Correlation between site occupation evolution of alloying elements in L12 phase and growth of DO22 phase in Ni75Al7.5V17.5 was studied using microscopic phase field model. The results demonstrate that the growing proc...Correlation between site occupation evolution of alloying elements in L12 phase and growth of DO22 phase in Ni75Al7.5V17.5 was studied using microscopic phase field model. The results demonstrate that the growing process of DO22 phase can be divided into two stages. At the early stage, composition in the centre part of L12 phase almost remains unchanged, and the nucleation and growth of DO22 phase is controlled by the decrease of interface between L12 phases. At the late stage, part of V for growth of DO22 phase is supplied from the centre part of L12 phase and mainly comes from Al sublattice, the excess Ni spared from the decreasing L12 phase migrates into the centre part of L12 phase and occupies the Ni sublattices exclusively, while the excess Al mainly occupies the Al sublattice. At the late stage, the growth of DO22 phase is controlled by the evolution of antisite atoms and ternary additions in the centre part of L12 phase.展开更多
Based on the microscopic phase-field model, the correlation between site occupation evolution of alloying elements in Ni3V-DO22 phase and growth of Ni3Al-L12 phase was studied during the phase transformation of Ni75Al...Based on the microscopic phase-field model, the correlation between site occupation evolution of alloying elements in Ni3V-DO22 phase and growth of Ni3Al-L12 phase was studied during the phase transformation of Ni75Al4.2V20.8. The results demonstrate that the growth of L12 phase can be divided into two stages： at the early stage, the composition of alloying elements in DO22 phase almost remains unchanged; at the late stage, the compositions of Ni and Al decrease while V increases in DO22 phase. Part of alloying elements for L12 phase growth are supplied from the site occupation evolution of alloying elements on three kinds of sublattices in DO22 phase. Ni is mainly supplied from V sublattice, and part of Al is supplied from NiⅠ and V sites at the centre of DO22 phase. The excessive V from the decreasing DO22 phase migrates into the centre of DO22 phase and mainly occupies V and NiII sites. It is the site occupation evolution of antisite atoms and ternary additions in DO22 phase that controls the growth rate of L12 phase at the late stage.展开更多
Deformation-induced ferrite transformation （DIFT） has been proved to be an effective approach to refine ferrite grains. This paper shows that the ferrite grains can further be refined through combination of DIFT and...Deformation-induced ferrite transformation （DIFT） has been proved to be an effective approach to refine ferrite grains. This paper shows that the ferrite grains can further be refined through combination of DIFT and V or V-N microalloying. Vanadium dissolved in γ matrix restrains DIFT. During deformation, vanadium carbonitrides rapidly precipitate due to strain-induced precipitation, which causes decrease in vanadium dissolved in matrix and indirectly accelerates DIFT. Under heavy deformation, deformation induced ferrite （DIF） grains in V microalloyed steel were finer than those in V free steel. The more V added to steel, the finer DIF grains obtained. Moreover, the addition of N to V microalloyed steels can remarkably accelerate precipitation of V, and then promote DIFT. However, DIF grains in V-N microalloyed steel easily coarsen.展开更多
The effect of strain rate and deformation temperature on theα→βphase transformation in 47Zr-45Ti-5Al-3V alloy with an initial widmanstattenαstructure was investigated.At the deformation temperature of 550°C,t...The effect of strain rate and deformation temperature on theα→βphase transformation in 47Zr-45Ti-5Al-3V alloy with an initial widmanstattenαstructure was investigated.At the deformation temperature of 550°C,the volume fraction ofαphase decreased with increasing strain rate.At 600 and 650°C,the volume fraction ofαphase firstly increased to a maximum value with increasing strain rate from 1×10-3 to 1×10-2 s-1,and then decreased.At 700°C,the microstructure consisted of singleβphase.At a given strain rate,the volume fraction ofαphase decreased with increasing deformation temperature.With decreasing strain rate and increasing deformation temperature,the volume fraction and size of globularαphase increased.At 650°C and 1×10-3 s-1,the lamellarαphase was fully globularized.The variation in the volume fraction and morphology ofαphase with strain rate and deformation temperature significantly affected the hardness of 47Zr-45Ti-5Al-3V alloy.展开更多
