The Energy Budget of a Southwest Vortex With Heavy Rainfall over South China

Energy budgets were analyzed to study the development of an eastward propagating southwest vortex (SWV) associated with heavy rainfall over southern China(11-13 June 2008).The results show that kinetic energy(KE) generation and advection were the most important KE sources,while friction and sub-grid processes were the main KE sinks.There was downward conversion from divergent to rotational wind KE consistent with the downward stretching of SWVs.The Coriolis force was important for the formation and maintenance of the SWV.Convergence was also an important factor for maintenance,as was vertical motion during the mature stage of the SWV and the formation stage of a newly formed vortex(vortex B).The conversion from available potential energy(APE) to KE of divergent wind can lead to strong convection.Vertical motion influenced APE by dynamical and thermal processes which had opposite effects. The variation of APE was related to the heavy rainfall and convection;in this case,vertical motion with direct thermal circulation was the most important way in which APE was released,while latent heat release and vertical temperature advection were important for APE generation.

Kinetic Energy Budget Equations of Rotational and Divergent Flow in Terrain-following Coordinates

In this study, kinetic energy budget equations of rotational and divergent flow in pressure coordinates are derived on terrain-following coordinates. The new formulation explicitly shows the terrain effects and can be applied directly to model-simulated dynamic and thermodynamic fields on the model's original vertical grid. Such application eliminates interpolation error and avoids errors in virtual weather systems in mountainous areas. These advantages and their significance are demonstrated by a numerical study in terrain-following coordinates of a developing vortex after it moves over the Tibetan Plateau in China.

Equilibrium Energy and Entropy of Vortex Filaments in the Context of Tornadogenesis and Tornadic Flows

In this work, we study approximations of supercritical or suction vortices in tornadic flows and their contribution to tornadogenesis and tornado maintenance using self-avoiding walks on a cubic lattice. We extend the previous work on turbulence by A. Chorin and collaborators to approximate the statistical equilibrium quantities of vortex filaments on a cubic lattice when both an energy and a statistical temperature are involved. Our results confirm that supercritical (smooth, “straight”) vortices have the highest average energy and correspond to negative temperatures in this model. The lowest-energy configurations are folded up and “balled up” to a great extent. The results support A. Chorin’s findings that, in the context of supercritical vortices in a tornadic flow, when such high-energy vortices stretch, they need to fold and transfer energy to the surrounding flow, contributing to tornado maintenance or leading to its genesis. The computations are performed using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach with a simple sampling algorithm using local transformations that allow the results to be reliable over a wide range of statistical temperatures, unlike the originally used pivot algorithm that only performs well near infinite temperatures. Efficient ways to compute entropy are discussed and show that a system with supercritical vortices will increase entropy by having these vortices fold and transfer their energy to the surrounding flow.

Comparative Analysis of Energy Characteristics of Two Southwest Vortices in Sichuan Under Similar Circulation Backgrounds

Based on ERA5 reanalysis data,the present study analyzed the thermal energy development mechanism and kinetic energy conversion characteristics of two extreme rainstorm processes in relation to the shallow southwest vortex in the warm-sector during a“rain-generated vortex”process and the deep southwest vortex in a“vortex-generated rain”process.The findings were as follows:(1)During the extreme rainstorm on August 11,2020(hereinafter referred to as the“8·11”process),intense surface heating and a high-energy unstable environment were observed.The mesoscale convergence system triggered convection to produce heavy rainfall,and the release of latent condensation heat generated by the rainfall promoted the formation of a southwest vortex.The significant increase(decrease)in atmospheric diabatic heating and kinetic energy preceded the increase(decrease)in vorticity.By contrast,the extreme rainstorm on August 16,2020(hereinafter referred to as the“8·16”process)involved the generation of southwest vortex in a low-energy and highhumidity environment.The dynamic uplift of the southwest vortex triggered rainfall,and the release of condensation latent heat from rainfall further strengthened the development of the southwest vortex.The significant increase(decrease)in atmospheric diabatic heating and kinetic energy exhibited a delayed progression compared to the increase(decrease)in vorticity.(2)The heating effect around the southwest vortex region was non-uniform,and the heating intensity varied in different stages.In the“8·11”process,the heating effect was the strongest in the initial stage,but weakened during the vortex's development.On the contrary,the heating effect was initially weak in the“8·16”process,and intensified during the development stage.(3)The available potential energy of the“8·11”process significantly increased in kinetic energy converted from rotational and divergent winds through baroclinic action,and the divergent wind energy continued to convert into rotational wind energy.By contrast,the“8·16”process involved the conversion of rotational wind energy into divergent wind energy,which in turn converted kinetic energy back into available potential energy,thereby impeding the further development and maintenance of the southwest vortex.

