Influence of core box vents distribution on flow dynamics of core shooting process based on experiment and numerical simulation

Core shooting process plays a decisive role in the quality of sand cores, and core box vents distribution is one of the most important factor determining the effectiveness of core shooting process. In this paper, the influence of core box vents distribution on the flow dynamics of core shooting process was investigated based on in situ experimental observations with transparent core box, high-speed camera and pressure measuring system. Attention was focused on the variation of both the flow behavior of sand and pressure curves due to different vents distribution. Taking both kinetic and frictional stress into account, a kinetic-frictional constitutive model was established to describe the internal momentum transfer in the solid phase. Two-fluid model(TFM) simulation was then performed and good agreement was achieved between the experimental and simulated results on both the flow behavior of sand and the pressure curves. It was found that vents distribution has direct effect on the pressure difference of different locations in the core box, which determines the buoyancy force exerting on the sand particles and significantly influences the filling process of core sand.

A multi-channel chemical sensor and its application in detecting hydrothermal vents

There are well-established chemical and turbidity anomalies in the plumes occurring vicinity of hydrothermal vents, which are used to indicate their existence and locations. We here develop a small, accurate multi-channel chemical sensor to detect such anomalies which can be used in deep-sea at depths of more than 4 000 m. The design allowed five all-solid-state electrodes to be mounted on it and each (apart from one reference electrode) could be changed according to chemicals to be measured. Two experiments were conducted using the chemical sensors. The first was a shallow-sea trial which included sample measurements and in situ monitoring. pH, Eh, CO3^2- and SO4^2- electrodes were utilized to demonstrate that the chemical sensor was accurate and stable outside the laboratory. In the second experiment, the chemical sensor was integrated with pH, Eh, CO3^2- and H2S electrodes, and was used in 29 scans of the seabed along the Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) to detect hydrothermal vents, from which 27 sets of valid data were obtained. Hydrothermal vents were identified by analyzing the chemical anomalies, the primary judging criteria were decreasing voltages of Eh and H2S, matched by increasing voltages of pH and CO3^2- . We proposed that simultaneous detection of changes in these parameters will indicate a hydrothermal vent. Amongst the 27 valid sets of data, five potential hydrothermal vents were targeted using the proposed method. We suggest that our sensors could be widely employed by marine scientists.

Experimental Study of Effect of Vents in Thermal Ventilation

The effects of vents on thermal ventilation to save energy in the cold rolling workshop of Baosteel were investigated.According to the scale modeling theory,a small chamber was established.The details about construction of experiment on thermal ventilation and the preparation and arrangement of apparatus were discussed,and then the effects of vents on thermal ventilation were studied through experiments,which includes the temperature distribution,the volume of ventilation,the temperature difference between inlets and outlets,the neutral plane,and the effective thermal coefficient of thermal natural ventilation.Based on this,the effects of natural ventilation based on varied area of inlets and outlets and those of vents on one side and on different sides were compared.According to the experiments,the area of inlet vents and outlet vents affect the temperature distribution in chamber,and their effects on ventilation volume are different,but the effects of vents in single side or different sides are the same under the condition that only thermal ventilation is considered.

Bubble Glow at Hydrothermal Vents as the <i>PeTa</i>Radiation

The paper presents a physical model of a natural phenomenon, the glow of bubbles at hydrothermal vents formed during underwater volcanic activity. The basis of the model is characteristic non-equilibrium radiation under first order phase transitions that since 2010 has been referred to as the PeTa (Perelman-Tatartchenko) effect. This is the fourth paper in a series developing the model for similar physical phenomena: cavitational luminescence (CL), multi-bubble sonoluminescence (MBSL), single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) and laser-induced bubble luminescence (LIBL). The previous three papers were published during 2017-2018 in this Journal. In the third one we have shown that above mentioned physical effects can be generalized as a phenomenon that we have titled “Vapour bubble luminescence” (VBL). VBL is very clearly represented in a non-equilibrium phase diagram. The essence of VBL is as follows: when there is a local decrease in pressure and/or an increase of temperature in a tiny volume of a liquid occurs, one or several bubbles filled with vapour will appear. Subsequently a very rapid pressure increase and/or temperature decrease in the same volume of liquid leads to supersaturation of the vapour inside the bubble. Upon reaching critical vapor density, instantaneous vapour condensation and emission of the phase transition energy that is accompanied by a flash (this is the PeTa effect) results in a sharp pressure decrease and the bubble collapses due to the pressure drop. This process is accompanied by a shock wave in the liquid. A similar effect occurs if bubbles filled with hot steam, for example from a cappuccino machine, are injected into a relatively large volume of cold water. The VBL model explains all experimental data concerning CL/MBSL/SBSL/LIBL and the relatively new natural phenomenon, the glow of bubbles at hydrothermal vents. Several model experiments demonstrate the PeTa effect under similar conditions. Additionally, we define the PeTa effect in all its manifestations on a non-equilibrium phase diagram. This clarifies which niches can contain VBL processes. We also demonstrate the window of transparency (WT) for the PeTa radiation during crystallization of a supercooled tellurium melt and propose the design of a cavity-free pulsed laser on the basis of similar crystallization processes.

