granulomatous tissues(GT),and the overlying epithelium were analyzed.Results:Among the studied groups,all of the treatment groups were significantly different from the control,eucerin,and phenytoin groups in a positive manner with regard to all studied factors(P 0.05).However,the best results were observed with the S.ebulus(2%) and the combination 2% groups(P 0.05).Conclusions:Topical ointments prepared from the extracts of U.dioica and S.ebulus and their combination possess strong wound healing properties.It is postulated that a synergistic effect may exist between the two extracts since the combination 2% showed better results than the sole extracts.

Effects of Urtica dioica extract on CA3 hippocampal pyramidal cell loss in young diabetic rats

BACKGROUND： Urtica dioica extract has been shown to play a protective role in the neurodegeneration associated with diabetes mellitus. OBJECTIVE： To verify the neuroprotective efficacy of nettle extract on pyramidal cell density in the CA3 hippocampal subfield following administration of Urtica dioica extract to young diabetic rats. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled, neurobiological study was performed at the Department of Histology and Embryology at the Gorgan University of Medical Sciences in Iran from 2006 to 2007. MATERIALS： Urtica dioica leaves were collected from a cultivated plant in the suburb of Gorgan （northem Iran） and taxonomically identified by the Department of Pharmacognosy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. METHODS： A total of 20 male, albino, Wistar rats, aged 6-7 postnatal weeks, were randomly assigned to four groups： normal control, diabetic model, preventive, and treatment, with five rats in each group. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin （80 mg/kg） in the diabetic and treatment groups. Rats from the preventive group received a hydroalcoholic extract of Urtica dioica （100 mg/kg per day） during the first 5 days, and then streptozotocin （80 mg/kg） was administered on day 6. One week following the streptozotocin injection, rats in the treatment group were intraperitoneally administered hydroalcoholic extract of Urtica dioica （100 mg/kg per day） for 4 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Following administration of Urtica dioica extract, the dorsal hippocampal formation of the right cerebral hemispheres was stained with cresyl violet. Area densities of CA3 pyramidal cells were measured. RESULTS： The diabetic, preventive, and treatment groups exhibited reduced cell densities compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. Moreover, densities of CA3 pyramidal cells in the treatment group were significantly reduced compared with the diabetic model group （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： The Urtica dioica extract exhibited no significant neuroprotectJve benefits in diabetes-induced loss of pyramidal cells in the CA3 hippocampal subfields of young diabetic rats.

土壤水分对异株荨麻(Urtica dioica)保护酶和渗透调节物质的影响及其与叶片光合和生物量的相关性

通过对不同土壤水分处理下异株荨麻保护酶系(SOD、POD)活性、渗透调节物质(可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸)和细胞膜脂过氧化产物(MDA)含量以及最大光合速率、生物量的测定,各项生理指标间线性相关性的分析,探讨异株荨麻对水分变化的响应特性和耐干旱适应能力。实验采用盆栽水分梯度法将异株荨麻扦插苗按土壤相对含水量93.58%、80.74%、67.90%、55.06%和42.22%分组,以充足水分93.58%为CK对照组,实验组水分由高到低为T1、T2、T3和T4共5组。结果表明,(1)异株荨麻体内SOD活性随水分含量下降而呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,POD活性与之成相似互补的变化趋势;可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和MDA含量随水分含量的下降而升高;(2)各保护酶系和渗透调节物质与土壤水分呈显著线性负相关,保护酶系、渗透调节物质与过氧化产物MDA线性正相关;(3)比较光合速率、生物量和各种酶系、渗透调节物质的关系发现,光合速率与各生理指标无明显相关性,渗透调节物质对生物量积累有显著负相关性。

异株荨麻(Urtica dioica)生长及光合特性对不同土壤水分含量的响应

异株荨麻是我国一种重要中药植物，如何对其进行人工定向培植具有重要意义。以异株荨麻扦插苗为实验材料，采用盆栽水分梯度法，按土壤相对含水量93．58％、80．74％、67．90％、55．06％和42．22％分为对照组CK，实验处理组T1，T2，T3和T4五个处理组，通过观测不同水分条件下，异株荨麻生长量、生物量变化和光合特征变化，试图探讨异株荨麻的水分适应性，寻找出适合其生长的水分范围及对生物量分配的影响，为北方地区种植栽培此类植物提供科学依据。结果发现：随土壤水分含量的降低，异株荨麻生长量和生物量积累呈先上升后下降趋势，在土壤相对含水量80．74％生长达到高峰，土壤相对含水量67．90％～80．74％为异株荨麻生长的适宜范围。净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、气孔限制值及叶绿体色素含量的变化趋势与之相近似。在上述水分范围以外其光合功能下降、同化作用减弱，使异株荨麻生长衰退和干物质积累的减少。此外，土壤水分直接调控光合产物在地上和地下的分配以及植株个体形状，生产实践中，通过控水可以达到控制株形和根冠比的作用，用以诱导植株朝种植的预期方向生长，以达到获取植株不同部位产量的实际应用需求。

