Language as a means of communication is represented in two basic forms, written and spoken. Spoken is the first form mastered by language speaker, particularly children. Speech community consists of adult and children...Language as a means of communication is represented in two basic forms, written and spoken. Spoken is the first form mastered by language speaker, particularly children. Speech community consists of adult and children. In producing their utterance, children are supposed to be affected by their parents. As a result of different educational background of their parents, children may produce different utterances including refusal. Children from different parents＇ educational background vary their refusal. The tendency that the higher parents＇ educational background will result the more polite refusal produced by children is not proved.展开更多
As one of the leading roles in TV series The Big Bang Theory,Sheldon Cooper is very popular among young people.One of thefactors that have contributed to his popularity may be his odd utterances.What he says usually m...As one of the leading roles in TV series The Big Bang Theory,Sheldon Cooper is very popular among young people.One of thefactors that have contributed to his popularity may be his odd utterances.What he says usually makes people around him feel award anduncomfortable,which yet makes audience laugh.That happens when he neglects the application of adaptation theory in conversations.Sheldon's odd utterances are going to be analyzed from the perspective of communicative context and linguistic context in context adap-tation which is a part of adaptation theory.Specifically,Sheldon neglects the social world as in hearers' status and culture,and mentalworld as in hearers' emotion and belief in conversations,and he also neglects the discourse cohesion.All these factors make his utter-ances odd and inappropriate.展开更多
Three pragmatic theories in terms of two properties of utterance-explicitness and implicitness are surveyed, with a general commentary and a proposal of further development in the study of explicitness and implicitnes...Three pragmatic theories in terms of two properties of utterance-explicitness and implicitness are surveyed, with a general commentary and a proposal of further development in the study of explicitness and implicitness of utterance in view of its sound features.展开更多
This study investigated the relationship between situation-bound utterances （SBUs thereafter） and formulaic competence, focusing on the acquisition of three subcategories of SBUs among early intermediate and early a...This study investigated the relationship between situation-bound utterances （SBUs thereafter） and formulaic competence, focusing on the acquisition of three subcategories of SBUs among early intermediate and early advanced Chinese learners of English as a foreign language （EFL）. A group of native English speakers also participated in this study to provide baseline data. One-way ANOVA analysis and post hoc tests confirmed that linguistic competence usually preceded formulaic competence for EFL learners. The findings also showed no statistically significant difference existing between the three groups of participants in the use of plain SBUs, and this could be attributed to the low degree of cultural-embeddedness and high semantic transparency of plain SBUs. It was further argued that a threshold has to be reached for EFL learners to go through a movement from rules to wholes.展开更多
A distinction made by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure(18571913)between the abstract language system andits physical manifestations in the production of utterances.
According to J.L.Austin and J.R.Searle Speech Act Theory,many actions can actually be performed with words that is to say an important part of the meaning of an utterance is what that utterance does.Language is not on...According to J.L.Austin and J.R.Searle Speech Act Theory,many actions can actually be performed with words that is to say an important part of the meaning of an utterance is what that utterance does.Language is not only used to inform or describe things,it is often used to "do things".The utterances are of three kinds of acts:Locutionary Act,Illocutionary Act,and Perlocutionary Act which are performed simultaneously.Through the study,we see that speech can be far beyond the level of language system.展开更多
What is a lie？ Why do people tell lies？ What compels them to make false utterances？ How do people treat lie, deception or fudge？ Is the attitude to them the same in different cultures？ If not, what differences ar...What is a lie？ Why do people tell lies？ What compels them to make false utterances？ How do people treat lie, deception or fudge？ Is the attitude to them the same in different cultures？ If not, what differences are there？ An answer to these and some other questions is being sought in the paper. Producing a false utterance, the sender deprives the communication partner of the right to receive full information. The article presents views of Russians and representatives of Anglo-American culture on telling lies drawing the readers＇ attention to very serious situations, such as family conflicts between spouses, aggravated with lies. The material for analysis is taken from the texts by Russian playwright Anton Chekhov and the American novel writer Irwin Shaw. The analysis is based on the study of verbal and non-verbal markers of false utterances generated by quarreling spouses. A complex method of researching the literary material combining linguistic, extra-linguistic, and paralinguistic analysis of conflict speech acts with false utterances of different kinds is applied.展开更多
