Relationship between the -455G/A and -148C/T polymorphisms in the beta-fibrinogen gene and cerebral infarction in the Xinjiang Uygur and Han Chinese populations

We sought to investigate the correlation between the -455G/A and -148C/T polymorphisms of the β-fibrinogen gene and plasma fibrinogen levels in patients with cerebral infarction and in healthy subjects among the Xinjiang Uygur and Han Chinese populations, by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme digestion analysis. Results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the distributions of the -455G/A genotype and allele frequency between the Uygurs and the Han. Plasma fibrinogen levels in cerebral infarction patients among the Uygurs and the Han were higher than those among healthy subjects. In particular, the frequencies of the -455G/A AA and -148C/T TT genotypes were significantly higher than in healthy subjects. Individuals carrying the A or T allele had a higher incidence of cerebral infarction compared with those carrying the G or C allele. Our experimental findings indicate that the -148C/T and -455G/A polymorphisms are associated with cerebral infarction in Xinjiang Uygur and Han Chinese subjects. The susceptibility- conferring alleles are -148T and -455A, and the susceptibility-conferring genotype is -455G/A ＋ AA.

HPV Infection among Uygur Women in a Rural Area of Hetian Prefecture,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China

It is not clear how HPV infection is prevalent among Uygur women in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China and whether the distribution of HPV infection is related with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia （CIN） incidence among them. A study including 883 Uygur women were conducted from 2006 to 2007 in Hetian Prefecture, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China.

Association between SLC2A9 Genetic Variants and Risk of Hyperuricemia in a Uygur Population

This study aimed to test the effects of five single nucleotide polymorphisms within SLC2A9 on uric acid level in a special ethnic population,the Uygurs in Xinjiang,China.According to our inclusion and exclusion criteria,Uygur adults from Xinjiang constituted the study population.There were 1053 Uygur adults with hyperuricemia and 1373 normal Uygur adults who served as controls.Five single nucleotide polymorphisms within SLC2A9(rs938557,rs7679916,rs7349721,rsl3101785,and rs 13137343)were selected with the HapMap dataset and TaqMan assays.We found that,in normouricemia group,rs938557 was significantly correlated with uric acid(β=11.39±3.74,P=0.0024)adjusting for age,gender and BMI;rs7679916 and rsl3137343 were marginally associated with uric acid concentration(β=5.77±3.O9,P=0.0626;p=-5.99±3.08,P=0.0520).In the hyperuricemia group,no SNP was found to possibly influence uric acid concentration.None of these SNPs showed significant association with hyperuricemia after controlling for age,gender and BMI.There were significant or marginal correlations between certain single nucleotide polymorphisms in the SLC2A9 region and uric acid concentration in Uygur normouricemia samples.In turn,some of these single nucleotide polymorphisms in SLC2A9 may increase the risk of hyperuricemia.

Association of MMP-9 gene polymorphisms with acute coronary syndrome in the Uygur population of China

BACKGROUND：Matrix metalloproteinase-9 （MMP-9） plays a pivotal role in early atherosclerosis, vascular remodeling and development of atherosclerotic lesion. The potentially functional MMP-9 gene polymorphism may contribute to the susceptibility of acute coronary syndrome （ACS）. This study aimed to investigate the association between two single nucleotide polymorphisms （-1562C〉T, R279Q） of the MMP-9 gene in patients with ACS in the Uygur population of China. METHODS：This case-control study was composed of 361 ACS patients and 432 control subjects, who had undergone coronary angiography. Among the ACS patients, 162 （44.9%） had single-vessel disease, 145 （40.2%） had two-vessel disease, and 54 （14.9%） had three-vessel disease. The genotypes of the two selected SNPs were determined by the method of polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP-PCR）. The relationship between the polymorphism of the MMP-9 gene and the severity of coronary arterial stenosis was analyzed.RESULTS： Analysis of the two SNPs showed that the frequency of CT and TT genotypes in patients with ACS was significantly higher than that in the control group （ACS vs. controls; CT＋TT： 25.5% vs. 15.8%, P=0.001）. And the -1562 gene allele （C/T） was significantly associated with acute coronary syndrome （ACS vs. controls; C allele： 85.7% vs. 91.5%, T allele： 14.3% vs. 8.5%, P〈0.001）. But the frequencies of CT＋TT and CC genotypes were not statistically different among ACS patients with one, two and three or more significantly diseased vessels （P=0.55）. The R279Q polymorphism site with regard to the association with ACS was not significant （P〉0.05）. The presence of CT or TT genotypes, assuming codominant effect of the T allele, was independently associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease when adjustment was made for age, body mass index, smoking, hypertension and diabetes mellitus [odds ratio=1.737 （95% confidence interval, 1.337-2.257）, P=0.018]. CONCLUSIONS： MMP-9-1562C〉T polymorphism is associated with the susceptibility to ACS in the Uygur population of China. However, this mutation apparently is not related to the severity of coronary arterial stenosis. Another SNP （R279Q） polymorphism of MMP-9 is not significantly associated with the risk of ACS.

Incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Uygur and Han Chinese adults in Urumqi

AIM:To investigate the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) and its related risk factors in Uygur and Han Chinese adult in Urumqi,China.METHODS:A population-based cross-sectional survey was undertaken in a total of 972 Uygur(684 male and 288 female) aged from 24 to 61 and 1023 Han Chinese(752 male and 271 female) aged from 23 to 63 years.All participants were recruited from the residents who visited hospital for health examination from November 2011 to May 2012.Each participant signed an informed consent and completed a GERD questionnaire(GerdQ) and a lifestyle-food frequency questionnaire survey.Participants whose Gerd Q score was ≥ 8 and met one of the following requirements would be enrolled into this research:(1) being diagnosed with erosive esophagitis(EE) or Barrett's esophagus(BE) by endoscopy;(2) negative manifestation under endoscopy(non-erosive reflux disease,NERD) with abnormal acid reflux revealed by 24-h esophageal pH monitoring;and(3) suffering from typical heartburn and regurgitation with positive result of proton pump inhibitor test.RESULTS:According to Gerd Q scoring criteria,340 cases of Uygur and 286 cases of Han Chinese were defined as GERD.GERD incidence in Uygur was significantly higher than in Han Chinese(35% vs 28%,χ2 = 11.09,P < 0.005),Gerd Q score in Uygur was higher than in Han Chinese(7.85 ± 3.1 vs 7.15 ± 2.9,P < 0.005),and Gerd Q total score in Uygur male was higher than in female(8.15 ± 2.8 vs 6.85 ± 2.5,P < 0.005).According to normalized methods,304(31%) cases of Uygur were diagnosed with GERD,including 89 cases of EE,185 cases of NERD and 30 cases of BE;256(25%) cases of Han Chinese were diagnosed with GERD,including 90 cases of EE,140 cases of NERD and 26 cases of BE.GERD incidence in Uygur was significantly higher than in Han Chinese(31% vs 25%,χ2 = 9.34,P < 0.005) while the incidences were higher in males of both groups than in females(26% vs 5% in Uygur,χ2 = 35.95,P < 0.005,and 19.8% vs 5.2% in Han,χ2 = 5.48,P < 0.025).GERD incidence in Uygur male was higher than in Han Chinese male(26% vs 19.8%,χ2 = 16.51,P < 0.005),and incidence of NERD in Uygur was higher than in Han Chinese(χ2 = 10.06,P < 0.005).Occupation(r = 0.623),gender(r = 0.839),smoking(r = 0.322),strong tea(r = 0.658),alcohol drinking(r = 0.696),meat-based diet(mainly meat)(r = 0.676) and body mass index(BMI)(r = 0.567) were linearly correlated with GERD in Uygur(r = 0.833,P = 0.000);while gender(r = 0.957),age(r = 0.016),occupation(r = 0.482),strong tea(r = 1.124),alcohol drinking(r = 0.558),meat diet(r = 0.591) and BMI(r = 0.246) were linearly correlated with GERD in Han Chinese(r = 0.786,P = 0.01).There was no significant difference between Gerd Q scoring and three normalized methods for the diagnosis of GERD.CONCLUSION:GERD is highly prevalent in adult in Urumqi,especially in Uygur.Male,civil servant,smoking,strong tea,alcohol drinking,meat diet and BMI are risk factors correlated to GERD.

Analysis and comparison of spatial interpolation methods for temperature data in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China

Spatial interpolation methods are frequently used to estimate values of meteorological data in locations where they are not measured. However, very little research has been investigated the relative performance of different interpolation methods in meteorological data of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang). Actually, it has importantly practical significance to as far as possibly improve the accuracy of interpolation results for meteorological data, especially in mountainous Xinjiang. There- fore, this paper focuses on the performance of different spatial interpolation methods for monthly temperature data in Xinjiang. The daily observed data of temperature are collected from 38 meteorological stations for the period 1960- 2004. Inverse distance weighting (IDW), ordinary kriging (OK), temperature lapse rate method (TLR) and multiple linear regressions (MLR) are selected as interpolated methods. Two rasterized methods, multiple regression plus space residual error and directly interpolated observed temperature (DIOT) data, are used to analyze and compare the performance of these interpolation methods respectively. Moreover, cross-validation is used to evaluate the performance of different spatial interpolation methods. The results are as follows: 1) The method of DIOT is unsuitable for the study area in this paper. 2) It is important to process the observed data by local regression model before the spatial interpolation. 3) The MLR-IDW is the optimum spatial interpolation method for the monthly mean temperature based on cross-validation. For the authors, the reliability of results and the influence of measurement accuracy, density, distribution and spatial variability on the accuracy of the interpolation methods will be tested and analyzed in the future.

Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in a Uygur Adult Population from Urumqi

Evaluating the prevalence of kidney damage according to population-based studies in different communities has been limited in developing countries.We conducted a population-based screening study in Uygur people of Urumqi, aiming to identify the prevalence and associated risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Uygur populations.A total of 2576 residents (】18 years) from four districts of Urumqi were interviewed from June 2007 to January 2009 and tested for haematuria, albuminuria and reduced renal function.Associations between age, gender, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperuricaemia and kidney damage were examined.There were 2576 subjects enrolled in this study.After age correction, the prevalence of albuminuria, haematuria and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 3.58%, 2.26% and 1.03%, respectively.Approximately 5.65% of the sample population had at least one indicator of kidney damage.Age, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesteremia, hyperuricaemia and hyperlipidaemia were independently associated with CKD.In the general Uygur adult population from Urumqi, 5.65% had either proteinuria, haematuria or reduced eGFR, indicating the presence of kidney damage, with an awareness of only 1.05%.The high prevalence and low awareness of CKD in this population suggest an urgent need for CKD prevention programs in Uygur people.

Glutathione-S-transferase M1 polymorphisms on the susceptibility to esophageal cancer among three Chinese minorities:Kazakh,Tajik and Uygur

AIM： To investigate the glutathione-S-transferase M1 （GSTM1） polymorphisms in three Chinese minorities, Kazakh, Uygur, and Tajik; and the pathological significance of GSTM1 polymorphisms in esophageal carcinogenesis in Kazakh.METHODS： A total of 1121 blood samples （442 males and 679 females） were obtained from healthy Kazakh （654）, Uygur （412） and Tajik （55）. Primary esophageal squamous cell cancer （ESCC） tissues from Kazakh were obtained from 116 patients who underwent surgery. GSTM1 polymorphisms were analyzed by a combined approach of PCR and electrophoresis techniques.RESULTS： GSTM1 null genotype was found in 62.63% Uygur, 50.91% Tajik and 47.40% Kazakh. A significantly higher frequency of GSTM1 null genotype in Uygur was observed compared with Kazakh （OR： 1.859, 95% CI： 1.445 -2.391, χ^2 = 23.71, P = 0.000）. In addition, GSTM1 null genotype was found in 23.53% of welldifferentiated ESCC in Kazakh, in 49.23% of poorly differentiated ESCC, with a significant difference （OR： 3.152, 95% CI： 1.403-7.080, χ^2 = 8.018, P = 0.007）.CONCLUSION： There is a marked difference in the frequency of common GSTM1 null genotype between Uygur and Kazakh. GSTM1 null genotype is associated with differentiation of ESCC in Kazakh.

Gravity and magnetic field characteristics and regional ore prospecting of the Yili ancient continent, West Tianshan, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China

Gold,iron,copper,lead-zinc and other mineral exploration in West Tianshan,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,has made remarkable progress in recent years.However,due to the dispute on the tectonic division of West Tianshan,the ore-controlling factors and the regional metallogenic laws are controversial.The authors analyze regional gravity data and notice that the high-value region corresponds to the Yili ancient continent,thus the southeastern boundary of the Yili ancient continent is delineated.Comparative analysis of gravity,aeromagnetic and geologic data reveals that the Tulasu basin,where some medium to large epithermal gold deposits locate,lies above the Yili ancient continent;the Yili Carboniferous-Permian rift extends in E-W direction,numbers of copper deposits have been found in the mid-west section of the rift which lies above the Yili ancient continent,whereas few copper deposits have been discovered in the east section which is outside the Yili ancient continent.Accordingly,the Yili ancient continent may be rich in gold,copper and other metal elements;the metal-bearing hydrothermal solution moves up with the activity of magmatism,and deposits in the favorable places(the Tulasu basin and the Yili Carboniferous-Permian rift),forming numerous small and medium gold,copper deposits,as well as some large and super-large gold deposits.Therefore,the tectonic-magmatic hydrothermal zone above the Yili ancient continent should be the prospective area for epithermal gold and copper polymetallic deposits.

Xinjiang Opens Its Door to the World——An interview with Wang Lequan,Vice-Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Xinjiang is a good place, with pastureland to the north and south of the Tianshan MountainThe Gobi Desert has been changed into fertile fields, irrigated by melting snows.

