Word order and thinking mode of English and Chinese languages

This article aims to analyze the difference of word order between English and Chinese languages after making a constructive study of them and concludes that it is the reflection of different thinking characteristics of the two nationalities. The difference of history development, cultural tradition, social economy and geographic environment naturally produces the thinking mode with the national features. The different features certainly influence the language expression. It is because language is not only the main carrier of thinking but also the important expression form. So to well study the features of thinking mode is of great importance to translation, foreign language teaching and cross-cultural communication.

Interlingual Interference in the English Language Word Order Structure of Chinese EFL Learners

This paper will focus on some common word order errors that Chinese students make.The author will present a body of contrastive material to illustrate what specific word order errors are in collected writing samples of Chinese students.Then the er⁃rors will be broken down into certain error types and be analyzed in depth.At the end of this paper,each error type occurrence rate will be calculated and the statistics will be represented in a pie chart.The paper finds out interlingual interference leads to these common errors by Chinese English language learners.

Relevance of Linguistic Typology to Formal Theory：Minim alist Inquiry and Word Order

This article argues that the theoretical desiderata of Minimalist Program (MP)will actually necessitate, or even force, a high level of sensitivity to cross-linguistic structural variation, at least higher than has been the case in Principles and Parameters Theory. Moreover, this heightened sensitivity to cross-linguistic variation is likely to call into question two fundamental assumptions in Generative Grammar (GG), namely the distinction between competence and performance as well as the objection to the inclusion of performance in linguistic theory. By drawing on word order and, to a lesser extent, case marking (also related ultimately to linearization) for purposes of illustration, the article will explain how GG, as reconfigured in MP, needs Linguistic Typology more than ever, as MP theorists are becoming increasingly aware of the relevance of cross-linguistic variation to their minimalist inquiry. Furthermore, functional motivations or explanations (e.g.performance), typically utilized in LT, are likely to resonate well with the minimalist focus on so-called interface conditions.

A Typological Investigation into L2 Chinese“Prepositional Phrase-verb”Word Order Acquisition

The study,using an interlanguage corpus,investigates how international students in China acquire“prepositional phrase-verb”word order.It found that students whose mother tongue features VO and OV word order mostly produce pre-placement structure of“prepositional phrase+verb”,which is similar to Chinese word order and hence reflects an overt influence of the target language.However,when producing post-placement structure of“verb+prepositional phrase”,VO type L1 speaking students slightly outnumber those OV type L1 speaking students,which indicates limited influence of L1 transfer.In addition,other factors such as the relator principle and the temporal iconicity principle also exert certain influence on the word order acquisition of“prepositional phrase-verb”structure.

Re-analysis of the Tangut verb phrase based on a study of the word order

As one of the Tibeto-Burman languages, Tangut had the unique construction of verb phrase. Through the investigation on the word order in some actual sentences, we re-analyze the verb-phrase construction of Tangut. Here, we tentatively propose the order of elements in Tangut verb-phrase such as: {PrefA-PrefB-PrefC}-V(Stem)-{PrefA-PrefB-PrefC}-AV-Suff-P.

The Word Order and Prosody of Attributi

The syntactic category is where the phonetic rhythmic elements of speech come into play.In this paper,we analyze and describe the situation of the attributives with or without de(的),multiplicity,and expression,and consider that the change of order is related to the phonological factors.Chinese grammar is extremely flexible,and the rhythmic effect on the pragmatic plane is an important pursuit.

A Contrastive Study of Word Order in Chinese and English

The present paper attempts to make a contrastive study on Chinese and English word order with a view of identifying the discrepancies and propose its significance to mutual translation.As to the research methodology,qualitative analysis and com parative analysis are adopted when the similarities and differences of the word order of English and Chinese are explained.It can be concluded that Chinese and English word order differs at the phrase level and sentence level:in terms of the discrepancies in phrase structure,they are mainly manifested in adverbial and attributive phrases;as to the discrepancies in sentence structure,they are reflected in simple,complex and special sentences.