Behaviors of ^(210)Pb and ^(210)Po around hydrothermal vents in the Okinawa Trough

Vertical profiles for the uranium-series radioisotopes 210Pb and 210Po were obtained at the two hydrothermal vent sites, the Iheya Ridge and the Minami-Ensei Knoll, in the Mid-Okinawa Trough in 1993 and 1994, respectively. In 1995, both radioisotopes were measured at the Minami-Ensei Knoll again. At the Iheya Ridge, where the hydrothermal activity is not active as reflected by the CH4 and 222Rn data, both the total 210Pb and 210Po activities show deficiency relative to their parents, and the mean residence time of 210Pb and 210Po is approximately equal to 20 and 2～ 5 a, respectively. At the Minami-Ensei Knoll, which is characterized by black smokers, the total 210Pb(0.167 × 10-3 ～2.5 × 10-3 Bq/kg) around the plumes is deficient relative to 226Ra but the total 210Po activities ( 1.83 × 10- 3 ～ 2.83× 10-3 Bq/kg) are in excess relative to 210Pb. The 210Po activities are higher than those in the East China Sea and the Okinawa Trough and excess 210Po has been found. The 210Pb/226Ra and 210Po/210Pb activity ratios are 0.1～ 0.4 and 1.1 ～ 7.8, respectively. 210Pb is preferentially scavenged in the hydrothermal plumes. The possible mechanisms governing the concentration of 210Pb in the Minami-Ensei Knoll involve a lateral transport of 210Pb via diffusion. The high 210Po/210Pb activity ratios in the hydrothermal plumes suggest a depletion of 210Pb and addition of 210Po in the hydrothermal vent area.

Two possible hydrothermal vents in the northern Okinawa Trough

As the Okinawa Trough is a back-arc basin in early spreading, modern submarine hydrothermal activity and minerallization have many characteristics which have aroused wide attention. Up to now, three well-known hydro-thermal venting areas are all located in the middle part of the trough. During two cruise investigations to map and sample the seafloor, numbers of Calyptogena sp. shells were dredged at two sites in the northern trough with comparatively thicker crust and numerous submarine volcanoes. Based on the fact that Calyptogena sp. is only observed around the hydrothermal vents and lives on hydrothermal activities, it is predicted that there is the possibility of modern hydrothermal activities in the northern part of the trough. In this note, the shell is carefully characterized and the sample locations with possible hydrothermal activity are given. It is pointed out that the research of biogenic fossils to trace hydrothermal activity changes in venting time, strength fluctuations, evolution in

Effect of escape vents on retention and size selectivity of crab pots for swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus in the East China Sea

An increase in the crab pot fishery in the East China Sea has caused great pressure on swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus resources.Thus,it is essential to implement suitable measures to release sublegal-sized crabs to increase the number of recruits for legal-sized crabs.One of the measures considered is the installation of escape vents on crab pots.We tested crab pots with one and two escape vents and compared the catchability and size selectivity of these pots with control pots without an escape vent.Pots with one escape vent located on single side of the pot,top or bottom(SS),and another on both sides at top and bottom edges(BS)were tested in sea trial experiments following typical commercial fishing practice.The results show that both SS pots and BS pots caught significantly smaller number of sublegal-sized crabs(<116 mm carapace width,CW),but the difference in catch between the two types of crab pots is not significant.The 50%selective CWs(CW_(50))and the selective ranges(SRs)of both BS pots are slightly larger than those of SS pots.However,95%confidence intervals of CW_(50)s and SRs are overlapped,indicating that the discrepancy between them is small.Then,in a mixed effect model,the effect of locations of escape vents,taken as the fixed effect,on selectivity parameters and indexes was analyzed by hypothesis testing.The results show that null hypothesis of no effect of location of vents on size selectivity cannot be rejected,indicating that there is no significant difference in size selectivity between the two types of pots for P.trituberculatus.

