Experimental Study on Ammonia Co-Firing with Coal for Carbon Reduction in the Boiler of a 300-MW Coal-Fired Power Station

To reduce CO_(2) emissions from coal-fired power plants,the development of low-carbon or carbon-free fuel combustion technologies has become urgent.As a new zero-carbon fuel,ammonia(NH_(3))can be used to address the storage and transportation issues of hydrogen energy.Since it is not feasible to completely replace coal with ammonia in the short term,the development of ammonia-coal co-combustion technology at the current stage is a fast and feasible approach to reduce CO_(2) emissions from coal-fired power plants.This study focuses on modifying the boiler and installing two layers of eight pure-ammonia burners in a 300-MW coal-fired power plant to achieve ammonia-coal co-combustion at proportions ranging from 20%to 10%(by heat ratio)at loads of 180-to 300-MW,respectively.The results show that,during ammonia-coal co-combustion in a 300-MW coal-fired power plant,there was a more significant change in NO_(x) emissions at the furnace outlet compared with that under pure-coal combustion as the boiler oxygen levels varied.Moreover,ammonia burners located in the middle part of the main combustion zone exhibited a better high-temperature reduction performance than those located in the upper part of the main combustion zone.Under all ammonia co-combustion conditions,the NH_(3) concentration at the furnace outlet remained below 1 parts per million(ppm).Compared with that under pure-coal conditions,the thermal efficiency of the boiler slightly decreased(by 0.12%-0.38%)under different loads when ammonia co-combustion reached 15 t·h^(-1).Ammonia co-combustion in coal-fired power plants is a potentially feasible technology route for carbon reduction.

Simplified Applicable Model for Fire Tube Boiler

This research aims to present a simplified mathematical model to predict the performance of fire tube boilers, taking into account the necessity of knowing the components of exhaust gases and the extent of their compatibility with environmental laws and requirements. The model shown is for a horizontal, three-pass, wet-back fire tube boiler at steady-state, steady-flow operation. It is concluded from the applicability of the model for different boiler capacity ratings that the results are simplified and important for the boiler manufacturers to predict the performance and make the choice to modify the proposed design to achieve certain needs.

Numerical Simulation of Combustion in 660MW Tangentially Fired Pulverized Coal Boiler on Ultra-Low Load Operation

In this paper,the combustion conditions in the boiler furnace of a 660 MWtangential fired pulverized coal boiler are numerically simulated at 15%and 20%rated loads,to study the flexibility of coal-fired power units on ultra-low load operation.The numerical results show that the boiler can operate safely at 15%and 20%ultra-low loads,and the combustion condition in the furnace is better at 20%load,and the tangent circles formed by each characteristic section in the furnace are better,and when the boiler load is decreased to 15%,the tangent circles in the furnace begin to deteriorate.The average flue gas temperature of different areas of the furnace shows that when the boiler furnace operates under ultra-low load conditions,the average smoke temperature of the cold ash hopper at 20%load is basically the same as the average smoke temperature at 15%load;in the burner area,the average smoke temperature of the cold ash hopper at 20%load is about 50 K higher than that at 15%load;in the burned out area,the average smoke temperature of the cold ash hopper at 20%load is slightly higher than that at 15%load.The average temperature of flue gas in the furnace showed a tendency to increase rapidly with the height of the furnace,then slow down and fluctuate the temperature in the burner area,and finally increase slightly in the burnout area due to the further combustion of combustible components to release heat,and then began to decrease.

Optimizing Two-Phase Flow Heat Transfer:DCS Hybrid Modeling and Automation in Coal-Fired Power Plant Boilers

In response to escalating challenges in energy conservation and emission reduction,this study delves into the complexities of heat transfer in two-phase flows and adjustments to combustion processes within coal-fired boilers.Utilizing a fusion of hybrid modeling and automation technologies,we develop soft measurement models for key combustion parameters,such as the net calorific value of coal,flue gas oxygen content,and fly ash carbon content,within theDistributedControl System(DCS).Validated with performance test data,thesemodels exhibit controlled root mean square error(RMSE)and maximum absolute error(MAXE)values,both within the range of 0.203.Integrated into their respective automatic control systems,thesemodels optimize two-phase flow heat transfer,finetune combustion conditions,and mitigate incomplete combustion.Furthermore,this paper conducts an in-depth exploration of the generationmechanismof nitrogen oxides(NO_(x))and low oxygen emission reduction technology in coal-fired boilers,demonstrating a substantial reduction in furnace exit NO_(x) generation by 30%to 40%and the power supply coal consumption decreased by 1.62 g/(kW h).The research outcomes highlight the model’s rapid responsiveness,enabling prompt reflection of transient variations in various economic indicator parameters.This provides a more effective means for real-time monitoring of crucial variables in coal-fired boilers and facilitates timely combustion adjustments,underscoring notable achievements in boiler combustion.The research not only provides valuable and practical insights into the intricacies of two-phase flow heat transfer and heat exchange but also establishes a pioneering methodology for tackling industry challenges.