In this paper, several factors that affect the efficiency of in vitro adventitious bud regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of F. vesca were studied. The results showed that F. vesca see...In this paper, several factors that affect the efficiency of in vitro adventitious bud regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of F. vesca were studied. The results showed that F. vesca seeds germination rate was the highest while seeds were cultured in water, and the germination rate was the lowest while seeds were cultured on MS medium supplemented with hormone; the germination rates that seeds cultured on two and three layers filter paper were higher than that seeds cultured on four and five layers filter paper. In vitro adventitious regeneration efficiency was affected by different explants types. The significant difference was existed between petioles and leaves. When using the same type explants, in vitro adventitious buds regeneration rate and the average number of buds per explant between Ruegen （RE） and Yellow Wonder （YW） had no significant difference. RE to Agrobacterium tumefaciens was more sensitive than YW. Using seedling leaves of RE and YW as materials, an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system was developed. In this system, the concentration of bacteria was OD600=0.5, the explants were immersed in bacteria broth for 9 min, the co-cultured time was 2 days, and had no pre-cultured time. The percentage of explants with resistant buds of RE and YW was compared. The putative transformed plants were confirmed by PCR.展开更多
Thermodynamic calculation of the two-phase Ti alloy was completed using Compu Therm Pandat? and Ti data base, followed by isothermal compression of Ti6 Al4 V(Grade 5), with an initial colony lamellar structure that wa...Thermodynamic calculation of the two-phase Ti alloy was completed using Compu Therm Pandat? and Ti data base, followed by isothermal compression of Ti6 Al4 V(Grade 5), with an initial colony lamellar structure that was performed in the(α+β) and β-phase field. Microstructural evolution and phase transformation were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The presence of the Ti3 Al or α2(hcp), the phase stability and transition temperatures were predicted by the Gibbs free energy-temperature and phase fraction-temperature diagrams. The isothermal compression in the(α+β)-phase field is characterized by reorientation and localized kinking of α/β lamellae, and cracking at α/β interphase regions. While in the α→β-phase transformation area, deformation in β-phase and at α/β interphase boundaries, extensive transformation of α into β-phase, martensitic transformation and spheroidization of α-laths mainly characterize this isothermal compression. A complete transformation of α into β single phase occurs in the β-phase field. Ti3 Al or α2(hcp),β(bcc) and α(hcp)-phase, and additional hcp α’ and orthorhombic α' phases in a deformed Ti6 Al4 V are revealed. The flow stress level, the dynamic recovery and dynamic globularization are affected by deformation temperature.展开更多
Very recently Atash and Al-Gonah [1] derived two extension formulas for Lauricella’s function of the second kind of several variables and . Now in this research paper we derive two families of transformation formulas...Very recently Atash and Al-Gonah [1] derived two extension formulas for Lauricella’s function of the second kind of several variables and . Now in this research paper we derive two families of transformation formulas for the first kind of Lauricella’s function of several variables and with the help of generalized Dixon’s theorem on the sum of the series obtained earlier by Lavoie et al. [2]. Some new and known results are also deduced as applications of our main formulas.展开更多
A novel emotional speaker recognition system （ESRS） is proposed to compensate for emotion variability. First, the emotion recognition is adopted as a pre-processing part to classify the neutral and emotional speech....A novel emotional speaker recognition system （ESRS） is proposed to compensate for emotion variability. First, the emotion recognition is adopted as a pre-processing part to classify the neutral and emotional speech. Then, the recognized emotion speech is adjusted by prosody modification. Different methods including Gaussian normalization, the Gaussian mixture model （GMM） and support vector regression （SVR） are adopted to define the mapping rules of F0s between emotional and neutral speech, and the average linear ratio is used for the duration modification. Finally, the modified emotional speech is employed for the speaker recognition. The experimental results show that the proposed ESRS can significantly improve the performance of emotional speaker recognition, and the identification rate （IR） is higher than that of the traditional recognition system. The emotional speech with F0 and duration modifications is closer to the neutral one.展开更多