Effect of safety valve types on the gas venting behavior and thermal runaway hazard severity of large-format prismatic lithium iron phosphate batteries

The safety valve is an important component to ensure the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the effect of safety valve type on the thermal runaway(TR)and gas venting behavior of LIBs,as well as the TR hazard severity of LIBs,are not known.In this paper,the TR and gas venting behavior of three 100 A h lithium iron phosphate(LFP)batteries with different safety valves are investigated under overheating.Compared to previous studies,the main contribution of this work is in studying and evaluating the effect of gas venting behavior and TR hazard severity of LFP batteries with three safety valve types.Two significant results are obtained:(Ⅰ)the safety valve type dominates over gas venting pressure of battery during safety venting,the maximum gas venting pressure of LFP batteries with a round safety valve is 3320 Pa,which is one order of magnitude higher than other batteries with oval or cavity safety valve;(Ⅱ)the LFP battery with oval safety valve has the lowest TR hazard as shown by the TR hazard assessment model based on gray-fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.This study reveals the effect of safety valve type on TR and gas venting,providing a clear direction for the safety valve design.

Deep-large faults controlling on the distribution of the venting gas hydrate system in the middle of the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

Many locations with concentrated hydrates at vents have confirmed the presence of abundant thermogenic gas in the middle of the Qiongdongnan Basin(QDNB).However,the impact of deep structures on gasbearing fluids migration and gas hydrates distribution in tectonically inactive regions is still unclear.In this study,the authors apply high-resolution 3D seismic and logging while drilling(LWD)data from the middle of the QDNB to investigate the influence of deep-large faults on gas chimneys and preferred gasescape pipes.The findings reveal the following:(1)Two significant deep-large faults,F1 and F2,developed on the edge of the Songnan Low Uplift,control the dominant migration of thermogenic hydrocarbons and determine the initial locations of gas chimneys.(2)The formation of gas chimneys is likely related to fault activation and reactivation.Gas chimney 1 is primarily arises from convergent fluid migration resulting from the intersection of the two faults,while the gas chimney 2 benefits from a steeper fault plane and shorter migration distance of fault F2.(3)Most gas-escape pipes are situated near the apex of the two faults.Their reactivations facilitate free gas flow into the GHSZ and contribute to the formation of fracture‐filling hydrates.

Microorganisms from deep-sea hydrothermal vents

With a rich variety of chemical energy sources and steep physical and chemical gradients,hydrothermal vent systems offer a range of habitats to support microbial life.Cultivation-dependent and independent studies have led to an emerging view that diverse microorganisms in deep-sea hydrothermal vents live their chemolithoautotrophic,heterotrophic,or mixotrophic life with versatile metabolic strategies.Biogeochemical processes are mediated by microorganisms,and notably,processes involving or coupling the carbon,sulfur,hydrogen,nitrogen,and metal cycles in these unique ecosystems.Here,we review the taxonomic and physiological diversity of microbial prokaryotic life from cosmopolitan to endemic taxa and emphasize their significant roles in the biogeochemical processes in deep-sea hydrothermal vents.According to the physiology of the targeted taxa and their needs inferred from meta-omics data,the media for selective cultivation can be designed with a wide range of physicochemical conditions such as temperature,pH,hydrostatic pressure,electron donors and acceptors,carbon sources,nitrogen sources,and growth factors.The application of novel cultivation techniques with real-time monitoring of microbial diversity and metabolic substrates and products are also recommended.

VENTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS IN CHINA FROM JANUARY TO APRIL IN 1996

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Arsenic and sulfur nanoparticle synthesis mimicking environmental conditions of submarine shallow-water hydrothermal vents

Arsenic and sulfur mineralization is a natural phenomenon occurring in hydrothermal systems where parameters like temperature and organic matter(OM)can influence the mobilization of the toxic metalloid in marine environments.In the present study we analyze the influence of temperature and OM(particularly sulfur-containing additives)on As and S precipitation based on the recent discovery of As-rich nanoparticles in the hydrothermal system near the coast of the Greek island Milos.To this end,we experimentally recreate the formation of amorphous colloidal particles rich in As and S via acidification(pH 3–4)of aqueous precursors at various temperatures.At higher temperatures,we observe the formation of monodisperse particles within the first 24 h of the experiment,generating colloidal particles with diameters close to 160 nm.The S:As ratio and particle size of the synthetized particles closely correlates with values for As_(x)S_(y)particles detected in the hydrothermal system off Milos.Furthermore,organic sulfur containing additives(cysteine and glutathione,GSH)are a key factor in the process of nucleation and growth of amorphous colloidal As_(x)S_(y)particles and,together with the temperature gradient present in shallow hydrothermal vents,dictate the stabilization of As-bearing nanomaterials in the environment.Based on these findings,we present a simple model that summarizes our new insights into the formation and mobility of colloidal As in aquatic ecosystems.In this context,amorphous As_(x)S_(y)particles can present harmful effects to micro-and macro-biota not foreseen in bulk As material.

Metagenomic analysis reveals wide distribution of phototrophic bacteria in hydrothermal vents on the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge

Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are known as chemosynthetic ecosystems.However,high temperature vents emit light that hypothetically can drive photosynthesis in this habitat.Metagenomic studies have sporadically reported the occurrence of phototrophic populations such as cyanobacteria in hydrothermal vents.To determine how geographically and taxonomically widespread phototrophs are in deep-sea hydrothermal vents,we collected samples from three niches in a hydrothermal vent on the Southwest Indian Ridge and carried out an integrated metagenomic analysis.We determined the typical community structures of microorganisms found in active venting fields and identified populations of known potential chlorophototrophs and retinalophototrophs.Complete chlorophyll biosynthetic pathways were identified in all samples.By contrast,proteorhodopsins were only found in active beehive smoker diffusers.Taxonomic groups possessing potential phototrophy dependent on semiconductors present in hydrothermal vents were also found in these samples.This systematic comparative metagenomic study reveals the widespread distribution of phototrophic bacteria in hydrothermal vent fields.Our results support the hypothesis that the ocean is a seed bank of diverse microorganisms.Geothermal vent light may provide energy and confer a competitive advantage on phototrophs to proliferate in hydrothermal vent ecosystems.

雄构树花序化学成分研究

目的 :研究雄构树Broussonetiapapyrifera(L )Vent花序的化学成分。方法 :利用硅胶柱色谱分离纯化 ,根据化合物的光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果 :从雄构树花序中得到 4个化合物 ,鉴定分别为 5 甲基 3 十四烷基戊内酯 (5 methyl 3 tetradecyl 5 pentandide,Ⅰ )、二十四碳烷醇 (Tetracosanol,Ⅱ )、尿嘧啶 (uracil,Ⅲ )、正十六碳酸 (hexadecylicacid ,Ⅳ )。结论 :化合物Ⅰ～Ⅳ为首次从该植物中分离得到。

野生植物构树的生物学、生态学及园林应用

构树[Broussonetia papyrifera(L.)Vent.]的自然更新机制完善、适应性强、分布广泛,具有观赏价值和生态效益,是城市园林绿化的潜在树种资源。对野生植物构树的主要生物学、生态学特征及其在园林上的应用进行了综述。