Helps Towards Correct English Word-Order

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基于语序知识的双通道图卷积网络方面级情感分析

当前大多数基于图卷积网络的方面级情感分析方法利用文本的句法知识、语义知识、情感知识构建文本依赖,但少有研究利用文本语序知识构建文本依赖,导致图卷积网络不能有效地利用文本语序知识引导方面项学习上下文情感信息,从而限制了其性能。针对上述问题,提出基于语序知识的双通道图卷积网络(dual-channel graph convolutional network with word-order knowledge,WKDGCN)模型,该模型由语序图卷积网络(word-order graph convolutional network,WoGCN)和情感知识结合语义知识增强的句法图卷积网络(sentiment and attention-enhanced graph convolutional network,SAGCN)组成。具体地,WoGCN基于文本的语序知识构建图卷积网络,由文本的语序依赖引导方面项特征学习上下文情感信息;SAGCN利用SenticNet中的情感知识结合注意力机制增强句法依赖,利用增强后的句法依赖构建图卷积网络,以此引导方面项特征学习上下文情感信息;最后融合两个图卷积网络的特征用于情感分类。此外,设计了一种权重分配策略,在放大方面项权重的同时保持上下文权重一致,避免错误的计算方面项特征与重要特征的语义相关性。在多个公开数据集上的实验结果表明,所提方法优于对比模型。

黎平侗语比较结构研究

黎平侗语的比较结构比较丰富,主要有差比结构、等比结构和极比结构三类。语义上有四种关系,即“优胜”义、“不如”义、“等同”义和“最高”义。结构上,比较结构逐渐进入到句子中,置于比较主体和比较基准之间。语序上有四种,其中前面两种为固有的语序,后者为借用的语序。黎平侗语的比较标记有两个类型,即固有的比较标记和借用的比较标记。固有的比较结构均由实义动词语法化而来,分别为“有”和“过”。语法化路径为:实义动词>辅助动词>比较标记。借用的比较结构是借用汉语西南官话的结构形式,通过拷贝形式体现出来。通过跨语言比较,壮侗语族比较结构的语序具有类型学上的共性,比较标记的来源具有一致性。

论南方民族语言量名结构的语序类型

量名结构是南方民族语言重要的量化手段之一,具有独特的地域性和民族性特征。南方民族语言的量名结构有无指性量名结构和有指性量名结构2个类型,前者有较强的指称性,具有定指功能和不定指功能,后者具有描摹功能,指称性较弱,同时具有概念化功能和主观化功能。量名结构的语序比较丰富,汉藏语系苗瑶语族、壮侗语族部分语言的量名结构基本语序与现代汉语趋同,是结构重组、语法复制和语境吸收的结果。藏缅语族量名结构与早期汉语的语序相同,具有类型学上的共性。南亚语系部分语言出现双重语序,部分语言是单语序,是由“Num+CL+N”和“N+Num+CL”转换的结果。南岛语系语言量名结构的语序为名词前置和名词后置两种,量词不出现,但有结构助词修饰,是南岛语系语言的个性特征。

南方民族语言处所介词的语序类型及相关来源

文章探讨南方民族语言处所介词的语法结构和语序类型。文章认为南方民族语言处所介词可分为起点介词、终点介词、经过点介词、所在介词和方向介词5类。从语序来看,南方少数民族语言处所介词有前置型与后置型2种语序,分别为“V-PP”和“PP-V”。南方民族语言处所介词从实义动词语法化而来,具有单向性、渐变性特征,通过去语义化、范畴化、隐喻等方式得以体现。终点介词“到”来源于动词“到”,在语法化过程中经历两个阶段,即“动词>处所介词”。所在介词“在”来源于动词“在”,经历4个阶段,其语法化路径为“‘居住’义动词>‘存在/领有’义动词>处所介词>持续体标记”;有些语言的语法化路径为“‘存在’义动词>处所介词”,“居住”义动词已消失。语法功能逐渐增强,语义具有多功能性。部分语言的语法化程度相对较低,但趋势相同。该现象是语言的区域类型共性,具有较高的平衡性,是语言语法扩散的结果。

黔东苗语程度副词的语法功能与相关来源

黔东苗语的程度副词有两类,分别为相对程度副词和绝对程度副词,均修饰形容词或限制性动词,是程度增量的语义表征。语法上,黔东苗语程度副词具有比较功能、凸显功能和描摹功能,对事物或动作状态或程度的比较、凸显或描摹。语序上有前置型和后置型两种,即“S+Adj+Adv”和“S+Adv+Adj”,前者为苗语固有的语序,后者为借用汉语的语序,是语言接触下语法扩散的结果。程度副词属虚词成分,由实词语法化而来,通过语义扩散、结构重组等方式体现出来。语法化路径有三个,其一由实义动词语法化而来,其二为形容词语法化而来,其三为数量结构语法化而来,每个路径均有不同的特征。语法化的动因有两种,即内在动因和外在动因,内在动因包括语义扩散和语法固化,外在动因包括语言接触和语用变化等;语法化机制有类推、重新分析、隐喻和转喻、语法复制。

