Micro-alloyed Mg-Ca:Corrosion susceptibility to heating history and a plain problem-solving approach

The exceptionally low corrosion rate(∼0.1 mm y^(–1)in concentrated NaCl solution for 7 days)enables lean Mg-Ca alloys great potential for diverse applications,particularly if relevant properties(e.g.mechanical strength,electrochemical performance,etc.)can be enhanced by thermomechanical processing.However,herein it is demonstrated that the corrosion performance of lean Mg-Ca is susceptible to the heating process.The corrosion rate of Mg-0.15 wt%Ca alloy is remarkably accelerated after annealing even for a short time(4 h at 400℃)because Fe precipitation readily takes place.Fortunately,it is found that micro-alloying with dedicated additional elements is able to solve this problem.Nevertheless,the problem-solving capability is dependent on the element category,particularly the ability of the alloying element to constrain the Fe precipitation.Among the three studied elements(i.e.Sn,Ge and In),only In shows good competence of restricting the formation of Fe-containing precipitates,thereby contributing to retention of the superior corrosion resistance after annealing even at a rigorous condition(24 h at 450℃).The finding creates good foundation for follow-up work of developing lean Mg-Ca-based alloys combining high corrosion resistance,superior electrochemical performance with excellent mechanical properties for applications as biodegradable implants and anode materials for aqueous batteries.

Improving mechanical properties and high-temperature oxidation of press hardened steel by adding Cr and Si

This work investigated the effect of Cr and Si on the mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of press hardened steel.Results indicated that the microstructure of the Cr-Si micro-alloyed press hardened steel consisted of lath martensite,M_(23)C_(6)carbides,and retained austenite.The retained austenite and carbides are responsible for the increase in elongation of the micro-alloyed steel.In addition,after oxidation at 930℃for 5 min,the thickness of the oxide scales on the Cr-Si micro-alloyed press hardened steel is less than 5μm,much thinner than 45.50μm-thick oxide scales on 22MnB5.The oxide scales of the Cr-Si micro-alloyed steel are composed of Fe_(2)O_(3),Fe_(3)O_(4),mixed spinel oxide(FeCr_(2)O_(4)and Fe_(2)SiO_(4)),and amorphous SiO_(2).Adding Cr and Si significantly reduces the thickness of the oxide scales and prevents the generation of the FeO phase.Due to the increase of spinel FeCr_(2)O_(4)and Fe_(2)SiO_(4)phase in the inner oxide scale and the amorphous SiO_(2)close to the substrate,the oxidation resistance of the Cr-Si micro-alloyed press hardened steel is improved.

应变速率对V-Nb微合金化钢筋抗震性能的影响

研究了V-Nb微合金高强度钢筋在应变速率范围为:1×10-5~1×10-3s-1的室温拉伸试验过程中的力学性能以及断口形貌的变化。结果显示:随着应变速率的加快,试验钢屈服强度和抗拉强度都增大,屈服强度增幅较抗拉强度小;随着应变速率的增加,断后伸长率逐渐减小,最大力下伸长率先增大后减小且变化范围不是很大;采用SEM对韧窝进行了分析显示,随着变形速率的提高,韧窝尺寸逐渐减小。

The effect of V-Nb on the growth of austenite grains in 17CrNiMo6 gear steel

This study researches the effect of V-Nb on the growth of austenite grains in 17CrNiMo6 carburized gear steel. Results show that the carbonitride in V and Nb acts as second-phase particles in the steel, which can be used to block the migration of grain boundaries and the thinning of the austenite grains. This causes the crystals in the V-Nb microalloy 17CrNiMo6 steel to coarsen and the temperature to rise, thus reducing the cost of the carbonization that follows processing on the gears.

Influence of Ti(C,N)precipitates on austenite growth of micro-alloyed steel during continuous casting

Austenite grain size is an important influence factor for ductility of steel at high temperatures during continuous casting. Thermodynamic and kinetics calculations were performed to analyze the characteristics of Ti(C,N) precipitates formed during the continuous casting of micro-alloyed steel. Based on Andersen-Grong equation, a coupling model of second phase precipitation and austenite grain growth has been established, and the influence of second precipitates on austenite grain growth under different cooling rates is discussed. Calculations show that the final sizes of austenite grains are 2.155, 1.244, 0.965, 0.847 and 0.686 mm, respectively, under the cooling rate of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 ℃·s^(-1), when ignoring the pinning effect of precipitation on austenite growth. Whereas, if taking the pinning effect into consideration, the grain growth remains stable from 1,350 ℃, the calculated final sizes of austenite grains are 1.46, 1.02, 0.80, 0.67 and 0.57 mm, respectively. The sizes of final Ti(C,N) precipitates are 137, 79, 61, 51 and 43 nm, respectively, with the increase of cooling rate from 1 to 10 ℃·s^(-1). Model validation shows that the austenite size under different cooling rates coincided with the calculation results. Finally, the corresponding measures to strengthen cooling intensity at elevated temperature are proposed to improve the ductility and transverse crack of slab.