杂交构树茎段组织培养体系的建立

以杂交构树[Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent.]——中科一号为试验材料,通过对杂交构树茎段的离体培养和扩繁,探究了不同激素配比对杂交构树诱导愈伤、丛生芽、壮苗和生根的影响。试验结果表明,以具腋芽的构树茎段为外植体材料,75%乙醇溶液浸泡40 s后,再经0.3%HgCl2灭菌15 min,外植体的成活率可达44%;诱导愈伤组织的最佳培养基为MS+IBA 0.5 mg/L+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+蔗糖25 g/L+琼脂7.0 g/L,pH 5.6～5.8,愈伤诱导率达90%;诱导丛生芽的最佳培养基为MS+IBA 1.5 mg/L+6-BA2.0 mg/L+蔗糖25 g/L+琼脂7.0 g/L,pH 5.6～5.8,丛生芽增殖系数为4.2,生长势较好;壮苗的最佳培养基为MS+IBA 0.2 mg/L+6-BA 1.5 mg/L+蔗糖25 g/L+琼脂7.0 g/L,pH 5.6～5.8,平均株高4.8 cm;生根的最佳培养基为1/2 MS+IBA 0.8 mg/L+活性炭1.5 g/L+马铃薯50 g/L+蔗糖25 g/L+琼脂7.0 g/L,pH 5.6～5.8,生根率100%。最佳的炼苗移栽基质土为珍珠岩∶蛭石∶草炭=1∶1∶1的混合基质,幼苗生长得最好,平均株高为7.3 cm。

不同轮作模式对两种食用菌产量和品质的影响

为改善竹荪单作产量逐年降低问题,以长裙竹荪[Dictyophora indusiata(Vent.Pers.)Fisch.]和羊肚菌(Morchella vulgaris)为材料,设计长裙竹荪单作、羊肚菌单作、长裙竹荪-羊肚菌轮作、长裙竹荪-圆白菜轮作、羊肚菌-辣椒轮作对比试验,连续3年测定单位面积长裙竹荪和羊肚菌产量和部分品质指标。结果表明,与单作相比,轮作能够一定程度上提高长裙竹荪和羊肚菌产量及品质,其中羊肚菌-长裙竹荪轮作下二者的综合表现最好。羊肚菌-长裙竹荪轮作中长裙竹荪产量、单位面积子实体平均产出数量、去盖单株鲜重在栽培第2年和第3年均较单作显著增加,菌盖鲜重、菌高、菌柄直径和伞裙长度均显著增大,灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维含量较单作也略有增加,但二者间差异不显著;在栽培第2年和第3年,羊肚菌-长裙竹荪轮作下羊肚菌产量、子实体平均单株鲜重、单位面积子实体平均产出数量均较单作显著增加,羊肚菌灰分、粗脂肪和粗纤维含量均较单作显著增高,羊肚菌伞裙长度和菌柄直径在栽植第3年也较单作有所增大,菌盖与菌柄比大幅提高。羊肚菌-长裙竹荪轮作下羊肚菌形态、质量均显著提升。

Mitochondrial phylogenomics reveal the origin and adaptive evolution of the deep-sea caridean shrimps(Decapoda:Caridea)

The deep-sea is considered as the most extensive ecosystem on the Earth.It is meaningful for elucidating the life origins by exploring the origin and adaptive genetic mechanisms of the large deepsea organisms.Caridean shrimps have colonized and successfully adapted to deep-sea environments.They provide an ideal model to analyze the origin and adaptive evolution of modern deep-sea fauna.Here,we conducted the phylogenetic analyses of mitocho ndrial genomes(mitogenomes)from carideans,including 11 newly sequences reported in this investigation to explore the habitat origins,divergence times,and adaptive evolution of deep-sea(seamounts and hydrothermal vents)caridean shrimps.The results showed that the species of deep-sea Caridea formed a monophyletic group.Phylogenetic analysis supported that the deepsea caridean shrimps may originated from shallow sea.The hydrothermal vents alvinocaridid shrimps and Lebbeus shinkaiae from Thoridae underwent a second range expansion from seamounts to vent ecosystems.Estimates of divergence time showed that the caridean shrimps invaded into deep-sea at 147.75 Ma.The divergence of most of the modern seamount and hydrothermal vent species are in the late Cretaceous/early Tertiary.This may associate with the geological events of the Western Pacific,the climate change,and the global deep-water anoxic/dysoxic events during this period.Twenty-two potentially important adaptive residues were detected in the deep-sea shrimp lineage,which were located in atp6,atp8,cox1,cox3,cytb,nad2,nad4 l,and nad5.This investigation adds our understanding of the evolutionary history of deep-sea caridean shrimps,and provides insights into the mitochondrial genetic basis of deep-sea adaptation in this group.