Metaphor utterance is different from any other kind of general utterances,the meaning of which is more complicated and mild. Metaphoric utterance is also precise and vivid,which can create a deep impression on the lis...Metaphor utterance is different from any other kind of general utterances,the meaning of which is more complicated and mild. Metaphoric utterance is also precise and vivid,which can create a deep impression on the listeners. According to compare with the traditional approaches the thesis points out; the context-dependence method is well applied to the understanding of all metaphorical utterances. Only when you grasp the whole meaning of the context,can you know the specific meaning of each sentence.展开更多
Deixis are the linguistic expressions employed to denote the indexicality between linguistic symbols and the objects in the real world.Their referents vary and depend on context for specification.The interpretation of...Deixis are the linguistic expressions employed to denote the indexicality between linguistic symbols and the objects in the real world.Their referents vary and depend on context for specification.The interpretation of deixis in social context aims to not only eliminate the ambiguity of referents,but also foreground the respective social identities of the subjects and the social relationship among them.展开更多
tract By employing PCR-RFLP technique, we detected the polymorphisms in FSHβ, ESR, PRLR genes of a novel Huai pig line II （generation 1 ） and their effects on initial litter size, and analyzed the aggregation effec...tract By employing PCR-RFLP technique, we detected the polymorphisms in FSHβ, ESR, PRLR genes of a novel Huai pig line II （generation 1 ） and their effects on initial litter size, and analyzed the aggregation effect of multi-gene combined genotype on initial litter size. The results showed that the genotype frequencies of ESR and PRLR genes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium other than the genotype frequency of FSHβ gene. Allele A of FSHβ, ESR and PRLR gene had a positive additive effect on reproductive traits. The favorable genotypes of FSHβ and ESR genes was AA- type, while in PRLR gene was AB-type in the 112 pig individuals detected. With regard to FSHβ and ESR genes, AA-type individuals＇ TNB of were respectively 1.54 （P 〈0.05） and 2.13 （P 〈 0.01 ） higher than the BB-type individuals＇; AA-type individuals＇ AN B of the two genes were respectively 1.55 （ P 〈 0.05） and 1.82 （ P 〈 0.01 ） higher than the BB-type individuals＇. Concerning PRLR gene, AB-type individuals＇ TNB was 0.77 （ P 〉 0.05 ） and 1.59（P〈0.05） higher than that of AA and BB-type individuals respectively, and ANB was 0.65（P〉0.05） and 1.8（ P〈0.01 ） higher than AA and BB-type individuals＇ respectively. Moreover, our results also showed that the AAAABB combination genotype of FSHβ , ESR, PRLR genes bore more than all other combination genotypes, but only 2 individuals were proved to be AAAABB genotype. Consequently, pyramiding FSHβ and ESR genes could to a large extent enhance TNB and NBA of individuals. Therefore, we advise, in next generation that those individuals with AAAA combination genotype of FSHβ and ESR should be selected to increase frequency of allele A, whether PRLR gene is proper for pyramiding with the other genes or not is still to be studied further.展开更多
Meaning in the learning of a language is communicated in many different forms. All meaning is communicated in some form of context and the only way to understanding them is in context. In the learning of English, unde...Meaning in the learning of a language is communicated in many different forms. All meaning is communicated in some form of context and the only way to understanding them is in context. In the learning of English, understanding the cultural context is the most effective way to learn real meaning and to read, write and speak competently.展开更多
Humorous utterances,especially those in the form of conversation in life,have distinctive pragmatic features.There is a close relationship between humor and pragmatics,which can be found in various books on pragmatics...Humorous utterances,especially those in the form of conversation in life,have distinctive pragmatic features.There is a close relationship between humor and pragmatics,which can be found in various books on pragmatics.In those books,humorous utterances function as examples for pragmatic analysis.Effective humorous languages often reflect one or several pragmatic features.This paper specifically introduces one of the important theories of pragmatics:cooperative principle,by which the paper analyzes the humorous utterance and explores the relationship between pragmatic rules and humorous utterance.The purpose is to make people know humorous utterance is a matter of pragmatics. The reality of the humor especially depends on implication of the language and the context.展开更多
According to different angles of semantics and pragmatics,meaning can be divided into two kinds:Sentence Meaning(SM) and Utterance Meaning(UM).This paper intends to discuss some problems of SM and UM.