异株荨麻(Urtica dioica)种子萌发特性研究

运用双因素随机区组设计方案，系统研究了温度和稀土、温度和赤霉素对药用植物异株荨麻（Urtica dioica）种子萌发的影响。结果表明，异株荨麻种子在15～40℃恒温条件下均能发芽，但不同温度下种子发芽率和发芽势均差异显著（P〈0．05），温度过高或过低均不利于种子萌发，适宜的温度为30～35℃，最适温度约为30℃。稀土溶液在25～500mg／L范围内，均可有效促进种子萌发，浓度为100mg／L时，种子发芽势和发芽率均最高。赤霉素溶液浓度在25～600mg／L范围内，均可促进种子萌发，最适宜浓度为400mg／L。温度和稀土对异株荨麻种子发芽率无明显交互作用，而温度和赤霉素对促进种子发芽有显著的交互作用，各种组合中，以温度为30℃和35℃、赤霉素溶液浓度分别为400、500和600mg／L的6个组合的交互效应对种子发芽率的提高最为显著。异株荨麻种子在中性条件下最易发芽，随着酸碱度的增加，种子发芽率逐渐降低。

腈吡螨酯对扁豆二斑叶螨的田间药效及安全性评价

二斑叶螨是扁豆主要害虫之一,发生较重时可降低扁豆产量和品质。本研究评价了30%腈吡螨酯悬浮剂对扁豆二斑叶螨的田间药效及其对扁豆的安全性。田间使用有效成分量67.5、90、112.5 g/hm2,药后1 d三地的田间防效66.5%~85.9%、药后3 d 82.1%~92.3%、药后7 d 86.9%~95.2%、药后14 d 80.9%~96.1%,能有效防控扁豆二斑叶螨,具有较好的速效性和良好的持效性。作物安全性试验表明30%腈吡螨酯悬浮剂对扁豆安全。建议登记30%腈吡螨酯悬浮剂防治扁豆二斑叶螨,推荐使用有效成分量67.5~112.5 g/hm^(2)(制剂量15~25 mL/667m^(2)),于二斑叶螨发生初期施药1次。

HPLC法测定异株荨麻茎叶中绿原酸和黄酮类化合物

建立了一种可同时测定异株荨麻(Urtica dioica L.)茎叶中绿原酸和黄酮类化合物的高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为钻石C18柱,流动相为甲醇和0.4%磷酸混合液(体积比为55/45),检测波长355 nm,柱温25℃,流速1.0 mL/min。结果表明,本法简便、快速、有效、准确、重现性好,可用于异株荨麻茎叶中绿原酸和黄酮类成分的定量分析。

Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Inhibitors from Urtica dioica to Develop Herbal-Based Therapeutics Against COVID-19

Objective: The high transmission rate and mutations of SARS-Co V-2 have made it a global pandemic, and the shortage of any effective clinical treatment has created such a commotion. There are some synthetic antiviral drugs, such as remdesivir and lopinavir that are being repurposed to treat SARS-Co V-2, but all of these demonstrate extreme side effects in humans. Hence, promoting herbal-based drug development has become crucial as they are cost-effective and have lesser or no side effects. Urtica dioica is abundant in the Himalayan region and the compounds present in it have shown significant antiviral and anti-SARS activity. Therefore, molecular docking studies were performed to identify SARS-Co V-2 spike protein inhibitors from U. dioica to combat the COVID-19 disease. Materials and Methods: Compounds from U. dioica were screened using the bioinformatic approach, and subsequently, these compounds were docked with the S1 subunit of the COVID-19 spike protein(PDB ID: 6YOR). Molecular docking was carried out using the Py Rx software(0.8 version) and further examined by employing the Discovery Studio Visualizer. Results: About all the selected compounds showed significant binding energy(e.g., beta-sitosterol:-10.3 kcal/mol) in contrast to the control chloroquine phosphate. This binding was observed with the spike protein residues that were common in the old strain and the more contagious newly modified B.1.1.7 strain of SARS-Co V-2. Conclusions: Thus, our study can be used in effective drug development against SARS-Co V-2 and its mutant strains also.