Background:Triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)is a heterogeneous,recurring cancer characterized by a high rate of metastasis,poor prognosis,and lack of efficient therapies.KBU2046,a small molecule inhibitor,can inhibi...Background:Triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)is a heterogeneous,recurring cancer characterized by a high rate of metastasis,poor prognosis,and lack of efficient therapies.KBU2046,a small molecule inhibitor,can inhibit cell motility in malignant tumors,including breast cancer.However,the specific targets and the corresponding mechanism of its function remain unclear.Methods:In this study,we employed(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H tetrazolium)(MTS)assay and transwell assay to investigate the impact of KBU2046 on the proliferation and migration of TNBC cells in vitro.RNA-Seq was used to explore the targets of KBU2046 that inhibit the motility of TNBC.Finally,confirmed the predicted important signaling pathways through RT-qPCR and western blotting.Results:In this study,we found that KBU2046 functioned as a novel transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β1)inhibitor,effectively suppressing tumor cell motility in vitro.Mechanistically,it directly down-regulated leucine-rich repeat-containing 8 family,member E(LRRC8E),latent TGFβ-binding protein 3(LTBP3),dynein light chain 1(DNAL1),and MAF family of bZIP transcription factors(MAFF)genes,along with reduced protein expression of the integrin family.Additionally,KBU2046 decreased phosphorylation levels of Raf and ERK.This deactivation of the ERK signaling pathway impeded cancer invasion and metastasis.Conclusions:In summary,these findings advocate for the utilization of TGF-β1 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target in TNBC.Furthermore,our data underscore the potential of KBU2046 as a novel therapeutic strategy for combating cancer metastasis.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the morphological altering effect of transforming growth factor-β2(TGF-β2) on untransfected human corneal endothelial cells(HCECs)in vitro.METHODS:After untransfected HCECs were treated with TGF-...AIM:To investigate the morphological altering effect of transforming growth factor-β2(TGF-β2) on untransfected human corneal endothelial cells(HCECs)in vitro.METHODS:After untransfected HCECs were treated with TGF-β2 at different concentrations, the morphology,cytoskeleton distribution, and type IV collagen expression of the cells were examined with inverted contrast light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy,immunofluorescence or Western Blot.RESULTS:TGF-β2 at the concentration of 3-15 μg/L had obviously alterative effects on HCECs morphology in dose and time-dependent manner, and 9 μg/L was the peak concentration. TGF-β2(9 μg/L) altered HCE cell morphology after treatment for 36 h, increased the mean optical density(P 【0.01) and the length of F-actin,reduced the mean optical density(P 【0.01) of the collagen type IV in extracellular matrix(ECM) and induced the rearrangement of F-actin, microtubule in cytoplasm and collagen type IV in ECM after treatment for 72 h.·CONCLUTION: TGF-β2 has obviously alterative effect on the morphology of HCECs from polygonal phenotype to enlarged spindle-shaped phenotype, in dose and time-dependence manner by inducing more, elongation and alignment of F-actin, rearrangement of microtubule and larger spread area of collagen type IV.展开更多
Fusarium wilt of banana, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropic race 4(Foc TR4), is a typical vascular and soil-borne disease which has significantly threatened the sustainable development of banana indust...Fusarium wilt of banana, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropic race 4(Foc TR4), is a typical vascular and soil-borne disease which has significantly threatened the sustainable development of banana industry. In order to reveal the infection process and pathogenesis of Foc TR4, the young mycelia(66.7 mg/ml) of wild-type strain of Foc TR4(WT-Foc TR4) cultured for 18-20 h were lysed with enzyme mixture for protoplast formation, which consisted of 25 mg/ml driselase, 0.4 mg/ml chitinase, 15 mg/ml lysing enzyme and 1.2 mol/L potassium chloride. The resulted protoplasts of 2×10~7 cells/ml were used to test the efficiency of transformation mediated by polyethylene glycol, and up to 9 transformants per microgram of DNA were obtained. AmCyan, RFP and YFP genes were stably transferred into the WT-Foc TR4, separately, using the protoplast transformation system. The gene FoOCH1 encoding α-1, 6-mannosyltransferase in the WT-Foc TR4 was knocked out using the split-marker recombination technology. The genetic transformation and gene knockout system in this pathogen lays a foundation for the study of functional genomics and plant-pathogen interactions.展开更多