The novel I Love Dick,written by Chris Kraus,discusses the“least described”social problem.The novel starts with describing Chris’s love affair.Her love affair is narrated with her illustrations of some social probl...The novel I Love Dick,written by Chris Kraus,discusses the“least described”social problem.The novel starts with describing Chris’s love affair.Her love affair is narrated with her illustrations of some social problems that are shrunk into personal problems.This article aims to examine how she uses the schizophrenic utterances to illustrate the failure of her love affair differently.展开更多
Based on the introduction of concept of forest litter, changes in the amount of forest litter with climate zone, elevation, forest type and age of stand were analyzed, and then the decomposition of forest litter was d...Based on the introduction of concept of forest litter, changes in the amount of forest litter with climate zone, elevation, forest type and age of stand were analyzed, and then the decomposition of forest litter was discussed.展开更多
文摘Language as a means of communication is represented in two basic forms, written and spoken. Spoken is the first form mastered by language speaker, particularly children. Speech community consists of adult and children. In producing their utterance, children are supposed to be affected by their parents. As a result of different educational background of their parents, children may produce different utterances including refusal. Children from different parents＇ educational background vary their refusal. The tendency that the higher parents＇ educational background will result the more polite refusal produced by children is not proved.
文摘As one of the leading roles in TV series The Big Bang Theory,Sheldon Cooper is very popular among young people.One of thefactors that have contributed to his popularity may be his odd utterances.What he says usually makes people around him feel award anduncomfortable,which yet makes audience laugh.That happens when he neglects the application of adaptation theory in conversations.Sheldon's odd utterances are going to be analyzed from the perspective of communicative context and linguistic context in context adap-tation which is a part of adaptation theory.Specifically,Sheldon neglects the social world as in hearers' status and culture,and mentalworld as in hearers' emotion and belief in conversations,and he also neglects the discourse cohesion.All these factors make his utter-ances odd and inappropriate.
文摘Three pragmatic theories in terms of two properties of utterance-explicitness and implicitness are surveyed, with a general commentary and a proposal of further development in the study of explicitness and implicitness of utterance in view of its sound features.
基金supported by National Social Science Fund of China(Grant No.15BYY100)the China Scholarship Council~~
文摘This study investigated the relationship between situation-bound utterances （SBUs thereafter） and formulaic competence, focusing on the acquisition of three subcategories of SBUs among early intermediate and early advanced Chinese learners of English as a foreign language （EFL）. A group of native English speakers also participated in this study to provide baseline data. One-way ANOVA analysis and post hoc tests confirmed that linguistic competence usually preceded formulaic competence for EFL learners. The findings also showed no statistically significant difference existing between the three groups of participants in the use of plain SBUs, and this could be attributed to the low degree of cultural-embeddedness and high semantic transparency of plain SBUs. It was further argued that a threshold has to be reached for EFL learners to go through a movement from rules to wholes.
文摘A distinction made by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure(18571913)between the abstract language system andits physical manifestations in the production of utterances.
文摘According to J.L.Austin and J.R.Searle Speech Act Theory,many actions can actually be performed with words that is to say an important part of the meaning of an utterance is what that utterance does.Language is not only used to inform or describe things,it is often used to "do things".The utterances are of three kinds of acts:Locutionary Act,Illocutionary Act,and Perlocutionary Act which are performed simultaneously.Through the study,we see that speech can be far beyond the level of language system.
文摘研究语言行为(speech act)的人,常常谈到一则笑话:张三问李四:“你那头驴上回犟得不行,你都给它灌什么来着?”“煤焦油!”,李四回答说。没过几天,张三找到李四埋怨说:“嗳,我给驴灌了煤焦油,为嘛它死了?”李四无精打采地说:“我那头不也死了嘛!” 李四并非答非所问,也没有说谎。问题出在,他违犯了交谈时应遵守的合作准则(maxims of cooperativeness)三条中的两条:一条是应该充分提供信息(imformativeness),另一条是应该简单明嘹(clarity)。
文摘What is a lie？ Why do people tell lies？ What compels them to make false utterances？ How do people treat lie, deception or fudge？ Is the attitude to them the same in different cultures？ If not, what differences are there？ An answer to these and some other questions is being sought in the paper. Producing a false utterance, the sender deprives the communication partner of the right to receive full information. The article presents views of Russians and representatives of Anglo-American culture on telling lies drawing the readers＇ attention to very serious situations, such as family conflicts between spouses, aggravated with lies. The material for analysis is taken from the texts by Russian playwright Anton Chekhov and the American novel writer Irwin Shaw. The analysis is based on the study of verbal and non-verbal markers of false utterances generated by quarreling spouses. A complex method of researching the literary material combining linguistic, extra-linguistic, and paralinguistic analysis of conflict speech acts with false utterances of different kinds is applied.