Risk factors for prehypertension in Xinjiang Uygur population

Objective To assess the risk factors for prehypertension in Xinjiang Uygur population. Methods A cross-section study was conducted in a Xinjiang Uygur population（438 males and 716 females,aged 30 to 70 years）.The fasting lipid profiles,serum glucose,insulin,and uric acid were determined.Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance（HOMA-IR）index was used to assess insulin resistance（IR）.Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine risk factors for prehypertension.Blood pressure levels ofnormotensives and prehypertensives in different body mass index（BMI）categories were compared. Results Binary logistic regression analysis performed after adjustment for gender,lipids profiles,waist-to-hip ratio,uric acid,HOMA-IR,and lifestyle（alcohol drinking and smoking）showed a significantly increasing prevalence of prehypertension with BMI.The odds ratios for prehypertension against the lowest BMI group（separated by 24 and 28）were 1.934 and 2.490（95% confidence interval：1.435-2.606 and 1.825-3.399,respectively）.Age was independently correlated to the increasing prevalence of prehypertension.HOMA-IR was not associated with prehypertensive.The mean diastolic blood pressure（DBP）was significantly increased with BMI categories in either normotensives or prehypertensives（P〈0.001）while the mean systolic blood pressure（SBP）was significantly increased with BMI only in normotensives（P〈0.001）. Conclusions In Xinjiang Uygurs,BMI and age was the risk factors for prehypertension.DBP is significantly increased with BMI.IR is not associated with prehypertension.These findings emphasize the importance of management of obesity for the control of blood pressure and other cardiovascular complications.

Application and Reliability of Caprini Thrombus Risk Assessment Scale in Risk Assessment of Venous Thromboembolism in Acute and Severe Uygur Patients

Background: To explore the application and reliability of Caprini thromboembolism risk assessment scale in the risk assessment of venous thromboembolism in acute and severe uygur patients. Methods: 160 cases of acute and severe Uighur patients with venous thrombo embolism (VTE) that were treated in our hospital from December 2017 to December 2018 were selected as the research group. 160 cases of acute and severe uygur patients without VTE admitted to our hospital in the same period were selected as the control group. Caprini thrombus risk assessment scale and Padua thrombus risk assessment scale were used to evaluate in both groups. The general data of the two groups were compared. The results of the two groups were consistent using Caprini and Padua blood clot risk assessment scales. Clinical efficacy of two different thrombosis risk assessment scales in risk assessment of VTE. Results: Group and control group in the gender distribution, backlog of red blood cells and platelet count have no significant difference (P > 0.05), the team average age, average hospitalization days were significantly less than control group (P P P 2 = 6.956, P P (P P > 0.05). Conclusion: The sensitivity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value of Caprini thrombosis risk assessment scale in VTE risk assessment of acute and severe uygur patients are very prominent, and the clinical efficacy is better, which is worthy of application.

Relationship between polymorphisms of ABCB1 gene and epilepsy in Uygur population of Xinjiang region

Objective:To study the association of ABCB1 gene with epilepsy in the Uygur population of Xinjiang region.Methods: In this case-control study, 232 confirmed epilepsy patients from Xinjiang affiliated Medical University from January 2017 to June 2018, and 116 were recruited in the case group and 116 healthy individuals were selected as the control group. 2 mL of the blood sample was collected from each subject, from which the DNA was extracted. The polymorphism gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism.Results: No significant association was observed in C3435T alleles and genotypes with epilepsy between the case and the control groups (P>0.05), G2677T/A genotypes with epilepsy was the same as GG in both of the groups.Conclusions:The polymorphisms of C3435T gene may not be associated with epilepsy in the Uygur population from the Xinjiang region.

Uygur Expert: Riot Impact Overshadows Financial Crisis

The Urumqi riot has damaged the local economy and social development more than the global financial crisis has, said Abudu Rezhake Tomur, Secretary of the Communist Party of China in the Xinjiang Social Science Academy.

Uygur and Han Students Unite against Mobs

When Han rioters came crashing through the gates of the Xinjiang Medical University （XMU） in the region＇s capital, students and teachers from the same ethnic group formed a wall to protect their Uygur fellows from the mob.

The Influence of Tri-language Transfer on the English Learning among the Uygur Students

Language transfer(LA) is the fundamental notion in language learning. Owing to the difference in area and minorities,the language teaching is particular in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. This article aims at presenting the Tri- language Transfer among Uygur, English and Chinese and the interrelationship between them to explore the significant role LA plays.Hopefully, it will give some constructive advice and enlightenment on the development of English teaching and learning among the Uygur students.