V-Nb微合金化热轧带肋高强度钢筋HRB600的连续冷却转变曲线

试验用600 MPa级高强度钢（/％：0.23C,0.67Si,1.35Mn,0.028P,0.023S,0.131V,0.033Nb）,由25kg真空感应炉冶炼,并热轧成16 mm × 180 mm扁材.利用膨胀法结合金相分析及硬度在Thermecmastor-Z热模拟试验机上测定了HRB600钢在冷却速率0.1～100 ℃/s下的连续冷却转变膨胀曲线,获得了该钢的连续冷却转变曲线（CCT曲线）并研究了该钢转变后的组织.结果表明,850℃奥氏体时,冷却速率小于3℃/s时试验V-Nb微合金化高强度钢HRB600的组织为先共析铁素体＋珠光体,当冷却速率为5℃/s时,出现少量马氏体,影响钢筋的焊接性能,当冷却速率达100℃/s时可获得马氏体组织.

Static Recrystallization Behavior of Hot Deformed Austenite for Micro-Alloyed Steel

Static recrystallization behavior of austenite for micro-alloyed steel during hot rolling was studied and the influence (τ-ε diagram) of holding time and deformation at different deformations and isothermal temperatures on microstructuralstate of austenite were discussed. Corresponding to parameter Z in the dynamic recrystallization diagram, parameterY was then introduced to simplify static recrystallization diagrams.

Effect of Mo on the continuous cooling transformation behavior of Nb-Ti micro-alloyed low carbon steel

The effect of molybdenum on the continuous cooling transformation behavior of the micro-alloyed low carbon steel containing niobium and titanium was investigated by a Gleeble 3800 thermo-mechanical simulator. The phase transformation temperature of the steel at various cooling rates was detected. The microstmcture was observed by optical microscope （OM） and scanning electronic microscope （ SEM）, and its Vickers hardness was tested. Based on these, its dynamic continuous cooling transformation （CCT） diagrams were determined. The results show that the transformation temperature from deformed austenite to acicular ferrite （AF） is decreased when Mo is added, and the formation of pro- eutectoid ferrite （F） and pearlite （P） is either inhabited or postponed. Mo can also enlarge the range of the cooling rate in forming AF, and refine the microstructure effectively.

Effect of Nb content on strength of Nb micro-alloyed steels

Microstructures and properties of three Nb micro-alloyed steels were studied through hot rolling experiment. The result indicates that the ferrite grain size （dF ） decreases with increasing Nb content （Nb）, and the bainite fraction （fB） increases with increasing Nb content （Nb）. The effect of ferrite grain size （dF） on yield strength （δy） is related to Nb content （Nb）, and the effect of bainite fraction （fB） on yield strength （δy） is unrelated to Nb content （Nb）. Modelling of yield strength （δy） for Nb micro-alloyed steels with high accuracy has been built up with Nb content （Nb） and bainite fraction （fB） taken into account as new parameters, and formulas for ferrite grain size （dF ） and bainite fraction （fB） vs Nb content （Nb） have also been established under the experiment conditions. The research results could provide instructions for industrial productions.

Effect of Ti,Sc and Zr additions on microstructure and mechanical properties of rheo-diecasting Al-6Zn-2Mg-2Cu alloys

The microstructure and mechanical properties of rheo-diecasting Al-6Zn-2Mg-2Cu alloys microalloyed with Ti,Sc and Sc+Zr were studied by optical microscopy(OM),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),hardness testing,and tensile testing.The swirled equilibrium enthalpy device(SEED)process was introduced to prepare the semisolid slurry.Results show that the addition of Ti,Sc,and Sc+Zr refines the grain size and improves the uniformity of the semisolid slurry and then suppresses the growth of theα-Al grain during solution heat treatment.The microstructure of the four alloys in as-cast state mainly consists of sphericalα-Al and the Mg(Al,Cu,Zn)_(2)(η)eutectic phase.Moreover,primary Al_(3)Sc,Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)and Al_(3)Zr are also found in the micro-alloying alloys.After solution and aging heat treatment,most of the Mg(Al,Cu,Zn)_(2) phases dissolve into theα-Al matrix,while part of Mg(Al,Cu,Zn)_(2) phases transform to Al_(2)CuMg(S)phases.However,the coarse primary Al_(3)Sc and Al_(3)(Sc,Zr)still remain in the matrix,and promote crack initiation and propagation.With the tensile strength of 553 MPa,yield strength of 463 MPa and elongation of 13.4%at T6 state,trace Ti addition generates more attractive mechanical properties than the other three alloys.