文摘Metaphor utterance is different from any other kind of general utterances,the meaning of which is more complicated and mild. Metaphoric utterance is also precise and vivid,which can create a deep impression on the listeners. According to compare with the traditional approaches the thesis points out; the context-dependence method is well applied to the understanding of all metaphorical utterances. Only when you grasp the whole meaning of the context,can you know the specific meaning of each sentence.
文摘Deixis are the linguistic expressions employed to denote the indexicality between linguistic symbols and the objects in the real world.Their referents vary and depend on context for specification.The interpretation of deixis in social context aims to not only eliminate the ambiguity of referents,but also foreground the respective social identities of the subjects and the social relationship among them.
基金supported by National High-Tech R&D Program of China (NO. 2007AA10Z171) National Science and Technology Support Program of China (NO. 2006BAD01A08-09 and 2008BADB2B02-11)
文摘tract By employing PCR-RFLP technique, we detected the polymorphisms in FSHβ, ESR, PRLR genes of a novel Huai pig line II （generation 1 ） and their effects on initial litter size, and analyzed the aggregation effect of multi-gene combined genotype on initial litter size. The results showed that the genotype frequencies of ESR and PRLR genes were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium other than the genotype frequency of FSHβ gene. Allele A of FSHβ, ESR and PRLR gene had a positive additive effect on reproductive traits. The favorable genotypes of FSHβ and ESR genes was AA- type, while in PRLR gene was AB-type in the 112 pig individuals detected. With regard to FSHβ and ESR genes, AA-type individuals＇ TNB of were respectively 1.54 （P 〈0.05） and 2.13 （P 〈 0.01 ） higher than the BB-type individuals＇; AA-type individuals＇ AN B of the two genes were respectively 1.55 （ P 〈 0.05） and 1.82 （ P 〈 0.01 ） higher than the BB-type individuals＇. Concerning PRLR gene, AB-type individuals＇ TNB was 0.77 （ P 〉 0.05 ） and 1.59（P〈0.05） higher than that of AA and BB-type individuals respectively, and ANB was 0.65（P〉0.05） and 1.8（ P〈0.01 ） higher than AA and BB-type individuals＇ respectively. Moreover, our results also showed that the AAAABB combination genotype of FSHβ , ESR, PRLR genes bore more than all other combination genotypes, but only 2 individuals were proved to be AAAABB genotype. Consequently, pyramiding FSHβ and ESR genes could to a large extent enhance TNB and NBA of individuals. Therefore, we advise, in next generation that those individuals with AAAA combination genotype of FSHβ and ESR should be selected to increase frequency of allele A, whether PRLR gene is proper for pyramiding with the other genes or not is still to be studied further.
文摘Meaning in the learning of a language is communicated in many different forms. All meaning is communicated in some form of context and the only way to understanding them is in context. In the learning of English, understanding the cultural context is the most effective way to learn real meaning and to read, write and speak competently.
文摘Humorous utterances,especially those in the form of conversation in life,have distinctive pragmatic features.There is a close relationship between humor and pragmatics,which can be found in various books on pragmatics.In those books,humorous utterances function as examples for pragmatic analysis.Effective humorous languages often reflect one or several pragmatic features.This paper specifically introduces one of the important theories of pragmatics:cooperative principle,by which the paper analyzes the humorous utterance and explores the relationship between pragmatic rules and humorous utterance.The purpose is to make people know humorous utterance is a matter of pragmatics. The reality of the humor especially depends on implication of the language and the context.
文摘According to different angles of semantics and pragmatics,meaning can be divided into two kinds:Sentence Meaning(SM) and Utterance Meaning(UM).This paper intends to discuss some problems of SM and UM.
文摘The novel I Love Dick,written by Chris Kraus,discusses the“least described”social problem.The novel starts with describing Chris’s love affair.Her love affair is narrated with her illustrations of some social problems that are shrunk into personal problems.This article aims to examine how she uses the schizophrenic utterances to illustrate the failure of her love affair differently.
基金Supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program(2013BAC04B01)Research and Demonstration of Restoration Technology of Typical Degraded Ecosystems in Tibet Plateau
文摘Based on the introduction of concept of forest litter, changes in the amount of forest litter with climate zone, elevation, forest type and age of stand were analyzed, and then the decomposition of forest litter was discussed.
