Towards green asphalt materials with lower emission of volatile organic compounds: A review on the release characteristics and its emission reduction additives

Recently, researchers in the road field are focusing on the development of green asphalt materials with loweremission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The characterization methodology of asphalt VOCs and theinfluencing factors on VOCs release have always been the basic issue of asphalt VOCs emission reduction research.Researchers have proposed a variety of asphalt VOCs characterization methodologies, which also have mutuallyirreplaceable characteristics. Asphalt VOCs volatilization is affected by many factors. In this study, asphalt VOCscharacterization methodologies were summarized, including their advantages, disadvantages, characteristics andapplicable requirements. Subsequently, the influencing factors of VOCs release, such as asphalt types and environment conditions, are summarized to provide theoretical support for the emission reduction research. Theclassification and mechanism of newly-development asphalt VOCs emission reduction materials are reviewed. Thereduction efficiencies are also compared to select better materials and put forward the improvement objective ofnew materials and new processes. In addition, the prospects about development of VOCs release mechanism ofasphalt materials during the full life cycle and feasibility research of high-efficiency composite emission reductionmaterials in the future were put forward.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in China: Progress and Prospects of Research on Treatment Technologies and Policy Provisions

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an atmospheric pollutant with a boiling point of 50˚C - 260˚C at room temperature and pressure. They are precursors of sulfur dioxide and ozone, which can seriously pollute the atmosphere and endanger human health. After the “14th Five-Year Plan”, VOCs, instead of SO2, became one of the five indicators of China’s atmospheric governance. As a result, the government’s efforts to control VOCs have increased significantly. VOCs governance mustn’t be delayed. This paper provides a comprehensive summary and analysis of VOCs governance, covering the classification of VOCs, analysis of VOC governance technology (with a focus on end-of-pipe governance technology), national policy regulations, current governance shortcomings, and a forward-looking perspective on the future direction of VOCs governance, emphasizing healthy and sustainable development.

Advanced Technologies for Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Treatment: An Overview

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of various advanced technologies employed in the treatment of volatile organic compounds(VOCs),which are crucial pollutants in industrial emissions.The study explores different methods,including direct combustion,thermal combustion,catalytic combustion,low-temperature plasma purification,photocatalytic purification,membrane separation,and adsorption methods.Each technology is critically analyzed for its operational principles,efficiency,and applicability under different conditions.Special attention is given to adsorption concentration and catalytic combustion parallel method,highlighting its efficiency in treating low-concentration,high-volume VOC emissions.The paper also delves into the advantages and limitations of each method,providing insights into their effectiveness in various industrial scenarios.The study aims to offer a detailed guide for selecting appropriate VOC treatment technologies,contributing to enhanced environmental protection and sustainable industrial practices.

Effective technology for processing industrial volatile organic compounds by the atmospheric pressure microwave plasma torch

In this study,we investigated the abatement of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)by the atmospheric pressure microwave plasma torch(AMPT).To study the treatment efficiency of AMPT,we used the toluene and water-based varnish to simulate VOCs,respectively.By measuring the compounds and contents of the mixture gas before/after the microwave plasma process,we have calculated the treatment efficiency of AMPT.The experimental results show that the treatment efficiency of AMPT for toluene with a concentration of 17.32×10^(4) ppm is up to 60 g/kWh with the removal rate of 86%.For the volatile compounds of water-based varnish,the removal efficiency is up to 97.99%.We have demonstrated the higher potential for VOCs removal of the AMPT process.

Emissions of volatile organic compounds from heated needles and twigs of Pinus pumila

A study was conducted to explore the mechanism that emissions of volatile organic compounds（VOC） from heated needles and twigs（200°C,within 15 min） of Pinus pumila affect fire behaviours using the technology of Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry（TD-GC-MS）.The results indicated that the main components of VOC from heated needles and twigs are terpenoids.Most of these terpenoids are monoterpenes.Terpenoids account for 72.93% for the needles and 92.40% for the twigs of the total VOC,and their emission ratios are 61.200 μg·g-1 and 217.060 μg·g-1 respectively.Heated twigs can emit more terpenoids than heated needles because twigs had more volatile oils than needles.In actual fires,these large amounts of terpenoid emissions,especially the monoterpene emissions,have strong effects on fire behaviors that are not only in the initial stage but also in the fast propagation stage of fires.These flammable gases are capable of causing violent combustion and creating crown fires.In addition,if these gases accumulate in an uneven geographical area,there will be a possible for eruptive fires and/or fires flashover to occur.

Using a biological aerated filter to treat mixed water-borne volatile organic compounds and assessing its emissions

A biological aerated filter （BAF） was evaluated as a fixed-biofilm process to remove water-borne volatile organic compounds （VOCs） from a multiple layer ceramic capacitor （MLCC） manufacturing plant in southern Taiwan. The components of VOC were identified to be toluene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, bromodichloromethane and isopropanol （IPA）. The full-scale BAF was constructed of two separate reactors in series, respectively, using 10- and 15-cm diameter polypropylene balls as the packing materials and a successful preliminary bench-scale experiment was performed to feasibility. Experimental results show that the BAF removed over 90% chemical oxygen demand （COD） from the influent with （1188 ± 605） mg/L of COD. A total organic loading of 2.76 kg biochemical oxygen demand （BOD）/（m3 packing·d） was determined for the packed bed, in which the flow pattern approached that of a mixed flow. A limited VOC concentration of （0.97 ± 0.29） ppmv （as methane） was emitted from the BAF system. Moreover, the emission rate of VOC was calculated using the proposed formula, based on an air-water mass equilibrium relationship, and compared to the simulated results obtained using the Water 9 model. Both estimation approaches of calculation and model simulation revealed that 0.1% IPA （0.0031-0.0037 kg/d） were aerated into a gaseous phase, and 30% to 40% （0.006-0.008 kg/d） of the toluene were aerated.

