Seasonal Variations of Soil Enzyme Activity on Rocky Hillsides Continuously Planted with Vitis heyneana Roem.et Schult

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Vitis heyneana cultivation on rocky hillsides on the variation of soil fertility,so as to provide theoretical support for economic development and the control of rocky desertification in the Dashi mountainous area.[Methods]Taking V.heyneana planting base in Luocheng County,Hechi City,Guangxi Province as the research object,the methods of field investigation,regular sampling and experimental analysis were used to analyze seasonal variations of soil urease,sucrase and soil alkaline phosphatase activity of 15 different sample plots surveyed,and their correlation with soil physical and chemical properties was analyzed.[Results]①In general,sucrase,urease and alkaline phosphatase were lower in summer and autumn,and higher in spring and winter,and the performance of the activity of the three enzymes was inconsistent.Among them,the activity of sucrase was in order of spring>autumn>summer>winter,and the activity of urease and alkaline phosphatase showed an order of winter>spring>summer>autumn.②The seasonal variations of soil fertility in different sample plots were affected by various factors such as human disturbance,climate change,vegetation coverage,topography and landforms,cultivation and management measures,and although the change laws in different sample plots were different,the seasonal differences in soil fertility in the same place were extremely significant.③If the influence of artificial fertilization factors is excluded,the planting of V.heyneana on rocky hillsides will cause a significant decrease in soil enzyme activity,that is,a significant decrease in soil fertility.[Conclusions]Related issues such as the effects of planting V.heyneana on the variation of soil fertility in rocky hillsides should arouse necessary attention of management departments and producers.

宽带分裂波束探鱼仪相位校准与方位角估计模块的实现

宽带分裂波束探鱼仪在渔业资源调查中有着广泛应用,其方位角估计精度决定了能否准确确定目标鱼群的方向和位置。为了提高方位估计的精度和效率,提出了一种基于改进的正交数字下变频技术的相位校准算法,对该算法进行了仿真,并基于现场可编程逻辑门阵列(Field Programmable Gate Array,FPGA)实现了该算法;然后采用Vitis HLS平台构建了方位角估计知识产权(IP)核,在提高方位角估计精度的同时降低了浮点计算时延;最后用信号发生器进行了测试。结果显示:模块的方位角估计误差不超过0.05°,整体计算延迟不超过420 ns,逻辑资源消耗不超过45%,与系统指标相符。该研究成果已成功应用于宽带分裂波束探鱼仪中,显著提升了系统精度和性能,并产生了一定的经济效益。

基于改进BiSeNet的葡萄黑麻疹病害程度分级预测

为了准确对葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)黑麻疹病害程度进行分级预测,通过语义分割模型将叶片部分和病斑部分分割出来,以同一叶片上病斑面积与总叶面积的比值作为疾病严重程度分级的依据,对葡萄黑麻疹病害程度进行分级预测。精确标注了PlantVillage公开数据库中的419张葡萄疾病图像,细分为背景、叶片和病斑3个类别,并应用了数据增强技术增加样本多样性。以BiSeNet作为基准模型,引入GhostNet作为上下文路径的主干提取网络,不仅保持了较小的模型参数量,而且在精度上实现了明显提升,满足病害程度分级预测的需求。提出了累加空洞空间金字塔池化(CASPP)模块,用来替换BiSeNet模型中单一的上下文嵌入模块,以增强BiSeNet模型的多尺度上下文信息提取能力,提高了模型的分割精度。经过测试,本研究模型在测试集中的平均交并比为94.11%,在对葡萄黑麻疹病害程度进行分级预测时,准确率达98.21%,能够精确地对葡萄黑麻疹病害程度进行分级预测。

