Comparative study on pharmacokinetics and toxicity of intravitreal and sub-Tenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide in ocular tissues

AIM:To compare the differences in kinetics,distribution,and toxicity of triamcinolone acetonide(TA)between the injection methods,sub-Tenon and intravitreal injections in rabbit ocular tissues.METHODS:TA was injected into the vitreous or the sub-Tenon in rabbits.For pharmacokinetic study,rabbits were sacrificed periodically and then TA in blood and ocular tissues(retina/choroids,vitreous,and aqueous humor)were measured over 91 d.For toxicological study,clinical signs,slit-lamp microscopic examination,ophthalmological test were performed.The eyeballs and surrounding tissues were collected and fixed with glutaraldehyde-formalin solution,and then paraffin embedded for histological investigation.RESULTS:Higher levels of TA were distributed in the intraocular tissues when injected into the vitreous compared to the sub-Tenon.Conversely,TA level was remarkably lower in the rabbits which received intravitreal TA injections than those treated with sub-Tenon injection throughout the study period in plasma.Optical discharge probably caused by systemic circulation of TA was observed by receiving sub-Tenon TA injection.Meanwhile,technicassociated toxicological ocular symptoms and findings were more frequently observed in intravitreal injection than in sub-Tenon injection.CONCLUSION:There are significant differences in kinetics and distribution of TA in vitreous body,aqueous humor and plasma,between the two injection methods.Although further study is needed to explain the species difference between human and rabbit,it is assumed that the difference in the frequency of intraocular pressure elevation and cataract formation by TA between the two injection methods are directly related to the TA concentrations in aqueous humor and vitreous body in each injection methods.Systemic toxicity and technic-associated toxicity are also closely related to kinetics of TA in plasma and each injection method itself,respectively.

The 600 keV electron injections in the Earth's outer radiation belt:A statistical study

Relativistic electron injections are one of the mechanisms of relativistic(≥0.5 MeV) electron enhancements in the Earth’s outer radiation belt. In this study, we present a statistical observation of 600 keV electron injections in the outer radiation belt by using data from the Van Allen Probes. On the basis of the characteristics of different injections, 600 keV electron injections in the outer radiation belt were divided into pulsed electron injections and nonpulsed electron injections. The 600 keV electron injections were observed at 4.5 < L <6.4 under the geomagnetic conditions of 450 nT < AE < 1,450 nT. An L of ~4.5 is an inward limit for 600 keV electron injections. Before the electron injections, a flux negative L shell gradient for ≤0.6 MeV electrons or low electron fluxes in the injected region were observed. For600 keV electron injections at different L shells, the source populations from the Earth’s plasma sheet were different. For 600 keV electron injections at higher L shells, the source populations were higher energy electrons(~200 keV at X ~–9 R_(E)), whereas the source populations for 600 keV electron injections at lower L shells were lower energy electrons(~80 keV at X ~–9 R_(E)). These results are important to further our understanding of electron injections and rapid enhancements of 600 keV electrons in the Earth’s outer radiation belt.

Different compression sutures combined with intracameral air injection for acute corneal hydrops

·AIM:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of full-thickness sutures combined with intracameral air injection(FTS-AI)versus pre-Descemet’s membrane sutures combined with intracameral air injection(PDS-AI)in the management of acute corneal hydrops in keratoconus.·METHODS:The research included 8 patients(8 eyes)suffering from acute corneal hydrops caused by keratoconus.Four patients were randomly assigned to FTS-AI.And the other four were randomly assigned to PDS-AI.Corneal oedema,visual acuity,corneal thickness were assessed during follow-up.·RESULTS:The demographics,preoperative duration of symptoms and severity of corneal hydrops between the two groups were not significantly different.The mean corneal oedema resolution time after FTS-AI and PDSAI were 11±1.15 and 15±1.41 d,respectively(P=0.005).The maximum corneal thickness of the scarred region decreased in both groups at one week postoperatively(P<0.05).No obvious difference was found in the mean maximal corneal thickness between the two groups postoperatively.The BCVA improved significantly after FTS-AI and PDS-AI at three months postoperatively.No obvious difference was found in the BCVA after FTS-AI and PDS-AI at three months postoperatively.·CONCLUSION:FTS-AI and PDS-AI are safe and effective therapies to accelerate the resolution of corneal oedema in acute corneal hydrops secondary to keratoconus.Despite faster resolution of corneal oedema in the FTS-AI group,we recommend PDS-AI to avoid potential endothelium cell damage.