圆端形墩台尾迹水动力特性开缝控制三维数值分析

水流绕流水闸闸墩、导流墩等水工建筑物后产生旋涡分离流,其三维尾迹结构水动力特性复杂,对旋涡分离流进行流动控制,不仅是闸墩优化设计的需要,而且关系到工程运行的效率和工程安全。在验证三维水动力数学模型的基础上,对圆端形墩台开缝后的旋涡分离流和流动控制的三维水动力特性进行了研究,对比了无缝与开缝墩台方案下纵向、横向和竖向方向的时均流速分布,紊流动能以及紊流强度分布等水力学指标,探究了开缝墩台水动力特性。分析表明,墩台开缝后可以明显改善墩台后方的水流结构,开缝位置越靠近水深的中部位置,对墩后尾流旋涡的抑制越大,对绕流墩台绕流的控制越来越好,水深中部位置开缝最大程度的影响了开缝墩后的上部水流和下部水流,使得开缝对时均流速的影响最大,开缝对旋涡的抑制也最大最佳。为抑制墩后的旋涡对工程的不利影响,工程的设计中应首先确定墩台后的水深,开缝位置应尽量设置在墩台后水深的中部位置。

Kinetic energy based model assessment and sensitivity analysis of vortex induced vibration of segmental bridge decks

In this paper, semi 3D models for segmental Bridge decks are created in ABAQUS CFD program with the support of MATLAB codes to simulate and analyze vortex shedding generated due to wind excitation through considering the stationary position of the deck. Three parameters （wind speed, deck streamlined length and dynamic viscosity of the air） are dedicated to study their effects on the kinetic energy of the system in addition to the shapes and patterns of the vortices. Two benchmarks from the literature Von Karman and Dyrbye and Hansen are considered to validate the vortex shedding aspects for the CFD models. Good agreement between the results of the benchmarks and the semi 3D models has been detected. Latin hypereube experimental method is dedicated to generate the surrogate models for the kinetic energy of the system and the lift forces. Variance based sensitivity analysis is utilized to calculate the main sensitivity indices and the interaction orders for all the three parameters. The kinetic energy approach performed very well in revealing the rational effects and the roles of each parameter in the generation of vortex shedding and predicting vortex induced vibration of the deck.

Research on blade tip clearance cavitation and turbulent kinetic energy characteristics of axial flow pump based on the partially-averaged Navier-Stokes model

To reveal the cavitation forms of tip leakage vortex(TLV)of the axial flow pump and the flow mechanism of the flow field,this research adopts the partially-averaged Navier-Stokes(PANS)model to simulate the cavitation values of an axial flow pump,followed by experimental validation.The experimental result shows that compared with the shear stress transport(SST)k-ωmodel,the PANS model significantly reduces the eddy viscosity of the flow field to make the vortex structure clearer and allow the turbulence scale to be more robustly analyzed.The cavitation area within the axial flow pump mainly comprises of TLV cavitation,clearance cavitation and tip leakage flows combined effect of triangular cloud cavitation formed.The formation and development of cavitation are accompanied by the formation and evolution of vortex,and variations in vortex structure also generate and promote the development of cavitation.In addition,an in-depth analysis of the relationship between the turbulent kinetic energy(TKE)transport equation and cavitation patterns was also conducted,finding that the regions with relatively high TKE are mainly distributed around gas/liquid boundaries with serious cavitation and evident gas-liquid change.This phenomenon is mainly attributed to the combined effect of the pressure action term,stress diffusion term and TKE production term.

基于栅条式微涡絮凝的隧道废水处理技术数值模拟

为探究微涡混凝技术在隧道废水处理工艺上的可行性,通过数值模拟手段对不同特征的栅条式微涡发生器所产生的混凝流场特性进行了研究,并采用最优组合形式对浊度为1300 NTU模拟隧道废水进行了水力絮凝验证实验.结果表明:栅条的粗细主要影响流场内流体湍动能及湍耗散的在初始混凝阶段的消耗程度,边长为5 mm的方形栅条更容易维持整个流场内混凝过程中所需的动能;栅条布置间距会改变栅条对流体的阻滞作用,布置间距为11mm时,流体能在反应中后段提供更高的湍动能及湍耗散用于絮凝反应;栅条的长度主要影响流场在轴向方向的能量演变情况,400、600、800 mm的栅条会延长流体在流场内的能量分配距离,使反应器中后段的絮体也能够有足够用于聚集的能量.采用最优组合形式的栅条对浊度为1300 NTU模拟隧道废水进行了水力絮凝验证实验,废水最终出水浊度可稳定在50 NTU以下.