基于词性与词序的相关因子训练的word2vec改进模型

词性是自然语言处理的基本要素,词语顺序包含了所传达的语义与语法信息,它们都是自然语言中的关键信息.在word embedding模型中如何有效地将两者结合起来,是目前研究的重点.本文提出的Structured word2vec on POS联合了词语顺序与词性两种信息,不仅使模型可以感知词语位置顺序,而且利用词性关联信息来建立上下文窗口内词语之间的固有句法关系.Structured word2vec on POS将词语按其位置顺序定向嵌入,对词向量和词性相关加权矩阵进行联合优化.实验通过词语类比、词相似性任务,证明了所提出的方法的有效性.

基于四阶相关的时分多址调制数据独特码盲识别

针对非合作通信中时分多址(TDMA)信号的独特码(UW)盲识别问题,该文首次提出分布式独特码的盲识别算法。区别于比特层的独特码识别算法,该文分别针对集中式独特码和分布式独特码,提出面向调制数据不同窗口之间相关性的波形层独特码识别算法。算法利用独特码的一致性与相关性,分两步进行,首先通过差分累积消除不同突发信号间频偏与相偏的影响,来纵向对齐各个突发信号的独特码,然后通过多层差分共轭4阶相关算法识别出独特码的位置和长度。仿真分析了不同突发个数、信噪比和有无频偏相偏情况下算法的性能,验证了波形层识别独特码的有效性,针对集中式独特码和分布式独特码,所提算法在信噪比为5 dB时均达到了95%以上的识别率,具有一定的工程应用价值。

“陨石于宋五”的“五”是“五块”吗?

自《公羊传》《谷梁传》以来,大多数学者都将“陨石于宋五”的“五”解释为表名量的“五块”。事实上,这种说法是不符合上古汉语的普遍语序规则的。从语义上看,“名+数”语序凸显的是数量而非名词。“陨石于宋五”符合上古汉语数词表动量的普遍语序,而不符合数词表名量的普遍语序。按照上古汉语的语序规则,“名+数”之间是不能插入修饰谓语动词的处所状语的,因此,如果“五”是表名量,其语序应该是“陨石五于宋”或“陨五石于宋”,而不是“陨石于宋五”。可见,“陨石于宋五”的“五”应解释为“五次”而非“五块”。

粘合式与组合式偏正结构的句法语义研究

学界以往通常将体词性偏正结构划分为粘合式与组合式,认为二者主要是组合方式不同。实际上,粘合式与组合式在本质上反映了定语与中心语不同的句法、语义关系。根据各自的语义角色,粘合式与组合式的定语成分进入DP短语的不同位置。粘合式定语生成在中心语的补足语位置,表达最本质的属性。组合式可以细分为三类,其中,“的”字结构作修饰语时,生成在中心语的附加语位置;指示词(+量词)、数词+量词、量化词,生成在限定词位置;领属语则可以出现在NP或DP的标示语位置上。这一句法设定与定语的线性语序排列要求一一对应。

汉语的动后限制、曼德语的动前限制及“成分数量受限语序”

文章讨论汉语的动后限制及曼德语的动前限制:汉语在动词之后能容纳的句法成分和曼德语在动词之前能容纳的句法成分的数量均受限,呈现出和一般SVO、SOV语言不同的语序类型特征。汉语普通话的动后限制存在个别例外,但这些例外结构在使用上都受到种种限制。动后限制和动前限制均属于特定位置容纳成分数量受限的语序,简称为“成分数量受限语序”,区别于人类语言中常见的“定性语序”和“定位语序”。成分数量受限语序的提出及与定性、定位语序的区分将丰富对语序类型学的认识。

论东坡词的叙事艺术

北宋词坛名家苏东坡的词作具有典型的叙事性。主要表现在词序与正文虚实相生、借典故暗含叙事语义以及借诗意叙事丰富词作抒情意蕴三个方面。作为宋代词坛将词序发扬光大的关键人物,东坡词词序进一步发展了序文补充说明正文叙事、提前暗示情感指向的写作手法。大量运用典故使东坡词在叙事方面不但暗含个人情绪与事件发展走向,在人物形象塑造方面,也暗喻着人物性格,具有丰富的叙事语义。苏轼“以诗为词”的词学观同样影响着其词作的叙事,即事寓情、意象联想与以神雅化的创作手段共同形成东坡词诗意叙事的审美内蕴。