硫华菊混种葡萄对两种植物镉积累的影响

为降低果树镉积累,采用盆栽试验,将观赏型镉富集植物硫华菊(Cosmos sulphureus)和葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)混种在镉污染的土壤上,研究了硫华菊混种葡萄对2种植物镉积累的影响。结果表明,硫华菊混种葡萄提高了硫华菊植株的生物量和镉含量,分别较硫华菊单种提高8.63%和22.40%;降低了葡萄植株的生物量和镉含量,分别较葡萄单种降低6.74%和34.84%。硫华菊混种葡萄提高了硫华菊植株的镉积累量,降低了葡萄植株的镉积累量,其中,混种的硫华菊植株镉积累量较其单种提高33.00%,而混种的葡萄植株镉积累量较其单种降低39.21%。此外,2种植物的整株生物量与整株镉含量、整株镉积累量、富集系数均呈负相关,整株镉含量与整株镉积累量、富集系数呈正相关,整株镉积累量与富集系数也呈正相关。因此,硫华菊混种葡萄能促进硫华菊对镉的积累、降低葡萄对镉的积累。

Effects of mesoclimate and microclimate variations mediated by high altitude and row orientation on sucrose metabolism and anthocyanin synthesis in grape berries

Climate change and extreme weather pose significant challenges to the traditional viticulture regions.Emerging high-altitude grape-producing regions with diverse orientations have shown great potential in coping with this challenge.Stable,high-quality wine grape production may be achieved by synchronizing the meso-and microclimate.To clarify the role of high altitude and row orientation in meso-and microclimate and the response of berries to it,we evaluated seven years(2012-2018)of climate data,two years of basic grape(Cabernet Sauvignon,Vitis vinifera L.)quality,and one-year microclimate from veraison to harvest.By comparing two locations(Sidon 2047 m,Sinon 2208 m)in Yunnan Province,China,we found that the average temperature has been stable at approximately 15℃ for seven years,with no extreme weather or,noticeable global warming.The light intensity(LI)in the north-south(NS)was more balanced than the east-west(EW)direction,and the east-west to the south(EW-S)canopy side was almost higher than the other sides.High LI was associated with high photosynthetically active radiation(PAR),ultraviolet(UV),and infrared(IR)light and vice versa.The north-south to the east(NS-E)and east-west to the north(EWN)sides were characterized by lower LI and higher UV and IR light,and higher total anthocyanin content.Most anthocyanin synthesis-related genes,for example,VvF3'H and VvF3'5'H,were highly expressed in NS-E from veraison to maturity.Perhaps UV and IR light induced their expression.This study provides new insights on the role of differently orientated rows in controlling grape quality due to varied light quality.The findings are globally significant,particularly in the context of climate change,and offer fresh insights into berry physiological responses and decision-making for the management of existing vineyards.

木醋液对葡萄灰霉病菌的抑制作用

为挖掘更多葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)灰霉病的生防资源,分析不同浓度木醋液对葡萄灰霉病菌菌丝生长、孢子量、孢子萌发的抑制作用以及对葡萄离体叶片灰霉病菌的防治效果。结果表明,木醋液浓度为0.500 0%,灰霉病菌菌株HM22-5菌丝生长和产孢受到明显抑制,菌丝生长抑制率为55.93%,分生孢子量显著降低,分生孢子萌发抑制率为97.08%;当木醋液浓度为1.000 0%时,葡萄灰霉病菌菌丝生长抑制率可达90.00%以上,分生孢子萌发抑制率为100.00%,对葡萄离体叶片的防效达77.32%;木醋液浓度为2.000 0%时,葡萄灰霉病菌菌丝生长抑制率为100.00%,对葡萄离体叶片的防效达89.69%。

壳聚糖对葡萄幼苗养分吸收的影响

为筛选出有利于葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)幼苗养分吸收的壳聚糖浓度,为葡萄生产提供参考,试验以葡萄幼苗为材料,对其喷施不同浓度的壳聚糖溶液,研究壳聚糖对葡萄幼苗养分吸收的影响。结果表明,喷施壳聚糖溶液提高了葡萄幼苗整株氮、磷、钾含量,在壳聚糖浓度为4 g/L时达最大值,分别较对照增加25.53%、18.67%、12.63%。壳聚糖处理也提高了土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质含量,其中,壳聚糖浓度4 g/L时,土壤有机质含量较对照增加42.58%。葡萄幼苗的中微量元素钠和钙含量随壳聚糖浓度的增大呈先降后升再降的变化趋势,而镁含量呈先升后降的变化趋势。就土壤酶活性而言,壳聚糖提高了土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性。4 g/L壳聚糖最有利于葡萄幼苗养分的吸收。