Suitability of Nettle Fiber for Textile Production

Nettle plants widely exist in China, but up to now there is no research regarding Chinese nettle fiber properties, especially about its spinnability. This paper has studied the properties of Chinese nettle fiber and its spinnability. The research results show that the average length of nettle fiber is about 34 mm, the nettle fiber fineness ranging from 0.589 to 0.769 tex. Nettle fiber has high breaking strength, low breaking extension and high initial modulus. Both the biochemical method and chemical method can meet the requirement of nettle degumming, with the residual being less than 4%. Nettle fiber can be utilised as textile material and can be spun in rotor-spinning machines after well degummed.

荨麻多糖的结构、药理作用、提取和测定方法研究进展

荨麻在我国拥有非常丰富的植物资源,药用历史悠久,含有多糖、黄酮、香豆素、木脂素、甾体、萜类、挥发油、维生素等多种化学成分。其中,荨麻多糖因其明确的药理作用而日益受到关注。从近20年荨麻属药用植物中多糖研究的相关文献分析发现,目前主要采用热水提取法进行多糖荨麻的提取,结合水提醇沉、活性炭脱色及多种色谱技术进行纯化,确定了麻叶荨麻等四种荨麻的单糖组成及糖链结构,并发现荨麻多糖在免疫调节、抗炎、抗前列腺增生、抗疲劳等方面表现出显著活性。提示荨麻属植物中的多糖组分具有良好的开发价值,荨麻多糖的深入研究和荨麻属药用植物相关新制剂的进一步研发具有重要的意义。

生长期西藏荨麻营养和生物活性物质含量动态变化

为了解饲药两用特色牧草西藏荨麻营养物质和生物活性物质含量的动态变化,分别于营养期、开花期和结实期采集西藏荨麻样品,测定其常规营养成分、矿物质元素、脂肪酸组分及生物活性物质含量。结果表明:西藏荨麻在营养期的粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量最高,分别为34.97%和26.52%。西藏荨麻富含钙和铁,其含量在结实期和开花期达到峰值,分别为48.41和1.73 g/kg。生长期西藏荨麻的脂肪酸组分主要由亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、棕榈酸和油酸构成,不饱和脂肪酸和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸分别占71.66%和52.83%,且全株中平均含黄酮1.49%、粗多糖0.83%、单宁0.34%和总皂苷0.12%。随着生长期延长,粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量显著降低而纤维组分含量显著增加(P<0.05);锌和铜含量显著减少,而钼含量显著增加(P<0.05);脂肪酸组分基本在结实期最高(P<0.05),而营养期和开花期差异不显著;黄酮、粗多糖和单宁含量均在开花期最高,总皂苷含量在结实期最高(P<0.05);说明生长期西藏荨麻营养丰富多样,各种成分含量存在明显的季节性波动。

麻叶荨麻安全性评估及对脂多糖诱导雏鸡肠道炎性变化的保护作用

本试验旨在评估麻叶荨麻的安全性并研究其对脂多糖(LPS)诱导雏鸡肠道炎症的影响。试验选用受精后4 h的正常AB系斑马鱼胚胎,对照组加入5μL的0.1%二甲基亚砜(DMSO),试验组分别加入5μL浓度为0.1、0.5、1.0、5.0、10.0、20.0、40.0和80.0 mg/mL的麻叶荨麻乙醇提取液,并于受精后72 h加入5μL的100 ng/mL LPS处理液用于炎症诱导,直到受精后120 h。然后,选择体重[(100±5)g]接近的3日龄浦东鸡180只,随机分为6组,分别是对照组、LPS组、3%麻叶荨麻组、6%麻叶荨麻组、3%麻叶荨麻+LPS组和6%麻叶荨麻+LPS组,每组3个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂在基础饲粮中分别添加3%和6%麻叶荨麻粉的饲粮。试验期11 d。试验第8天,给麻叶荨麻+LPS组试验鸡灌服0.1 mL浓度为1 mg/mL的LPS,持续3 d。结果表明:1)受精后120 h,与对照组相比,麻叶荨麻乙醇提取液在浓度为5.0 mg/mL及以下时对斑马鱼胚胎存活率、孵化率和畸形率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,LPS组斑马鱼幼鱼白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)mRNA相对表达量显著提高(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,5.0 mg/mL麻叶荨麻+LPS组斑马鱼幼鱼白细胞介素-8(IL-8)和TNF-αmRNA相对表达量显著降低(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,LPS组雏鸡十二指肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度值显著降低(P<0.05),十二指肠杯状细胞数量显著减少(P<0.05),十二指肠IL-6和TNF-αmRNA相对表达量显著提高(P<0.05);与LPS组相比,3%麻叶荨麻+LPS组和6%麻叶荨麻+LPS组十二指肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度值显著提高(P<0.05),十二指肠杯状细胞数量有增加趋势(P>0.05),十二指肠IL-6和TNF-αmRNA相对表达量显著降低(P<0.05),且与对照组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,麻叶荨麻对LPS诱导的斑马鱼和雏鸡肠道发育障碍和炎症有显著的抑制作用,能够提高机体免疫力,但饲粮中的添加比例应控制在15 g/kg BW或者6%以下。