Establishment of a Parkinson’s disease model in rats via striatal one-site double injection Feasibility observation

BACKGROUND： To date, many 6-hydroxydopamine （6-OHDA）-lesioned rat models have been established by injecting 6-OHDA into two or more sites in the substantia nigra pars compacta, striatum or median forebrain bundle. The success rate of models established by this method is satisfactory, but it can raise the death rate, and is elaborate and tedious to perform. OBJECTIVE： To observe the difference between injections of 6-OHDA into the striatum from one site and two sites, and to explore the feasibility of establishing Parkinson＇s disease rat models via striatal one-site double injection. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： A randomized, controlled animal experiment based on a modeling comparison was performed at the Pharmacology Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between August 2005 and April 2006. MATERIALS： A total of 46 male Wistar rats were purchased from Beijing Weitong Lihua Experimental Animal Technical Co., Ltd., China. 6-OHDA hydrogen bromide was sourced from Sigma Co., Ltd., USA. METHODS： All 46 rats were randomized to three groups： one-site injection （n = 18）, two-site injection （n = 18）, and control （n = 10）. Lesions in rat brains were established by infusing 5 μg 6-OHDA into the striatum at the following coordinates： anteroposterior （AP） 1.0 mm, mediolateral （ML） 2.7 mm, dorsoventral （DV）-5.2 or-6.0 mm for the one-site injection group, and AP 1.0 mm, ML 2.5 mm, DV -4.5 mm/AP-0.4 mm, ML 3.5 mm, DV-4.5 mm for the two-site injection group, respectively. Rats in the control group were injected with the same volume of 0.01% ascorbic acid as above. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons were detected by immunohistochemistry. Success rates of PD models established by one-site and two-site injection techniques were examined. RESULTS： One rat died in the one-site injection group and four in the two-site injection group. Thus behavioral testing was performed on 31 rats. There was no significant difference in the success rate of PD model establishment between one-site injection and two-site injection groups [82% （14/17） vs. 86% （12/14）, P 〉 0.05]. The numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase -positive neurons in one-site injection and two-site injection groups were not significantly different （ P 〉 0.05）, but they were significantly lower than in the control group（P 〈 0.01 ）. CONCLUSION： A Parkinson＇s disease model can be established in rats via striatal one-site double injection.

Determination of Ciprofloxacin by Flow Injection Analysis Based on Chemiluminescence System

A novel flow injection chemiluminescence （CL） method for the determination of ciprofloxacin （CPLX） was reported. The proposed method is based on luminescence produced by KMnO4-Na2S2O4-Tb^3＋-CPLX chemiluminescence （CL） system. The effects of some critical experimental conditions were discussed and the optimization of working conditions was investigated. The linear dynamic range is 3.00 × 10^-8 - 9.00 × 10^-7 mol ·L-1 and the detection limit for CPLX is 4.40 × 10^-9 mol·L^-1. This method was applied to the determination of CPLX in tablet, urine, and serum samples and the recoveries of real sample analyses were in the range from 110 ± 4 to 104 ± 4.

Glaucoma-like damage induced by S100B injection is accompanied by microglial response

Glaucoma is currently the second leading cause of blindness worldwide.Due to aging societies the number of patients suffering from this disease will further increase in the next years.Unfortunately,glaucoma can remain asymptomatic until it is rather far progressed,hence about 10–50% of patients are unaware they suffer from this disease.Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy associated with changes at the optic nerve head.