基金Projects (50941020, 10902086, 50875217, 20903075) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects (SJ08-ZT05, SJ08-B14) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, China
文摘Correlation between site occupation evolution of alloying elements in L12 phase and growth of DO22 phase in Ni75Al7.5V17.5 was studied using microscopic phase field model. The results demonstrate that the growing process of DO22 phase can be divided into two stages. At the early stage, composition in the centre part of L12 phase almost remains unchanged, and the nucleation and growth of DO22 phase is controlled by the decrease of interface between L12 phases. At the late stage, part of V for growth of DO22 phase is supplied from the centre part of L12 phase and mainly comes from Al sublattice, the excess Ni spared from the decreasing L12 phase migrates into the centre part of L12 phase and occupies the Ni sublattices exclusively, while the excess Al mainly occupies the Al sublattice. At the late stage, the growth of DO22 phase is controlled by the evolution of antisite atoms and ternary additions in the centre part of L12 phase.
基金Projects(51174168,51274167)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2013M532082)supported by Postdoctoral Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(13R21421700,13R21421800)supported by the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Shanghai,China
文摘Based on the microscopic phase-field model, the correlation between site occupation evolution of alloying elements in Ni3V-DO22 phase and growth of Ni3Al-L12 phase was studied during the phase transformation of Ni75Al4.2V20.8. The results demonstrate that the growth of L12 phase can be divided into two stages： at the early stage, the composition of alloying elements in DO22 phase almost remains unchanged; at the late stage, the compositions of Ni and Al decrease while V increases in DO22 phase. Part of alloying elements for L12 phase growth are supplied from the site occupation evolution of alloying elements on three kinds of sublattices in DO22 phase. Ni is mainly supplied from V sublattice, and part of Al is supplied from NiⅠ and V sites at the centre of DO22 phase. The excessive V from the decreasing DO22 phase migrates into the centre of DO22 phase and mainly occupies V and NiII sites. It is the site occupation evolution of antisite atoms and ternary additions in DO22 phase that controls the growth rate of L12 phase at the late stage.
文摘Deformation-induced ferrite transformation （DIFT） has been proved to be an effective approach to refine ferrite grains. This paper shows that the ferrite grains can further be refined through combination of DIFT and V or V-N microalloying. Vanadium dissolved in γ matrix restrains DIFT. During deformation, vanadium carbonitrides rapidly precipitate due to strain-induced precipitation, which causes decrease in vanadium dissolved in matrix and indirectly accelerates DIFT. Under heavy deformation, deformation induced ferrite （DIF） grains in V microalloyed steel were finer than those in V free steel. The more V added to steel, the finer DIF grains obtained. Moreover, the addition of N to V microalloyed steels can remarkably accelerate precipitation of V, and then promote DIFT. However, DIF grains in V-N microalloyed steel easily coarsen.
基金Project(201629) supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for Introduced Talent of Guizhou University,ChinaProjects(20164014,20165654) supported by the Hundred-level Innovative Talents Project of Guizhou Province,ChinaProject(20146013) supported by the Science and Technology of Guizhou Province,China
文摘The effect of strain rate and deformation temperature on theα→βphase transformation in 47Zr-45Ti-5Al-3V alloy with an initial widmanstattenαstructure was investigated.At the deformation temperature of 550°C,the volume fraction ofαphase decreased with increasing strain rate.At 600 and 650°C,the volume fraction ofαphase firstly increased to a maximum value with increasing strain rate from 1×10-3 to 1×10-2 s-1,and then decreased.At 700°C,the microstructure consisted of singleβphase.At a given strain rate,the volume fraction ofαphase decreased with increasing deformation temperature.With decreasing strain rate and increasing deformation temperature,the volume fraction and size of globularαphase increased.At 650°C and 1×10-3 s-1,the lamellarαphase was fully globularized.The variation in the volume fraction and morphology ofαphase with strain rate and deformation temperature significantly affected the hardness of 47Zr-45Ti-5Al-3V alloy.