Agronomic evaluation of eight 41 B×110 richter grapevine genotypes as rootstock candidates for mediterranean viticulture

Choosing the most appropriate rootstock(s)is a key decision for the profitability of vineyards;therefore,there must be a sufficient range of rootstocks in the market adapted to different environmental conditions and production objectives.However,rootstock-breeding programs have been scarce in recent decades,and most of the rootstocks used today were bred a century ago,when the needs of the sector were very different from today.In this work,we aimed to evaluate new rootstock candidates before their introduction in the market.An agronomic evaluation was conducted on eight novel rootstock genotypes obtained from the first generation of the cross-pollination of 41 B Millardet et de Grasset(41 B)and 110 Richter(110 R)grafted with‘Syrah’and‘Tempranillo’and planted in a typical vineyard of the Ebro Valley in Spain.During the four consecutive growing seasons(2016–2019),growth,yield and berry composition parameters at harvest were collected.A linear mixed-effects model was constructed,considering year and block as random effects.Multiple factor analysis and hierarchical clustering on principal components were performed to establish clusters of genotypes with similar behaviour.The rootstock candidates showed a very wide performance range compared to their parents.The trial allowed us to identify two very promising candidates(RG8 and RG10),whose registration as commercial rootstocks is already in progress.

QTL detection and candidate gene analysis of grape white rot resistance by interspecific grape (Vitis vinifera L. × Vitis davidii Foex.) crossing

Grape white rot,a devastating disease of grapevines caused by Coniella diplodiella(Speg.)Sacc.,leads to significant yield losses in grape.Breeding grape cultivars resistant to white rot is essential to reduce the regular use of chemical treatments.In recent years,Chinese grape species have gained more attention for grape breeding due to their high tolerance to various biotic and abiotic factors along with changing climatic conditions.In this study,we employed whole-genome resequencing(WGR)to genotype the parents of‘Manicure Finger’(Vitis vinifera,female)and‘0940’(Vitis davidii,male),along with 101 F1 mapping population individuals,thereby constructing a linkage genetic map.The linkage map contained 9337 single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers with an average marker distance of 0.3 cM.After 3 years of phenotypic evaluation of the progeny for white rot resistance,we confirmed one stable quantitative trait locus(QTL)for white rot resistance on chromosome 3,explaining up to 17.9%of the phenotypic variation.For this locus,we used RNA-seq to detect candidate gene expression and identified PR1 as a candidate gene involved in white rot resistance.Finally,we demonstrated that recombinant PR1 protein could inhibit the growth of C.diplodiella and that overexpression of PR1 in susceptible V.vinifera increased grape resistance to the pathogen.

Genome-wide profiling of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation and its modification in response to chilling stress in grapevine leaves

Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation(H3K27me3) is a histone modification associated with transcriptional repression. However, insights into the genome-wide pattern of H3K27me3 in grapevines are limited. Here, anti-H3K27 chromatin immunoprecipitation(ChIP), high-throughput sequencing, and transcriptome analysis were performed using leaves of Vitis amurensis. The leaves were treated at 4°C for 2 h and 24 h and used to investigate changes in H3K27me3 under chilling treatment. The results show that H3K27me3 is well-distributed both in gene regions(-50%) and in the intergenic region(-50%) in the grapevine genome(Vitis vinifera ‘Pinot Noir PN40024'). H3K27me3 was found to be localized in8 368 annotated gene regions in all detected samples(leaves at normal temperature and under chilling treatments) and mainly enriched in gene bodies with the adjacent promoter and downstream areas. The short-term chilling treatments(4°C for 2 h) induced 2 793 gains and 305losses in H3K27me3 modification. Subsequently, 97.3% of the alterations were restored to original levels after 24 h treatment. The ChIP-qPCR for five differential peaks showed similar results to the data for ChIP-seq, indicating that the chilling-induced H3K27me3 modification is reliable.Integrative analysis of transcriptome and ChIP-seq results showed that the expression of H3K27me3 target genes was significantly lower than those of non-target genes, indicating transcriptional repression of H3K27me3 in grapevine leaves. Furthermore, histone methylation alterations were detected in 82 genes and were related to either repression or activation of their expression during chilling stress. The findings provide the genome-wide H3K27me3 patterns in grapevines and shed light on uncovering its regulation in chilling stress responses.