V-Nb微合金化Q420B大规格角钢的连续冷却转变规律

利用热膨胀仪和Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机测试了V-Nb微合金化Q420B大规格角钢在未变形(静态)和变形(动态)条件下连续冷却转变行为,利用光学显微镜观察了试验钢连续冷却后的组织形貌,并绘制了试验钢的静态和动态CCT曲线。结果表明,试验钢动态CCT曲线相比静态CCT曲线向左上方移动,说明变形加快了试验钢相变速度并提高了试验钢的相变开始和相变结束温度。此外,变形扩大了试验钢珠光体相变区域的同时减小了贝氏体相变区域。静态和动态连续冷却转变过程中,随着冷却速度的提高,试验钢的组织从铁素体和珠光体逐步向着贝氏体和在更快冷速条件下形成的马氏体发生转变,试验钢硬度值逐渐升高。试验钢在奥氏体未再结晶区变形后得到的组织比未变形时得到的组织均匀细小。冷却速度提高可以获得更低的相变温度Ar_(3)和更细小的铁素体晶粒,与此同时贝氏体组织更加细小。

V-Nb微合金化Q420B大规格角钢高温流变应力研究

为获得大规格角钢高温变形时的流变应力,在Gleeble-3500热模拟实验机上,对V-Nb微合金化Q420B大规格角钢进行了高温单轴压缩实验,变形温度为750~1100℃,应变速率为0.1~30 s^(-1)。结果表明,一定实验条件下,当变形温度升高时,实验钢的高温流变应力会随之呈指数函数关系增大;当应变速率的增大时,实验钢的高温流变应力会随之呈幂函数关系增大;随着应变量的增加,实验钢的高温流变应力先增大而后逐渐达到稳定。根据高温流变应力与变形温度、应变速率以及应变的关系,构建了V-Nb微合金化实验钢的高温流变应力本构方程,计算值与实测值具有较好的拟合精度,证明了其可用于实际生产中轧制力的计算。

钒对T122铁素体耐热钢组织和性能的影响

研究了（％）：0．11C-11．89～12．19Cr-1．86～1．90W-0．37～0．38Mo-0．9Cu铁素体耐热钢T122中0．14％～0．31％V-0．05％Nb复合强化添加剂中V含量对钢的组织和性能的影响。结果发现，随V含量增加，钢中8铁素体量增加，室温拉伸强度、650℃拉伸强度和650℃持久强度逐渐降低；当V含量为0．19％时T122钢的室温拉伸强度、650℃拉伸强度和持久性能较高。V含量变化影响钢中如C6、MX和Laves相的析出，0．19％V．0．05％Nb析出强化效果最好。

(V,Nb)C溶解规律及其对奥氏体晶粒粗化的影响

应用物理化学相分析法定量测定了V,Nb 复合微合金化钢中V,Nb 复合碳化物在不同奥氏体化温度下的溶解量,以及V,Nb 在溶解过程中的相互影响。通过对奥氏体晶粒的直接腐蚀显示,测出了不同 V,Nb 含量对奥氏体晶粒粗化的影响,为 V,Nb 复合的微合金化钢在轧制时奥氏体化温度的合理选择提供了依据。同时,得出了使奥氏体晶粒细化的 V,Nb 含量和 V,Nb 最佳化学配比。

Enhanced thermal stability and mechanical properties of high-temperature resistant Al-Cu alloy with Zr and Mn micro-alloying

The high temperature(HT)thermal stability and mechanical properties of Al-5%Cu(AC)and Al-5%Cu-0.2%Mn-0.2 Zr%(ACMZ)alloys from 573 to 673 K were systematically studied.The results displayed that micro-alloying additions of Zr and Mn elements have presented a significant role in stabilizing the main strengthening metastableθ′precipitates at a temperature as high as 573 K.Simultaneously,the HT tensile test demonstrated that ACMZ alloy retained their strength of(88.6±8.8)MPa,which was much higher than that of AC alloy((32.5±0.8)MPa)after the thermal exposure at 573 K for 200 h.Finally,the underlying mechanisms of strength and ductility enhancement mechanism of the ACMZ alloy at HT were discussed in detail.