Numerical Calculations and Cold Tests for Flow Fields of a 220t/h Retrofitted Oil-Boiler

In this paper, cold simulation experiments and numerical calculations are conducted to predict 3 D flow field aerodynamics for an oil furnace after being retrofitted due to its fuel variation. K ε model and SIMPLE program under body fit coordination (BFC) system, in which TTM non orthogonal method is used to control the irregular geometric boundary, are adopted to solve the control equations. Model tests are conducted to check the calculation results, showing that they are in agreement with each other. Three different alternatives with different side window locations are also calculated to optimize the designs. The field retrofitting results show that the combination of cold tests with numerical calculations has prosperous application in retrofitting or renewing medium and small boilers.

Three-Dimensional Dynamic Modeling of a Tangentially Fired Utility Boiler Furnace

The tangentially fired utility boiler furnace is divided into several sections. The dynamic mathematical models for each section are presented. In the combustion zone, three dimensional model is used, while for the upper sections, lumped parameter model is used instead. With the combination of different models, we can get detailed distributions of gas velocity, temperature, chemical species, heat flux, etc. in the furnace, but with less CPU time. The radiation through the interfaces of each section is cons...

Modeling and Simulation Study on Reverse Swirl of Secondary Air in Large Tangentially Fired Boiler

Based on the porosity method and the improved non uniform QUICK scheme, this paper describes a three dimensional computer simulation to predict the flow characteristics in a tangentially fired boiler. The model is applied to a 600?MW boiler modeling under different operating conditions of reverse swirl of secondary air. The numerical results achieve reasonable agreement with experimental data. The calculated results of flow field, the pressure distribution, the relative diameter of tangential circle, angular momentum flux in furnace and the velocity distribution index in horizontal gas pass are analyzed in detail. And then the effects of the reverse swirl of secondary air on flue gas imbalance are discussed. Finally a reasonable operating condition of the reverse swirl of secondary air is presented.

Neural network approach to predicting mercury emission from utility boiler

The feasibility of using an ANN method to predict the mercury emission and speciation in the flue gas of a power station under un-tested combustion/operational conditions is evaluated. Based on existing field testing datasets for the emissions of three utility boilers, a 3-layer back-propagation network is applied to predict the mercury speciation at the stack. The whole prediction procedure includes： collection of data, structuring an artificial neural network （ANN） model, training process and error evaluation. A total of 59 parameters of coal and ash analyses and power plant operating conditions are treated as input variables, and the actual mercury emissions and their speciation data are used to supervise the training process and verify the performance of prediction modeling. The precision of model prediction （ root- mean-square error is 0. 8 μg/Nm3 for elemental mercury and 0. 9 μg/Nm3 for total mercury） is acceptable since the spikes of semi- mercury continuous emission monitor （SCEM） with wet conversion modules are taken into consideration.

浅析锅炉深度调峰快速启停关键性技术

当前电力能源供需关系和国家政策导向对火力发电企业提出了更高的要求,火力发电企业需根据自身情况,利用先进技术手段,以高效、节能、环保、灵活性提升等为目标,对发电机组进行优化升级。哈锅针对锅炉深度调峰快速启停方面已开展大量的理论和实践研究,也得到了一定的技术推广和应用,本文主要针对哈锅相关关键技术进行探讨。

Analysis of Prese nt Operating Situati on of Large Size Coal-F ired Utility Boilers

Large size utility boilers develop rapidly in China, both their reliability and economics have reached better level. The operating situations of various existing boilers on the basis of different coals are analyzed, it is held that, the notable energy imbalance of furnace exit, ever existing in the tangential firing boilers has been solved, with comparatively lower NOX emission concentration of gained. The higher NOX emission concentration and furnace slagging etc. problems existing in wall firing boilers are notable. The comprehensive analysis shows that, it is appropriate to choose lower furnace volume heat release rate and higher flame height in the type selection design of boilers, and sufficient margin should be kept in the selection of coal pulverizing mills.