基金Supported by the Scientific Research fund of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(GXNYRKS201601)
文摘In this paper, several factors that affect the efficiency of in vitro adventitious bud regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of F. vesca were studied. The results showed that F. vesca seeds germination rate was the highest while seeds were cultured in water, and the germination rate was the lowest while seeds were cultured on MS medium supplemented with hormone; the germination rates that seeds cultured on two and three layers filter paper were higher than that seeds cultured on four and five layers filter paper. In vitro adventitious regeneration efficiency was affected by different explants types. The significant difference was existed between petioles and leaves. When using the same type explants, in vitro adventitious buds regeneration rate and the average number of buds per explant between Ruegen （RE） and Yellow Wonder （YW） had no significant difference. RE to Agrobacterium tumefaciens was more sensitive than YW. Using seedling leaves of RE and YW as materials, an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system was developed. In this system, the concentration of bacteria was OD600=0.5, the explants were immersed in bacteria broth for 9 min, the co-cultured time was 2 days, and had no pre-cultured time. The percentage of explants with resistant buds of RE and YW was compared. The putative transformed plants were confirmed by PCR.
基金The funding of this project by the South African Department of Science and Technology (DST)
文摘Thermodynamic calculation of the two-phase Ti alloy was completed using Compu Therm Pandat? and Ti data base, followed by isothermal compression of Ti6 Al4 V(Grade 5), with an initial colony lamellar structure that was performed in the(α+β) and β-phase field. Microstructural evolution and phase transformation were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The presence of the Ti3 Al or α2(hcp), the phase stability and transition temperatures were predicted by the Gibbs free energy-temperature and phase fraction-temperature diagrams. The isothermal compression in the(α+β)-phase field is characterized by reorientation and localized kinking of α/β lamellae, and cracking at α/β interphase regions. While in the α→β-phase transformation area, deformation in β-phase and at α/β interphase boundaries, extensive transformation of α into β-phase, martensitic transformation and spheroidization of α-laths mainly characterize this isothermal compression. A complete transformation of α into β single phase occurs in the β-phase field. Ti3 Al or α2(hcp),β(bcc) and α(hcp)-phase, and additional hcp α’ and orthorhombic α' phases in a deformed Ti6 Al4 V are revealed. The flow stress level, the dynamic recovery and dynamic globularization are affected by deformation temperature.
文摘Very recently Atash and Al-Gonah [1] derived two extension formulas for Lauricella’s function of the second kind of several variables and . Now in this research paper we derive two families of transformation formulas for the first kind of Lauricella’s function of several variables and with the help of generalized Dixon’s theorem on the sum of the series obtained earlier by Lavoie et al. [2]. Some new and known results are also deduced as applications of our main formulas.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60872073, 60975017, 51075068)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 10252800001000001)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK2010546)
文摘A novel emotional speaker recognition system （ESRS） is proposed to compensate for emotion variability. First, the emotion recognition is adopted as a pre-processing part to classify the neutral and emotional speech. Then, the recognized emotion speech is adjusted by prosody modification. Different methods including Gaussian normalization, the Gaussian mixture model （GMM） and support vector regression （SVR） are adopted to define the mapping rules of F0s between emotional and neutral speech, and the average linear ratio is used for the duration modification. Finally, the modified emotional speech is employed for the speaker recognition. The experimental results show that the proposed ESRS can significantly improve the performance of emotional speaker recognition, and the identification rate （IR） is higher than that of the traditional recognition system. The emotional speech with F0 and duration modifications is closer to the neutral one.
基金support from various funding sources,including the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U21A20415,82002531)Hebei Provincial Key Research Projects(Grant No.223777157D)the Beijing Health Promotion Association,China(2022).