Expression of antioxidant genes in broiler chickens fed nettle(Urtica dioica)and its link with pulmonary hypertension

Nettle(Urtica dioica)contains a wide range of chemical constituents that confer a strong antioxidant capacity to the plant.The present study was to investigate the antioxidant gene expression and pulmonary hypertensive responses of broiler chickens to U.dioica.A total of 240 one-d-old broilers(Ross308)were randomly assigned to 4 dietary levels of U.dioica(0.0.5%.1% and 1.5%).Birds were reared for6 wk in a high altitude region(2.100 m).The results showed a significant relative overexpression(target gene/β-actin as the arbitrary unit)of catalase(CAT)and superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1)in the liver and lung of the chickens fed U.dioica.Lipid peroxidation was significantly suppressed,as reflected in reduced circulatory concentrations of malondialdehyde(MDA)in the birds fed U.dioica.These birds also had significantly(P<0.05)higher serum nitric oxide(NO)concentrations than those in the control group.Feeding U.dioica at 1% and 1.5% also attenuated the right ventricular hypertrophy(reflected in the lower right to total ventricular weight ratio),which was associated with a significant lower rate of mortality from pulmonary hypertension syndrome.Feeding U.dioica led to an upregulation of hepatic and pulmonary antioxidant genes.

麻叶荨麻的营养价值及其在动物生产中的应用

蛋白原料短缺是制约我国畜牧业快速发展的重要原因之一。麻叶荨麻是一种多年生草本植物,营养成分丰富,可作为饲料进行开发利用。文章针对麻叶荨麻在猪、牛、羊、鸡等畜禽养殖生产中的应用现状进行综述,并对我国开发利用麻叶荨麻提出一些建议,旨在为麻叶荨麻作为非常规饲料资源在畜禽生产中的研究及应用提供参考。

A Prospective, Observational Study of Use Combination Silodosin 8 mg Plus Serenoa Repens, Urtica Dioica, Cucurbita Pepo (Rotaprost) Compared With Silodosin 8 mg Alone in Treatment Patients with Benign Prostate Hyperplasia

Background:Benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH)is one of the most common causes of lower urinary tract symp-toms(LUTS)in older men.Nowadays,there are several plant extracts used for the treatment of LUTS due to BPH.Objective:The aim of this study is to compare the effect of combining silodosin 8 mg with Serenoa repens,Urtica dioica,Cucurbita pepo(Rotaprost 530 mg)compared to silodosin 8 mg and Rotaprost 530 mg alone in patients with LUTS/BPH.Methods:Four hundred five men with symptomatic BPH were recruited for the study from June 2020 to Jan-uary 2021.Three hundred eighty-nine patients were followed up for 6 months.All participants provided writ-ten informed consent.This prospective study included analysis of three treatment groups:Group I patients(n=130)received a combination of silodosin 8 mg and Rotaprost 530 mg(containing a dry extract of Serenoa repens 80 mg,a dry extract of Urtica dioica 150 mg,a dry extract of Cucurbita pepo seeds 200 mg,zinc(in the form of zinc picolinate)0.105 mg,and selenium(as sodium selenite)22.5μg);the group II(n=129)re-ceived silodosin 8 mg alone,and the group III(n=130)received Rotaprost 530 mg alone.Outcomes were measured by changes from baseline in International Prostate Symptom Score(IPPS)total score,PSA value,prostate volume,residual urine after urination,and maximum flow rate.Statistical significance was set at P<0.05.Results:In group I,IPSS,prostate volume,and maximum urinary flow rate(Qmax)improved significantly(P<0.05)compared with groups II and III during follow-up.Prostate volume in group I showed a significant decrease only during 6 months of therapy(P<0.05).No serious adverse effects were registered in the three groups.Conclusion:Combination therapy with silodosin 8 mg significantly reduced LUTS/BPH,Qmax,and prostate volume compared with silodosin 8 mg alone.Rotaprost 530 mg can also reduce PSA by at least 20.6−25.7%after 6-months of treatment.