Experimental Studies on Turbulence Kinetic Energy in Confined Vortex Flows

Turbulence kinetic energies in confined vortex flows have been studied. The studies were based on the experiments performed in a vortex chamber. In the experiments, a Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) was used to perform flow measurements inside the vortex chamber, which provided the data for the kinetic energy analysis. The studies concentrated on the influences of the contraction ratio and the inlet air flow rate on the kinetic energy, and analyzed the characteristics of the kinetic energy in the confined vortex flows, including the distributions of the tangential component, radial component and total turbulence kinetic energy. In the paper, both the experimental techniques and the experimental results were presented. Based on a similarity analysis and the experimental data, an empirical scaling formula was proposed so that the tangential component of the turbulence kinetic energy was dependent only on the parameter of the contraction ratio.

98.7"特大暴雨低涡的螺旋度和动能诊断分析

"98.7"特大暴雨过程与700hPa低涡切变线的强烈发展以及丰沛的水汽和强垂直运动密切相关。螺旋度的诊断结果揭示,与强暴雨区和切变线低涡相应的是一对符号相反而又紧邻的螺旋度带,它们的垂直结构是一对符号相反而又互伴的螺旋度柱;螺旋度及其诸分量的量级是相同的。这表明,垂直运动的水平切变和水平速度的垂直切变以及水平速度的水平切变对螺旋度有相同大小的贡献,也意味着强垂直运动和低空急流对暴雨的发生和发展极其重要。动能的诊断结果显示,强动能区与暴雨区和低涡切变线有很好的对应关系,在中、低空的强动能中心也正是强降雨中心;动能最强的700hPa也是低涡切变线发展最强的层面。强动能及其强梯度区和强螺旋度区基本一致。表明强动能及其强梯度对螺旋度变率及其通量有重要贡献。

掘进工作面湿式离心除尘器的结构优化及数值模拟

针对中国煤矿综掘工作面的产尘特点,设计了湿式离心除尘器3种结构模型。为高效优化其内部结构,用Gambit2.2分别建立这3种内部结构的物理模型,并进行网格划分;用Fluent6.2求解含尘气流在除尘器内的三维速度变化、静压力场分布、流场的湍流特性,以及不同粒径粉尘在除尘器内的运动轨迹。结果表明,分流板具有分隔导流作用,可使涡对运动稳定,有利于高气速带的连续性、稳定性、静压力分布的对称性和湍动能变化的规律性;稳定的流场及较高的离心速度对于去除呼吸性粉尘都十分关键。有分流板且中间为两排挡板的除尘器(模型3)尽管在保持气流速度、湍动能变化方面比有分流板且中间为三排挡板的除尘器(模型1)有更大优势,但在一级挡板的前端多了两个"死区",降低了除尘效率。通过以上几方面的综合比较,最后选定模型1的结构作为除尘器的制作模型。

采用大涡PIV方法研究搅拌槽内湍流动能耗散率

在槽径为0.476m的六直叶涡轮桨搅拌槽内,采用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)对桨叶区的流场进行了实验研究,得到了桨叶区的平均流速和湍流动能(k)分布,采用大涡PIV方法对湍流动能耗散率(ε)分布进行了估算,计算了ε与k的相关系数.结果表明大涡PIV方法能有效地估算ε分布;桨叶区的射流向上倾斜,两尾涡分布于射流两侧,射流的倾角和两尾涡中心间距随射流向壁面运动而变化,射流倾角先增大再减小,相位角θ=40o时达到最大值13.2o,两尾涡中心间距先减小再增大,θ=20o时达到最小值0.0387(用槽径T无因次化);湍流动能和湍流动能耗散率峰值均位于尾涡靠近射流的区域;湍流动能和湍流动能耗散率的平均相关系数为0.363,射流核心区相关系数小于周边区域.