Effect of limestone injection into furnace and desulfurization on boiler’s operation characteristics

In combination with the related documents and actual experience in the project operation ,this paper analyzes the effect of limestone injection into furnace and desulfurization （LIFDS） on furnace slagging tendency, dust deposit speed of the heating surface, wearing, corrosion, boiler＇ s combustion conditions and combustion efficiency, secondary pollution, etc. Based on this situation, some countermeasures and suggestions were advanced so as to strengthen the boiler＇ s soot-blowing management, the operation of ash removal, supervision, inspection during the maintenance downtime, tracking management management. All these have a directive meaning to boilers＇ safety and analysis of boiler operation parameters, planned of coal quality and optimization of the operation and operation.

Comparing Lifestyle Convenience of Multiple Daily Injection and Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion

Aim: This study investigated the lifestyle convenience of Insulin therapy for adult women patients with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Participants were type 1 diabetes adult women patients who switched from multiple daily injection (MDI) therapy to Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion (CSII) therapy. We conducted semi-structured interviews with participants. To analyze, we referenced the classification table of Hamada’s study comparing the usefulness of both the NovoPen? and CSII. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the research subjects. The questions focused mainly on diabetes management, instrument operation, everyday life, and social, psychological and lifestyle convenience aspects during MDI and CSII. Results: Research subjects were 4 women patients with type 1 diabetes. The average age was 35.3 ± 6.24 (SE) years old. Participants were undergoing MDI therapy;however, in the middle, they switched to CSII therapy. CSII therapy is convenient in terms of diabetes management, social and psychological. MDI therapy is convenient in terms of instrument operation and daily life. Compared to MDI therapy, CSII therapy is less convenient in terms of instrument operation and everyday life. However, since CSII therapy has more stable HbA1c and blood glucose levels compared to MDI therapy, it is more convenient in terms of social and psychological aspects and reduces those burdens. About economy CSII therapy, patients paid about 5000 yen more per month compared to MDI therapy. Conclusion: It is believed that patients prioritize therapeutic effects, and choose CSII, which is stable in psychological and social aspects, even though it is inconvenient with life.

COMPUTATION OF SUPERSONIC TURBULENT FLOWFIELD WITH TRANSVERSE INJECTION

Three dimensional steady flowfield generated by transverse sonic injection Into a supersonic flow was simulated by solving the Favre-averaged Navier-Stokes equations using the weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) schemes and Jones-Launder k-epsilon model. Results indicate that in the upstream of the square injection there exist two main recirculation regions and the primary vortex induces the horseshoe vortex region. In the downstream there is a low pressure region which conduces a pair of helical vortex.

Effect of salvia miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection combined with hydroxyethyl starch injection on serum BNP, Hcy, MMP-2, S100B protein and hemorheology in patients with acute cerebral watershed infarction

Objective:To study the effect of salvia miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection combined with hydroxyethyl starch injection on serum BNP, Hcy, MMP-2, S100B protein and hemorheology in patients with acute cerebral watershed infarction.Methods:A total of 90 patientswith acute cerebral watershed infarction in our hospital from August 2014 to December 2016 were enrolled in this study. The subjects were divided into the control group (n=45) and the treatment group (n=45) randomly. The control group was treated with hydroxyethyl starch injection, the treatment group was treated withsalvia miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection combined with hydroxyethyl starch injection, and both the two groups were treated for 2 weeks. The serum BNP, Hcy, MMP-2, S100B protein and hemorheology of the two groups before and after treatments were compared.Results:There were no significantly differences of the serum BNP, Hcy, MMP-2, S100B protein and hemorheology of the two groups before treatment. The serum BNP, Hcy, MMP-2, S100B proteinlevels of the two groups after treatment were significantly lower than before treatment, and that of the treatment group after treatment were significantly lower than the control group. The PV, Lr, Mr, Hr and RE of the two groups after treatment were significantly lower than before treatment, and that of the treatment group after treatment were significantly lower than the control group.Conclusion:Salvia miltiorrhiza and ligustrazine hydrochloride injection combined with hydroxyethyl starch injectioncan significantlyimprovetheneurological function and hemorheology, reduce inflammation of the patients with acute cerebral watershed infarction, and it was worthy clinical application.