Phylogenetic diversity and bioactivity of culturable deepsea-derived fungi from Okinawa Trough

Deep-sea sediments are now recognized as a home for rich and largely microbial community.Recently,it has been believed in an increasing number of studies that bacteria could be abundant in deepsea sediments of many types;however,fungi in deep-sea sediments remain relatively unknown.The phylogenetic diversity and bioactivity of culturable deep-sea-derived fungi from Okinawa Trough sediments were investigated in traditional method combined with fungal identification of molecular biology in this study.A total of 76 isolates belonged to 15 fungal taxa were recovered in a harsh condition of low nutrient and low temperature,indicating that the fungal communities in deep-sea sediments from Okinawa Trough were relatively abundant and diversified.Aspergillus,Cladosporium,and Penicillium were the dominant fungal genera,while Mycosphaerella,Purpureocillium,and Schizophyllum were relatively rare in the deep-sea sediments from Okinawa Trough.Among the six genera recovered,Mycosphaerella was firstly recovered from deep-sea sediments in this study.Moreover,about 75%of the extracts from the 15 fungal representative isolates displayed distinct bioactivity against at least one indicator bacterium or marine macrofouler,emphasizing the potentials of these deep-sea-derived fungi from Okinawa Trough as producers of bioactive metabolites.Notably,isolates Cladosporium oxysporum SCSIO z001 and Penicillium citrinum SCSIO z049 displayed a wide spectrum of bioactivities,isolates Cladosporium cladosporioides SCSIO z015,Cladosporium sphaerospermum SCSIO z030,and Penicillium verruculosum SCSIO z007 exhibited a strong anti-bacterial-growth activity,and isolate Penicillium chrysogenum SCSIO z062 displayed a strong anti-larval-settlement activity.These results suggest that these isolates deserved further study as potential sources of novel bioactive metabolites.

Morpho-Structure of the 1982 Lava Flow Field at Mount Cameroon Volcano, West-Central Africa

Basaltic eruptions have been observed to produce structurally complex, compound 'a'ā lava flow fields but their morphometry has only rarely been systematically documented. We document the morphology and structures that developed during the emplacement of the 1982 basaltic lava flow field at Mount Cameroon (MC) volcano over a period of one month. Topographic cross-sections (13 in total) were made from the main vent (~2700 m above sea level (a.s.l)) down to a distance of 5.5 km on the cooled lava surface. Details obtained from these cross-sections include: channel width and depth, levee slope, lava surface morphology and structures. These details enabled us to describe the physical characteristics of the 1982 lava flow field. The inclined (12° - 19°) underlying slopes on which this flow field was emplaced resulted in a characteristic channelized basaltic 'a'ā flow field morphology. This includes a proximal zone characterised by reduced flow width and depth with no subsidiary channels. Slab-crusted lava dominates the proximal channel distinctively bent into convex upward shapes. 7 secondary vents were observed for the first time ~2.5 km from the main vent, with heights of 3 - 15 m. This is a very significant observation since it points to the fact that the flow field emplacement may have been a product of 2 eruption sites as observed at other historical MC lava flow fields. This supposition was ruled out by further evidence obtained from other surface features within the flow field. The presence of these secondary vents still has an important bearing in lava flow hazard assessment. Field observations also revealed the presence of tumulus. This is a novel feature for MC lava flow fields. It displayed a close similarity to those observed at other basaltic volcanoes occurring in association with clinker 'a'ā lava, lava tubes, squeeze-ups and pressure ridges. Channels are well-defined, bounded by levees. Accretional and overflow levees dominate in this flow field. This lava flow-field attained a final length of 7.5 km, an area of 2.6 × 106 m2 and volume of 1.3 × 107 m3. The presence of tumulus indicates internal inflation together with structures such as pressure ridges and squeeze-ups which are also attributed to compressive forces. Our observations suggest that real-time monitoring of compound lava flow fields evolution at MC may reveal the emplacement mechanisms of complex structures such as the secondary vents (~2180 - 2011 m a.s.l.) observed within the flow field. In addition, documenting the occurrence, morphology and link between lava tubes, tumulus and squeeze-ups may allow us to determine the risk of reactivation of a stalled flow front. This will thereby enhance the ability to track and assess hazards posed by lava flow emplacement from MC-like volcanoes.