The class B heat shock factor HSFB1 regulates heat tolerance in grapevine

Grape is a widely cultivated crop with high economic value.Most cultivars derived from mild or cooler climates may not withstand increasing heat stress.Therefore,dissecting the mechanisms of heat tolerance in grapes is of particular significance.Here,we performed comparative transcriptome analysis of Vitis davidii‘Tangwei’(heat tolerant)and Vitis vinifera‘Jingxiu’(heat sensitive)grapevines after exposure to 25°C,40°C,or 45°C for 2 h.More differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were detected in‘Tangwei’than in‘Jingxiu’in response to heat stress,and the number of DEGs increased with increasing treatment temperatures.We identified a class B Heat Shock Factor,HSFB1,which was significantly upregulated in‘Tangwei’,but not in‘Jingxiu’,at high temperature.VdHSFB1 from‘Tangwei’and VvHSFB1 from‘Jingxiu’differ in only one amino acid,and both showed similar transcriptional repression activities.Overexpression and RNA interference of HSFB1 in grape indicated that HSFB1 positively regulates the heat tolerance.Moreover,the heat tolerance of HSFB1-overexpressing plants was positively correlated to HSFB1 expression level.The activity of the VdHSFB1 promoter is higher than that of VvHSFB1 under both normal and high temperatures.Promoter analysis showed that more TATA-box and AT∼TATA-box cis-elements are present in the VdHSFB1 promoter than the VvHSFB1 promoter.The promoter sequence variations between VdHSFB1 and VvHSFB1 likely determine the HSFB1 expression levels that inf luence heat tolerance of the two grape germplasms with contrasting thermotolerance.Collectively,we validated the role of HSFB1 in heat tolerance,and the knowledge gained will advance our ability to breed heat-tolerant grape cultivars.

Discovery and genome-guided mapping of REN12 from Vitis amurensis, conferring strong, rapid resistance to grapevine powdery mildew

Powdery mildew resistance genes restrict infection attempts at different stages of pathogenesis.Here,a strong and rapid powdery mildew resistance phenotype was discovered from Vitis amurensis‘PI 588631’that rapidly stopped over 97%of Erysiphe necator conidia,before or immediately after emergence of a secondary hypha from appressoria.This resistance was effective across multiple years of vineyard evaluation on leaves,stems,rachises,and fruit and against a diverse array of E.necator laboratory isolates.Using core genome rhAmpSeq markers,resistance mapped to a single dominant locus(here named REN12)on chromosome 13 near 22.8–27.0 Mb,irrespective of tissue type,explaining up to 86.9%of the phenotypic variation observed on leaves.Shotgun sequencing of recombinant vines using skim-seq technology enabled the locus to be further resolved to a 780 kb region,from 25.15 to 25.93 Mb.RNASeq analysis indicated the allele-specific expression of four resistance genes(NLRs)from the resistant parent.REN12 is one of the strongest powdery mildew resistance loci in grapevine yet documented,and the rhAmpSeq sequences presented here can be directly used for marker-assisted selection or converted to other genotyping platforms.While no virulent isolates were identified among the genetically diverse isolates and wild populations of E.necator tested here,NLR loci like REN12 are often race-specific.Thus,stacking of multiple resistance genes and minimal use of fungicides should enhance the durability of resistance and could enable a 90%reduction in fungicides in low-rainfall climates where few other pathogens attack the foliage or fruit.