基于超椭球T-S故障树的储气库注采井可靠性分析

为克服传统故障树在系统可靠性分析中的局限性,提出将超椭球T-S故障树分析法引入到储气库注采井可靠性分析中。首先,应用证据理论获得底事件发生故障的证据区间,以解决统计数据缺乏的问题,并将此证据区间作为故障树分析的输入数据;其次,利用超椭球模型对证据区间加以约束,以解决计算结果相对保守的问题;再次,建立基于超椭球T-S故障树的仿真流程,并以某T-S故障树实例对仿真结果进行验证;最后,运用仿真流程对储气库注采井进行可靠性分析。结果表明:注采井发生半故障的失效概率区间是[5.2501×10^(-4),5.3125×10^(-4)],其失效等级为二级,即注采井发生半故障的事故描述是很少发生,注采井完全故障的失效概率区间是[2.1109×10^(-3),2.1361×10^(-3)],其失效等级为三级,即注采井发生完全故障的事故描述是偶尔发生;重要度分析表明当注采井处于半故障状态时,应优先关注盐岩蠕变过量、管材不耐蚀、注采气频繁等底事件;当其处于全故障状态时,应优先检修套管密封面泄漏、注采气频繁、水泥环密封泄漏等底事件。

UTILIN“S”对肺结核患者免疫功能的影响

目的 研究肺结核在抗结核治疗同时UTILIN“S”对免疫功能的影响。方法 检测肺结核患者治疗前及治疗结束时免疫功能的变化 (CD3、CD4、CD8、NK、IgG、IgA、IgM)。结果 在抗结核治疗同时肌注UTILIN“S”可使肺结核患者CD3、CD4、CD8及NK细胞活性明显增加 ,并在一定程度上能够改善血清免疫球蛋白水平。结论 UTILIN“S”可以刺激肺结核患者机体免疫系统 ,增强机体免疫功能 。

老年肺结核抗痨并用UTILIN“S”疗效观察

半个世纪来,不少结核病专家希望通过免疫缩短化疗疗程。或通过免疫加化疗解决耐药问题。本文就近年来在本院住院的老年肺结核病人采用化疗并用乌体林斯(UTILIN“S”)治疗的疗效。 1 资料及分析 1.1 选例方法 60岁以上,无肝肾病变及精神病者,复治菌阳者。 1.1.1 治疗组 (并用UTILIN“S)总64例。

乌体林斯(UTILIN“S”)对小鼠结核的治疗实验

乌体林斯作为免疫调节剂在欧洲一直用于治疗结核病,我国于1995年曾进行了乌体林斯对结核病辅助治疗的临床验证,并同意进口注册。本实验为体内抗结核实验:在本实验条件下,乌体林斯对实验性小鼠结核呈显著或非常显著治疗作用,但显著弱于抗结核化疗药异烟肼。 试验的目的 观察乌体林斯对实验性小鼠结核的治疗作用,为进口注册和临床治疗提供药效学资料。

Utilin′s、IFNα和TNFα体外诱生免疫相关细胞因子水平的比较

目的 探讨乌体林斯 (Utilin′s)体外诱导正常人外周血淋巴细胞合成与分泌免疫相关细胞因子的作用。方法 应用ELASA法检测Utilin′s、干扰素α(IFNα)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)培养上清中IFNγ、TNFα、IL 2、IL 6、IL 8、IL 12和IL 18的水平。结果 Utilin′s培养上清中IL 8、IL 12和TNFα水平显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。Utilin′s加PHA和Utilin′s加SMMC -772 1细胞抗原培养组 ,培养上清中 7种细胞因子水平显著高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1;P <0 .0 5 )。含有Utilin′s的 3组培养上清中 7种细胞因子与IFNγ、TNFα各培养组比较无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 Utilin′s与IFNα、TNFα一样 。