超临界循环流化床锅炉深度调峰时水冷壁流动不稳定特性计算分析

针对深度调峰时超临界循环流化床锅炉水冷壁管道内的汽液两相流动不稳定问题,提出了一种适用于不同工况的频域法数学模型。通过对质量、能量、动量方程进行小扰动线性化后经拉普拉斯变换得到了用于描述管道内汽液流体流动稳定性的传递函数,通过图解奈奎斯特图的方法判断管内工质流动的稳定性。然后,通过该模型计算了某350 MW超临界循环流化床锅炉水冷壁管段的不稳定边界并研究了不同参数对流动不稳定特性的影响。计算结果表明:所选回路在20%和50%锅炉最大连续蒸发量负荷发生流动不稳定时,热负荷分别为76.09 kW·m^(-2)和113.52 kW·m^(-2),水冷壁管道流动稳定且安全;入口过冷度对临界热流密度的影响呈非单值性;增大质量流速使流体的进口和出口密度差减小,有利于流动的稳定;增大入口节流系数,可以抑制入口处流量的脉动,有利于流动的稳定;在不同的工况条件下,改变管段倾斜角度会对流动稳定性产生不同的影响。

Characteristics of Phosphorus Adsorption with Boiler Slag and Process Optimization

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of phosphorus adsorption on boiler slag and optimize the adsorption process. [Method] Boiler slag was used as an adsorbent in the single-grade adsorption process to dispose the rural domestic sewage. During the course, phosphorus adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics, adsorption operating curve and the minimum boiler slag dosage were analyzed and calculated. [Result] Langmuir adsorption isotherm could be applied to describe the absorption of phosphorus with boiler slag, and the absorption kinetics was confirmed with the pseudo second-order equation. The maximum absorption quantity and the initial absorption rate increased with the rise of temperature, reaching up to 0.159 1 mg/g and 0.169 8 mg/(g·min) respectively at 40 ℃. Thermodynamic variables ΔG0<0 and ΔH0>0 indicated that the entire process was a spontaneous endothermic reaction, and high temperature would facilitate the reaction of absorption. In the single grade adsorption, the minimum adsorbent dosage decreased as the temperature rose; at 40 ℃ the optimum mass ratio of boiler slag to wastewater was 3.31 kg/m3. [Conclusion] The adsorption process with boiler slag as adsorbent is an economical and effective approach for treating rural domestic sewage.

炉内含颗粒耗散介质中的声波衰减特性研究

为了研究含颗粒耗散介质对可听声波的衰减机理,以电站锅炉炉膛为研究对象,在比较边界层厚度与颗粒半径的基础上,给出了不同边界层厚度下的声衰减计算公式。根据边界层理论进行数值分析,讨论了不同边界层厚度下声衰减系数随颗粒体积分数、声频率、颗粒粒径、烟气温度和烟气密度的变化规律。结果表明:薄边界层下的声衰减主要源于烟气媒质吸收和散射衰减,中边界层和厚边界层下的声衰减主要源于颗粒介质表面边界层的能量损失;声衰减系数随着颗粒体积分数、声频率和烟气温度的增大而增大,但随着烟气密度的增大而减小,该研究为粉尘浓度的在线监测提供了理论基础。

300 MW锅炉燃烧系统优化与NO_(x)生成的影响研究

为使锅炉燃烧实现既节能又环保,研究了各种燃烧工况变化对锅炉热效率和NO_(x)生成量的影响,以某300 MW等级亚临界W型火焰锅炉为研究对象,通过锅炉燃烧调整得到运行试验数据。结果表明,SCR入口NO_(x)平均浓度和热效率随锅炉运行氧量的提高都呈现升高的趋势;随着燃尽风门的逐步关小,SCR入口平均NO_(x)浓度增加,但热效率先增后降低;同负荷下,开4台磨煤机相比开3台磨煤机热效率高,但SCR入口NO_(x)浓度也偏高;拱上下风门的调整均会增加NO_(x)生成量,在一定范围内,增加拱下风门开度可保障锅炉热效率不低于设计值。