一次引发强降水的东北冷涡的演变机理及能量特征研究

采用NCEP CFS 0.5°×0.5°的再分析资料,中国气象局常规地面观测资料和FY-2E卫星TBB资料对2013年7月上旬的一次引发强降水过程的东北冷涡典型个例进行了深入分析和诊断,研究表明:(1)本例冷涡的发展期是其降水和对流活动的最活跃时期,其对应的最小TBB在-60℃以下,最强6 h降水可达124 mm,南海、黄海和日本海是冷涡降水的主要水汽源地。(2)本例东北冷涡是一个深厚的斜压涡旋系统,其最强斜压区和动能大值区主要位于涡旋外围;冷涡的冷心结构主要位于对流层中高层和对流层低层。(3)涡度收支表明,与对流活动密切相关的垂直涡度平流是本次冷涡产生的主导因子;涡度垂直输送和辐合作用是冷涡快速发展的主导因子;而辐散作用则最终导致了冷涡的消亡。(4)能量收支表明,旋转风动能制造是冷涡生成过程中动能的主要产生方式,而冷涡发展期,旋转风动能输送是冷涡动能维持的主导因子。

喷射角对涡轮叶栅端壁气膜冷却的气动影响

在大尺寸低速平面叶栅风洞中,对前缘上游有单排气膜孔的涡轮导向叶栅端壁气膜冷却进行了气动实验。在喷射角25°,35°和45°以及吹风比1,2,3下详细测量了叶栅通道中的三维流场,得到了全速度和二次流速度分布,并由此计算了二次流动能的大小。着重研究了喷射角对端壁气膜冷却的气动特性和对叶栅通道中特别是端壁附近的流场结构的影响。数据表明减小喷射角度可以减小通道涡的强度和尺寸,使冷气射流核心更贴近壁面,但同时也明显地增大了壁面附近的气流速度。在高吹风比下,35°喷射时射流将冷气输运到压力边的能力比25°喷射和45°喷射都要强。

一次中亚低涡中期过程的能量学特征

中亚低涡是中期时间尺度(4天以上)的对流层深厚切断低压系统,也是造成新疆暴雨(雪)、持续低温天气的重要影响系统之一,对其形成、维持和减弱的能量特征还不十分清楚。利用美国国家环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)2.5°×2.5°逐日再分析资料和有限区域能量循环方程,对1996年7月10—20日造成新疆区域两次暴雨过程的中亚低涡系统进行分析,以揭示低涡持续活动11天的能量循环和转换特征。分析结果表明,中亚低涡活动具有明显的阶段性能量学特征。这次低涡发展和减弱过程处于斜压不稳定状态,扰动动能来源于扰动位能的转换和区域开放边界扰动动能的输入,且两者作用相当,它们使得低涡快速发展,同时区域内部非绝热加热制造的一部分扰动有效位能向外输出,在减弱期扰动有效位能向外输出大于扰动位能的转换和区域开放边界扰动动能的输入,因此低涡逐渐减弱。低涡成熟期处于正压不稳定状态,系统内部的能量转换很小,扰动动能来自于外界扰动位能输入,支出项为向开放边界的扰动动能输出。低涡过程各个时期纬向平均动能向扰动动能的转换都很小,即正压不稳定造成的能量转换较弱。低涡活动过程中,在对流层中、高层扰动动能很强,表明中亚低涡是主要在对流层中、高层活动的天气尺度系统,低涡内部的能量转换及其与外界的能量输送主要发生在中、高层,扰动位能和扰动动能的变化很好地反映低涡的强度变化和发展阶段,且能量的垂直输送对低涡系统的发展也有一定促进作用。

高速列车近尾流区涡旋结构的湍流特性分析

为降低高速列车的气动阻力和气动噪声提供理论支撑,以CRH380A型高速列车为原型,建立比例尺为1∶30的高速列车空气动力学模型,应用分离涡模拟方法对其周围流场进行数值计算。在对数值模拟方法合理性验证的基础上,结合湍动能和雷诺应力的变化规律,对高速列车近尾流区涡旋结构的湍流特性进行分析。结果表明:在尾车鼻端附近,近尾流区涡旋结构中的湍流涡旋具有可观的湍动能,并随着向下游发展而逐渐耗散,与此同时涡旋结构中所携带的能量沿展向方向移动;在尾车鼻端附近,受车体侧表面分离形成的剪切流动的影响,近尾流区涡旋结构中的湍流涡旋在较高的垂向位置上能够使流向和展向的脉动速度之间保持很好的相关性,而离尾车稍远的湍流涡旋则会在较低的垂向位置产生相对较大的雷诺应力;雷诺应力在垂向上的变化规律受到分别来自车体底部和车体顶部的分离剪切流动的影响,并且尾车鼻端附近的湍流涡旋在受到由车体底部分离形成的剪切流动的作用时,能使流向与垂向的脉动速度之间保持相对较好的相关性,即相应的雷诺应力较大。

