Cracking the Snake Detection Theory: The Subcortical Visual Pathway as a Major Player in Cultural Transformations

According to the proposed hypothesis, graphic characters trigger the subcortical visual route. The reaction discussed is very weak. Yet, its very existence has an unusual importance: characters and (occluded) venomous snakeskin patterns reveal themselves as conflatable. Furthermore, following tractogra- phic research, a functional segregation of the subcortical pathway is to be presupposed. Thus, there can’t be a later dissociation of two stimuli previously associated. The outcomes of lecture will gradually appear probabilistically (much) more peaceful than encountering a venomous snake, though, and thus a continuous lessening of the reaction is expectable. Here, on one hand, it is relevant that the subcortical visual pathway goes to the amygdala. The reactions we describe tap into goal-oriented processes, and they will do that unfettered. On the other hand, in the case of characters, since the beginning, fear has been converted into appetition to a great degree. This process should be fostered in the presence of light. In this way, luminosity might become a conditioned stimulus for attraction. In this case, a Pavlovian addiction for light will foster, yet also—from the point of view of reward feeling—counterbalance the lessening of the stimulation elicited by characters. The addiction we refer to is one towards light accompanied by graphic signs. Yet, as opposed to the case of the luminous medium, the attention captured by the later ones taken for themselves is continuously reduced.

PSA及其相关指标对前列腺癌的诊断价值

目的:探讨当患者前列腺MRI影像报告和数据系统(PI-RADS V2)评分为3分,且前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)位于灰区(4.0~10.0 ng/ml)时,PSA及其相关指标对前列腺癌(PCa)的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析2015年1月~2018年5月于苏州大学附属第二医院行MRI检查PI-RADS V2评分为3分、PSA值位于灰区且经穿刺病理证实为前列腺疾病患者的临床资料。受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析各指标对PCa的诊断价值,并利用Logistic回归分析筛选出危险预测因子,建立危险评估模型。结果:总计55例患者,其中PCa 24例(PCa组),非PCa 31例(非PCa组)。两组前列腺特异性抗原密度(PSAD)和游离PSA/总PSA(F/T)比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。PSAD诊断PCa的cut-off值为0.145 ng/ml^2,灵敏度和特异度分别为83.3%和90.3%(P<0.05);F/T诊断PCa的cut-off值为0.174,灵敏度和特异度分别为75.0%和87.1%(P<0.05);PSAD+F/T联合诊断PCa的cut-off值为0.295,灵敏度和特异度分别为91.3%和78.2%(P<0.05)。利用危险预测因子PSAD和F/T建立患癌风险评估模型:logit(p)=(-3.745798)+(-12.13921)×F/T+38.92853×PSAD。结论:对于PI-RADS V2评分为3分且PSA位于灰区的患者,PSAD、F/T单独应用及联合诊断均能有效提高对PCa诊断的灵敏度,避免漏诊。危险评估模型凭借灵敏度高、使用便捷等优点,在PCa诊断中值得进一步推广。