某1000MW燃煤锅炉掺烧污泥安全经济分析

某1000MW燃煤锅炉长期掺烧污泥和褐煤,锅炉效率有所降低,停炉检修时发现燃烧器附近的水冷壁和一级过热器管屏存在结渣情况.为了提高锅炉效率和解决结渣问题,开展了常用煤种与常用污泥的燃烧特性试验,并且结合制粉系统和燃烧调整试验,优化炉内燃烧工况.结果表明:优化后的燃烧工况能有效实现炉膛燃烧“风包粉”,成功消除了水冷壁区域和一级过热器管屏的结渣问题.此外,针对锅炉不同负荷工况,提出了基于二次风配比和过量空气系数控制的污泥掺烧策略,以进一步提高锅炉效率.

生物质锅炉屏式过热器弯曲变形原因分析

针对某电厂40MW机组生物质循环流化床锅炉在启动初期高温过热器管屏出现严重变形的原因进行分析,认为锅炉在启动初期减温水喷水量过大,造成高温过热器管屏中蒸汽带水,高温过热器管屏璧温偏差波动大,进而导致管屏弯曲变形。针对此种问题,建议运行人员在锅炉启动初期,严格控制减温水的喷水量,同时,快速通过锅炉启动初期阶段,避免管屏弯曲问题。

INTRODUCTION TO INCONEL ALLOY 740: AN ALLOY DESIGNED FOR SUPERHEATER TUBING IN COAL-FIRED ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL BOILERS

Chinese utilities as well as those worldwide are facing increased demand for additional electricity, reduced plant emissions and greater efficiency. To meet this challenge will require increasing boiler temperature, pressure and coal ash corrosion resistance of the materials of boiler construction of future coal-fired boilers. A new nickel-based tube alloy, INCONEL^R alloy 740, is described aiming at meeting this challenge. Emphasis will be on describing the alloy＇ s mechanical properties, coal-ash and steam corrosion resistance. Microstructural stability as a function of temperature and time is addressed as well as some of the early methodology em- ployed to arrive at the current chemical composition.

一种基于Python的锅炉壁温监测计算程序

电站锅炉受热面超温是最常见影响锅炉安全的问题之一,因此对受热面的壁温监测至关重要。传统锅炉受热面壁温监测通常是依靠少量的壁温测点,无法进行全面的实时监测,这里介绍一种基于Python编程的计算程序,将现有的壁温测点和锅炉实时运行数据接入程序进行计算,得到锅炉高温受热面全屏管的壁温,根据得到的壁温趋势,更加安全且全面地监测锅炉受热面壁温。

生物质炉水冷壁关键部件堆焊工艺制造技术研究

本文介绍了生物质炉中关键部件在堆焊过程中的制造技术难点及解决措施,着重阐述了在面对新型复杂结构在堆焊过程中进行的工艺改进,为同类型产品制造提供参考。

600 MW四角切圆燃煤锅炉灵活性改造后燃烧优化的数值模拟及验证

某600 MW四角切圆燃煤锅炉在完成灵活性改造后,于高负荷运行时出现炉膛出口烟气温度偏差大以及NO_(x)排放浓度控制难等问题。为此,运用流体计算仿真软件构建炉内燃烧、流动和传热全耦合的三维模型进行数值模拟计算,旨在确定锅炉的最佳运行参数。其中,采用Standard k-ɛ模型描述流体流动,运用双步竞争模型模拟煤中挥发分的析出过程,借助动力/扩散控制模型阐释焦炭燃烧反应,通过拉格朗日随机轨道模型考量煤粉颗粒与烟气的两相流过程,利用P1辐射模型计算炉内辐射传热,采用有限速率/涡耗散模型模拟气相燃烧,并通过后处理方式计算烟气中NO_(x)的质量浓度。重点分析了在100%锅炉最大连续蒸发量(BMCR)工况下,过量空气系数α、一次风率β和二次风角度θ等参数对炉膛切圆燃烧和出口处NO_(x)排放的影响。数值模拟结果表明:在锅炉实现良好切圆燃烧和低NO_(x)排放的条件下,最优运行参数为α=1.1,β=30%和θ=0°。通过锅炉燃烧调整试验对模拟结果的准确性予以了验证,试验结果表明:在最优运行参数下,锅炉省煤器出口的NO_(x)质量浓度降低了9.96%,排烟温度降低了2.66%,烟气温度偏差降低了2.26%,锅炉效率提高了0.28%。