有限区域分解分析方法在2006年一次东北冷涡暴雨分析中的应用

2006年7月19—24日,东北地区出现一次明显的冷涡发展导致强降水的过程.对这次东北冷涡过程的天气形势分析表明,该东北冷涡的维持和发展与冷涡东部阻塞高压的建立与消亡有关.本文根据500hPa环流形势演变特征,将东北冷涡发生发展过程分为4个阶段,并借助调和-余弦谱展开方法,对东北冷涡各阶段850hPa水平风和水汽通量进行无辐散和无旋转分量分解,分析各阶段无旋转风动能和无辐散风动能之间的能量转化.研究结果表明,分解得到的无辐散风及其水汽通量清楚地展现出了东北冷涡的大尺度环流和水汽输送通道及水汽来源,而从无旋转风及其水汽通量上则可以直观地看到冷涡低层的中小尺度风场及水汽辐合辐散区,为分析东北冷涡内部对流提供帮助.东北冷涡发展的不同阶段其水汽来源有所不同,初始阶段的水汽主要来自黄海和渤海地区,发展阶段水汽主要来自日本海,而到成熟阶段和减弱阶段,水汽输送通道被破坏,冷涡的水汽供应大大减少,与同时期暴雨减弱一致.同时,无旋转风辐合强值区和无旋转风水汽通量大值区的重合区域有利于强对流的发生发展,表现为重合区与TBB(Temperature of Black Body,黑体辐射温度)强对流云带的形状和位置对应良好,与降水落区也较为一致,可为预报东北冷涡引发的强降水落区这一预报难点问题提供参考.从动能转化上看,无旋转风和无辐散风的动能转化项能很好地反映东北冷涡整个生命史过程中各阶段强度的变化特点,对冷涡强度预报具有一定的指示意义.

一次引发重庆大暴雨的西南低涡动力诊断分析

利用2011年6月16日-18日期间逐6h、0.5°×0.5°NCEP/NCAR的GFS再分析资料,对一次引发重庆大暴雨的西南低涡进行动力诊断分析,结果表明:1)散度项的配置与平流项基本相反,散度项对低层西南低涡的发展和维持起主导作用,扭转项对西南低涡的形成也有重要贡献,平流项和摩擦耗散项是西南低涡涡度消耗的主要项,不利于西南低涡的生成发展.2)西南低涡发展维持的涡动动能主要源于水平通量散度项和涡动动能制造项,摩擦耗散项和垂直通量散度项是其主要消耗项.

串列三圆球绕流数值模拟

为了研究不同间距对串列放置的三圆球尾涡和湍动能的影响,本文选取在L=2.0D～4.0D(L为相邻球心之间的距离,D为圆球直径)范围内的5个不同间距进行了数值模拟,计算均在圆球Rep≈1000的条件下进行。结果表明:当L≤2.5D时,由于逆压梯度的影响,在第二个圆球滞止点附近捕捉到附体分离泡;由于第二个与第三个圆球的置入,展向压力梯度诱发第一个圆球背风面流动的展向输运,且随着圆球间距的增加流场的展向输运趋势减小,但涡的强度增大;第二个圆球与第三个圆球背风面流动没有明显的展向输运;湍动能的增量与圆球间距近似成平方规律。

基于涡流管能量分离效应的数值模拟

Acquisition of the temperature distributions inside the vortex tube is a principal and key problem for disclosing the fundamental mechanism underlying the energy separation effect inside the tube.The “Realizable κ-ε” turbulence model of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to simulate the energy separation effect produced by three-dimensional compressible flow with strong swirl inside the vortex tube.Then the axial and radial distributions of total and static temperature were obtained.The mean kinetic energies and the stagnation enthalpies of the peripheral and inner flows per unit mass along the airflow direction were also examined respectively because the enveloping surface of zero axial velocity is the interface between peripheral and inner airflows.In order to validate the numerical results, comparisons between the numerical predictions and the experimental results were conducted for the cold air temperature drops as a function of cold fraction, and satisfactory agreements were observed.A non-dimensional strategy was adopted to compare total, static temperature distributions along the radial direction at a given axial location with the experimental data from previous studies, so the accuracy of the numerical results was further validated.