基于射流补水的水泵水轮机S特性改善研究

针对水泵水轮机的“S”特性提出了在导叶顶盖位置无叶区处加装注水管的解决方案,并模拟了注水管安装在不同位置时的“S”特性曲线,分析了加装注水管后转轮区域内流线及转轮各叶道流量的分布规律。结果表明,于导叶顶盖加装注水管可以有效改善转轮内部流动,减轻转轮和导叶内部流动的相互影响,减小叶道涡的尺寸,同时有效缓解了转轮各叶道流量分布不均的现象。在注水管处于无叶区中段和活动导叶附近时,对“S”特性的改善效果明显。

<i>S</i>-Injective Modules and Rings

We introduce and investigate the concept of s-injective modules and strongly s-injective modules. New characterizations of SI-rings, GV-rings and pseudo-Frobenius rings are given in terms of s-injectivity of their modules.

注射用复方甘草酸单铵S联合恩替卡韦治疗慢性乙型病毒性肝炎的效果及对患者肠道菌群的影响

目的:探讨注射用复方甘草酸单铵S联合恩替卡韦治疗慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者的效果及对肠道菌群的影响。方法:选取2021年1月—2022年7月毕节市中医医院收治的82例慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者作为观察对象。按照入院时间顺序分组,将2021年1—10月收治的患者纳入对照组,2021年11月—2022年7月收治的患者纳入观察组,各41例。对照组采用恩替卡韦单独治疗,观察组则采用恩替卡韦联合注射用复方甘草酸单铵S治疗。观察两组总有效率,并分析治疗前后肝纤维化指标水平、肠道菌群数量。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率为92.68%,高于对照组的75.61%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组透明质酸酶(HA)、层粘连蛋白(LN)、Ⅲ型前胶原(PC-Ⅲ)、Ⅳ型胶原(Ⅳ-C)低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组肠球菌、大肠杆菌数量少于对照组,乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、拟杆菌数量多于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:应用恩替卡韦联合注射用复方甘草酸单铵S治疗慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者,可有效降低肝纤维化指标水平,平衡肠道菌群数量,疗效显著。

艾迪注射液联合S-1、奥沙利铂治疗晚期胃癌的疗效分析

目的观察艾迪注射液联合S-1、奥沙利铂治疗晚期胃癌的近期疗效和不良反应。方法将51例胃癌患者随机分2组,对照组28例单用S-1、奥沙利铂化疗方案,治疗组23例在对照组治疗基础上加用艾迪注射液。结果治疗组和对照组有效率分别是48%和36%(P>0.05),,KPS评分改善率分别是65%和46%(P<0.01),1 a生存率分别是57%和46%(P>0.05),不良反应率治疗组明显低于对照组(P<0.05),2组患者治疗后血清CA199、CA242及CA724平均水平比较均无显著性差异(P均>0.05)。结论艾迪注射液联合S-1、奥沙利铂方案治疗晚期胃癌,较单用S-1、奥沙利铂方案治疗疗效好,患者生存期延长,不良反应较轻,生活质量提高。

RP-HPLC法同时测定清开灵注射液、板蓝根药材中尿苷、鸟苷、(R,S)-告依春和腺苷的含量

目的：建立RP-HPLC法同时测定清开灵注射液、板蓝根药材中尿苷、鸟苷、告依春、腺苷的含量。方法：采用Phenomenex C18（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）色谱柱,以甲醇（A）-水（B）为流动相进行梯度洗脱,柱温40℃,流速1.0mL·min-1,检测波长254nm,进样量1μL。结果：尿苷、鸟苷、（R,S）-告依春和腺苷4个成分质量浓度分别在6.54~261.6μg·mL-1（r=0.9999）、9.42~376.8μg·mL-1（r=0.9999）、7.9~316.0μg·mL-1（r=0.9999）、8.74~349.6μg·mL-1（r=0.9999）的范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;方法的平均回收率（n=6）分别为102.9%、97.2%、103.1%、98.2%。结论：所建立的高效液相色谱测定法简便、准确、重复性好、专属性强,可用于清开灵注射液和板蓝根药材含量测定质量控制。