文摘Background:Triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)is a heterogeneous,recurring cancer characterized by a high rate of metastasis,poor prognosis,and lack of efficient therapies.KBU2046,a small molecule inhibitor,can inhibit cell motility in malignant tumors,including breast cancer.However,the specific targets and the corresponding mechanism of its function remain unclear.Methods:In this study,we employed(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H tetrazolium)(MTS)assay and transwell assay to investigate the impact of KBU2046 on the proliferation and migration of TNBC cells in vitro.RNA-Seq was used to explore the targets of KBU2046 that inhibit the motility of TNBC.Finally,confirmed the predicted important signaling pathways through RT-qPCR and western blotting.Results:In this study,we found that KBU2046 functioned as a novel transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β1)inhibitor,effectively suppressing tumor cell motility in vitro.Mechanistically,it directly down-regulated leucine-rich repeat-containing 8 family,member E(LRRC8E),latent TGFβ-binding protein 3(LTBP3),dynein light chain 1(DNAL1),and MAF family of bZIP transcription factors(MAFF)genes,along with reduced protein expression of the integrin family.Additionally,KBU2046 decreased phosphorylation levels of Raf and ERK.This deactivation of the ERK signaling pathway impeded cancer invasion and metastasis.Conclusions:In summary,these findings advocate for the utilization of TGF-β1 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target in TNBC.Furthermore,our data underscore the potential of KBU2046 as a novel therapeutic strategy for combating cancer metastasis.
基金Supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program("863"Program)of China(No.2006AA02A132)Key Developing Discipline of Hebei Province(No.201221)
文摘AIM:To investigate the morphological altering effect of transforming growth factor-β2(TGF-β2) on untransfected human corneal endothelial cells(HCECs)in vitro.METHODS:After untransfected HCECs were treated with TGF-β2 at different concentrations, the morphology,cytoskeleton distribution, and type IV collagen expression of the cells were examined with inverted contrast light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy,immunofluorescence or Western Blot.RESULTS:TGF-β2 at the concentration of 3-15 μg/L had obviously alterative effects on HCECs morphology in dose and time-dependent manner, and 9 μg/L was the peak concentration. TGF-β2(9 μg/L) altered HCE cell morphology after treatment for 36 h, increased the mean optical density(P 【0.01) and the length of F-actin,reduced the mean optical density(P 【0.01) of the collagen type IV in extracellular matrix(ECM) and induced the rearrangement of F-actin, microtubule in cytoplasm and collagen type IV in ECM after treatment for 72 h.·CONCLUTION: TGF-β2 has obviously alterative effect on the morphology of HCECs from polygonal phenotype to enlarged spindle-shaped phenotype, in dose and time-dependence manner by inducing more, elongation and alignment of F-actin, rearrangement of microtubule and larger spread area of collagen type IV.
基金Supported by Yunnan Science and Technology Innovation Talent Program(2015HA034)National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC31560505)
文摘Fusarium wilt of banana, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropic race 4(Foc TR4), is a typical vascular and soil-borne disease which has significantly threatened the sustainable development of banana industry. In order to reveal the infection process and pathogenesis of Foc TR4, the young mycelia(66.7 mg/ml) of wild-type strain of Foc TR4(WT-Foc TR4) cultured for 18-20 h were lysed with enzyme mixture for protoplast formation, which consisted of 25 mg/ml driselase, 0.4 mg/ml chitinase, 15 mg/ml lysing enzyme and 1.2 mol/L potassium chloride. The resulted protoplasts of 2×10~7 cells/ml were used to test the efficiency of transformation mediated by polyethylene glycol, and up to 9 transformants per microgram of DNA were obtained. AmCyan, RFP and YFP genes were stably transferred into the WT-Foc TR4, separately, using the protoplast transformation system. The gene FoOCH1 encoding α-1, 6-mannosyltransferase in the WT-Foc TR4 was knocked out using the split-marker recombination technology. The genetic transformation and gene knockout system in this pathogen lays a foundation for the study of functional genomics and plant-pathogen interactions.