Control of ovule development in Vitis vinifera by VvMADS28 and interacting genes

Seedless grapes are increasingly popular throughout the world,and the development of seedless varieties is a major breeding goal.In this study,we demonstrate an essential role for the grapevine MADS-box gene VvMADS28 in morphogenesis of the ovule.We found that VvMADS28 mRNA accumulated in the ovules of a seeded cultivar,‘Red Globe’,throughout the course of ovule and seed development,especially within the integument/seed coat.In contrast,in the seedless cultivar‘Thompson Seedless’,VvMADS28 was expressed only weakly in ovules,and this was associated with increased levels of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation(H3K27me3)within the VvMADS28 promoter region.RNAi-mediated transient suppression of VvMADS28 expression in‘Red Globe’led to reduced seed size associated with inhibition of episperm and endosperm cell development.Heterologous overexpression of VvMADS28 in transgenic tomatoes interfered with sepal development and resulted in smaller fruit but did not obviously affect seed size.Assays in yeast cells showed that VvMADS28 is subject to regulation by the transcription factor VvERF98,and that VvMADS28 could interact with the Type I/MβMADS-domain protein VvMADS5.Moreover,through DNA-affinity purification-sequencing(DAP-seq),we found that VvMADS28 protein specifically binds to the promoter of the grapevine WUSCHEL(VvWUS)gene,suggesting that maintenance of the VvMADS28–VvMADS5 dimer and VvWUS expression homeostasis influences seed development.Taken together,our results provide insight into regulatory mechanisms of ovule and seed development associated with VvMADS28.

不同设施栽培模式对葡萄生长和产量的影响

以武汉都市圈项目合作为契机,在湖北省天门市九真镇开展葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)高产高效标准化技术示范,并对不同设施栽培模式(简易避雨敞棚、单膜覆盖、双膜覆盖)下的阳光玫瑰、夏黑生育性状进行比较研究。结果表明,在相同的田间种植管理模式下,双膜栽培改善1—3月低温波动较大的气温环境,使棚内日平均温度维持在葡萄萌芽生长的生物学温度(10.0℃)以上,提早打破休眠期,促进葡萄早萌芽、早开花、早成熟。双膜覆盖栽培经济效益明显提升,产投比平均为3.45∶1.00,双膜覆盖栽培的阳光玫瑰、夏黑产值分别比简易避雨敞棚增加68.01%、55.47%。合理运用3种设施栽培模式,可以延长葡萄销售期,降低集中上市的市场风险。

蜘蛛的种类和捕食策略对假眼小绿叶蝉捕食效率的影响

害虫的生物防治是一项重要的生态系统服务措施。为探究茶园生态系统中蜘蛛群落的动态变化,并比较不同种类和捕食策略的蜘蛛对茶园害虫假眼小绿叶蝉(Empoasca vitis Gothe)的捕食效率,本研究通过野外调查和室内饲养试验相结合的方法,于2012—2013年调查了云南普洱大尖山茶场4月、6月、8月和11月蜘蛛群落的动态变化。此外,在茶园内选取了8种常见蜘蛛,并根据捕食策略将其分为结网等待型蜘蛛和游猎型蜘蛛,在室内模拟茶园生境建立微生态系统,测定每种蜘蛛个体对假眼小绿叶蝉的日捕食量。结果显示,该茶场中蜘蛛的物种数和多度在6月和11月呈现明显的上升,结网等待型蜘蛛占据优势地位;不同种类的蜘蛛对假眼小绿叶蝉的捕食量存在显著差异,游猎型蜘蛛的日捕食量显著高于结网等待型蜘蛛。综上所述,茶园中蜘蛛群落变化与假眼小绿叶蝉的种群动态相关,且蜘蛛的种类和捕食策略会显著影响其对假眼小绿叶蝉的捕食效率。因此,深入了解捕食性天敌的特性有助于更好地预测茶园生态系统中害虫生物防治的效果。

Risk of Upper Extremity Biomechanical Overload in Automotive Facility

Objective To assess the risk factors for upper extremity-work-related musculoskeletal disorders（UE-WMSD） on 13 prod ucti on lines in an airbag factory using the threshold limit values-American conference of industrial hygienists-hand activity level（TLV-ACGIH-HAL） method and introduce the ergonomic improvement to reduce the repe titi veness and the peak force（Pf）.Methods Professional exposure level on 13 production lines in a automobile factory was measured using the TLV-ACGIH-HAL method and a further risk was assessed according to the ergonomic improvement.Results The first assessment of 9 produc tion lines showed that the professional exposure level was above the TLV or HAL limit.The second assessment showed that the professional exposure level was below the AL limit on all production lines except 1,in which the professional exposure level was between TLV and HAL.Conclusion The assessment of UE-WMSD-related risk can ide ntif y the riskiest emplacements and evaluate the reduc tion of risk in professional exposure through interventi ons of structuralorganizati onal type.