Enhanced mechanical properties and formability of hot-rolled Mg-Zn-Mn alloy by Ca and Sm alloying

In order to broaden the application of wrought Mg alloy sheets in the automotive industry,the influence of Ca and Sm alloying on the texture evolution,mechanical properties,and formability of a hot-rolled Mg-2Zn-0.2Mn alloy was investigated by OM,XRD,SEM,EBSD,tensile tests,and Erichsen test.The results showed that the average grain size and basal texture intensity of Mg-2Zn-0.2Mn alloys were remarkably decreased after Ca and Sm additions.0.64 wt.%Ca or 0.48 wt.%Sm addition significantly increased the tensile strength,ductility and formability.Moreover,the synergetic addition of Sm and Ca improved the ductility and formability of Mg-2Zn-0.2Mn alloy,which was due to the change of Ca distribution and further reduction of the size of Ca-containing particles by Sm addition.The results provided a possibility of replacing RE elements with Ca and Sm in Mg alloys which bring about outstanding mechanical properties and formability.

Glass Forming Ability and Crystallization Kinetics of Cu-Zr-Al-(Y,Ag)Amorphous Alloy

Cu-Zr-Al-（Y, Ag） amorphous alloy ribbons of Cu_（50）Zr_（42）Al_8, Cu_（46）Zr_（47-x）Al_7Y_x（x=2, 5）, Cu_（43）Zr_（42）Al_8Ag_7, and Cu_（43）Zr_（42）Al_8Ag_5Y_2 were prepared using the single roller melt-spinning method. The glass forming ability and non-isothermal crystallization behavior of the amorphous alloys were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction（XRD） and differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） in a continuous heating mode. The experimental results show that the glass forming ability and thermal stability of Cu-Zr-Al amorphous alloys are improved by adding minor amounts of Y and Ag, and the effect of Ag on the glass forming ability is more significant than that of Y. Compared to the Cu_（50）Zr_（42）Al_8 alloy, the width of the supercooled liquid region of the Cu_（46）Zr_（47-x）Al_7Y_x（x =2 and 5） alloys increased by 19 K and 30 K, respectively. The reduced glass transition temperature（Trg） and the parameter γ of the two alloys enhanced separately. Compared to the Cu_（50）Zr_（42）Al_8 alloy, the Trg and γ values of both Cu_（43）Zr_（42）Al_8Ag_7 and Cu_（43）Zr_（42）Al_8Ag_5Y_2 alloys enhanced noticeably up to 0.619, 0.417, and 0.609, 0.412, respectively. The crystallization activation energies of the amorphous alloys calculated by the Kissinger and Flynn Wall Ozawa equations increased with the addition of minor Y and Ag into the Cu_（50）Zr_（42）Al_8 alloy. The addition of Y and Ag significantly improved the thermal stability of the Cu_（50）Zr_（42）Al_8 amorphous alloy.

Effects of Yttrium on Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Ti-Si Eutectic Alloy

The effects of rare earth （Y） on Ti-TisSi3 eutectic alloy are studied. The results of microstructure analysis show that the colonies and microstructures of the raw alloy are transformed evidently with the addition of Y. With proper addition of yttrium （0.025at%）, the shape and size of the coarse TisSi3 phases of the colonies change to be fine and round meanwhile the microstructure of the alloy goes into uniformity. The compressive ductility and strength at room temperature are also improved. The effects of yttrium on the alloy are likely due to that Si atoms in TisSi3 phase are partially substituted for yttrium atoms which results in silicide Ti5（Si, Y）3 phases.

Application of Rare Earths in Oil Country Tubular Goods

The effect of rare earths(RE) on purifying molten steels, modifying inclusion and micro-alloying are studied in J55 steel. The results show that RE improves the transverse impact energy and increases the resistance of perforation cracking. The extent on modifying MnS and Al2O3 inclusions is dependent on the activity ratios of RE to Mn and RE to Al. The(a(RE). a(s))/(a(o) . a(Al)) value determines the relative amount of REAlO(3) and RE(2)O(2)S and the properties of steel. RE segregation on grain boundary reduces the segregation of phosphorus and sulfur there.

Morphology and orientation relationship of VC precipitates in HSLA steel

The morphology and distribution of VC precipitates in HSLA steel as well as the orientation relationship between VC precipitate and α-Fe were studied by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The chemical composition of the VC precipitate was analyzed qualitatively by using analytical electron microscopy （AEM） equipped with an energy dispersive spectrum （EDS） system. The VC precipitate is needle-like in shape with a size of about 10 nm in length and is homogeneously dispersed in the α-Fe matrix. The smaller lattice misfit along the 〈100〉 lattice direction of α-Fe matrix leads to VC precipitate forming with its long axes nearly parallel to the 〈100〉 lattice direction of α-Fe matrix. It is confirmed that the orientation relationship between VC precipitate and α- Fe is the ＂N-W＂ orientation relation by selected area electron diffraction （SAED） patterns.