原花青素抗促癌物诱发H_2O_2释放及脂质过氧化

目的 探讨葡萄原花青素抗氧化和肿瘤化学预防作用机制。方法 以大鼠多形核白细胞 (PMNs)为材料 ,利用酚红氧化原理比色测定了原花青素对巴豆油 (crotonoil)刺激PMNs生成H2 O2 的影响。结果 原花青素能显著性抑制巴豆油刺激PMNs生成H2 O2 ;以原花青素的大鼠含药血清代替反应系统中的药物 ,同样观察到原花青素具有抑制H2 O2 释放的作用 ,该作用在给药后 1h左右最强 ,且具有一定的时效关系和量效关系。对巴豆油诱发的小鼠肝线粒体脂质过氧化 ,原花青素具明显抑制作用 ,能明显提高肝线粒体SOD活力 ,减少MDA生成。

智能家居控制系统中的无线技术应用与设计

介绍了智能家居控制系统中的无线技术:红外、家庭射频、蓝牙、Wi-Fi(802.11g)、ZigBee,讨论了它们在智能家居中的应用并作了比较。重点剖析了ZigBee技术,分析了家庭无线网络通信的特点以及工程师在现场调试时所面临的问题。最后,以法国VITY智能中央控制系统为例,设计了集成ZigBee技术的智能家居无线网络控制环境。

葡萄无核基因定位与作图的研究

以UBC 269484和GSLP1569的序列为支点,设计合成了包括UBC 269和GSLP1在内的9条引物,以葡萄 有核亲本红地球和无核亲本红光无核的DNA为模板,对这9个引物进行筛选,结果GSLP1、39970524 5号引物和 39970524 6号引物在无核亲本红光无核上扩增出了特异标记GSLP1569、39970524 5 564、39970524 6 1538和 39970524 6 1200。用这3个特异引物在红地球、红光无核、无核白和红地球×红光无核杂交组合F1代163株杂 种的DNA样上进行PCR扩增,结果4个特异标记在F1群体中与无核主效基因共分离。4个特异标记也出现于所 用组合中无核基因原始供给者无核白上。这些标记和葡萄无核主效基因相连锁。用QTXb17遗传作图软件,对葡 萄无核主效基因S定位与作图,当P=0.01时,LOD值在32.7～46.4之间,置信界限在0.2～9.9之间。这4个 特异标记和无核主效基因S处于在同一连锁群,位于无核主效基因S的两侧,覆盖基因组12.3cM。特异标记 39970524 5 564、GSLP1569、39970524 6 1538、39970524 6 1200距S基因的遗传距离分别为0.6cM、1.2cM、 4.9cM和11.1cM。

Genetic Diversity in Wild Grapes Native to China Based on Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis

The use of the RAPD technique was investigated on a set of 73 genotypes of 18 wild grape species native to China, and one interspecific hybrid, seven Vitis vinifera L. cultivars, one rootstock cultivar and one strain of V. riparia L. Genetic diversity among these grapes was investigated based on RAPD analysis. The screening of 280 decamer oligonucleotides allowed the selection of 20 primers used for the analysis. A total of 191 RAPD markers were produced from the 20 selected primers. Relationships among the 83 clones or accessions based on their genetic distances were clustered using unweighted pair_group method arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis in a dendrogram. Twenty_two clusters which fortunately adapted to 22 grape species level were clearly resolved on the dendrogram. The 18 wild grape species native to China were grouped into ten subclusters. The largest distance was found between V. riparia L., V. vinifera L., interspecific hybrid ( V. vinifera L.× V. larbrusca L.) and the wild grapes native to China. Among the wild grapes native to China, the largest distance was found between V. hancockii Hance and the other wild species. V. qinlingensis P.C.He was the second. Large genetic variation occurred among the different flower_type clones in one species.