Emissions of volatile organic compounds and carbonyl compounds from residential coal combustion in China

Emissions of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） and carbonyls from residential coal combustion of five coals with different maturities were studied in a simulated room.The coals were burned in form of honeycomb briquettes in a domestic coal stove,one of the most common fuel/stove combinations in China.Through a dilution system,VOCs and carbonyls samples were collected by canisters and silica-gel cartridges and analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrum （GC/MS） and high performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet （HPLC/UV）,respectively.The results show that the bituminous coals with medium volatile matter content produce the highest emissions while the anthracite yields the lowest.Among the identified carbonyls from the coal smoke,the aromatic compounds （benzaldehyde,2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde and p-tolualdehyde,m/o-tolualdehyde,benzene,m,p-xylene and trimethyl-benzene） were relatively abundant,which might be due to the molecular structure of the coal.For formaldehyde,aromatic carbonyls and aliphatic alkanes,their concentrations increase up to the maximum values and then decrease with increasing coal maturity.The total carbonyls and VOCs have the same tendency,which was observed for the emission factors of organic carbon （OC）,elemental carbon （EC）,particulate matter （PM） and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） detected in the series study.

Effects of Sampling Conditions on Composition and Emission Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds in Process Units from Different Refineries

This study investigates the effects of sampling conditions on volatile organic compound(VOC)compositions including different flow restrictors,SUMMA volumes,sampling heights,and wind speeds.Results show that at the six sampling heights the concentrations of main VOC species were slightly different,while the wind speed had a greater impact on the VOC composition of source profiles.With the increase of wind speed,the weighted percentage of high-carbon aromatic hydrocarbons was higher.Besides,there was an extremely different profile between the normal production and shutdown conditions of the delayed coking unit.To compare the emission characteristics of VOCs in various process units of the S and the C refineries,the samples were collected from the catalytic cracking unit,the continuous catalytic reforming unit,and the delayed coking unit.In the continuous catalytic reforming unit,C3-C5 alkanes and low-carbon aromatic hydrocarbons were the main components collected from the S and the C refineries,accounting for 67.1%and 34.9%,respectively.For the delayed coking unit,the total weighted percentage of high carbon C6-C12 alkanes was significantly higher than other units in the S and the C refineries,accounting for 30.5%and 24.4%,respectively.In the catalytic cracking unit,the low-carbon C2-C5 alkanes were abundant,and the weighted percentage of propylene was higher.The emission characteristics obtained were consistent with the processing technology of production units.The results indicate that the VOC emission characteristics from the same production unit in different refineries have similarities and significant differences which are related to the technological process.The emission characteristics of VOCs could provide the data support for source apportionment work in the production units.

Remove volatile organic compounds(VOCs) with membrane separation techniques

Membrane separation, a new technology for removing VOCs including pervaporation, vapor permeation, membrane contactor, and membrane bioreactor was presented. Comparing with traditional techniques, these special techniques are an efficient and energy saving technology. Vapor permeation can be applied to recovery of organic solvents from exhaust streams. Membrane contactor could be used for removing or recovering VOCs from air or wastewater. Pervaporation and vapor permeation are viable methods for removing VOCs from wastewater to yield a VOC concentrate which could either be destroyed by conventional means, or be recycled for reuse.

Greenhouses Gases, Carbonyls, and Volatile Organic Compounds Surface Flux Emissions at Three Final Waste Disposal Sites Located in the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica

The surface flux emissions for volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) (alcohols and aromatic species), priority carbonyls and greenhouse gases, were measured in three different final disposal sites for urban solid waste located in the metropolitan area of Costa Rica, between July and October 2014. The emissions fluxes were determined using the static sampling chamber technique coupled to two different adsorption tubes: active charcoal (Supelco, ORBO 32) to capture BTEX and alcohols;and 2,4-DNPH coated silica gel (SKC, 226-119) for carbonyls. As for the VOCs, the BTEX, Alcohols, and Carbonyls total fluxes were in the range of 3 to 258, 1 to 318 and 0.4 to 8.5 mg/(m2d&#237a), respectively. The magnitudes per site were in the following order La Carpio > El Huaso > Rio Azul. Ethanol and BTEX presented a high correlation in all the cases because possibly they are sharing the same sources or formation mechanisms. The emission fluxes spatial distributions among the sites were very variable and dependent on the location of the active cells and their age. Only La Carpio showed a more homogeneous distribution due to its middle age.

添加剂对堆肥过程中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的减排效果

为明确添加剂对堆肥挥发性有机物(Volatile organic compounds,VOCs)排放的减排效果和影响因素,通过文献筛选出吸附类添加剂(活性炭和沸石)与有机酸类添加剂(柠檬酸和草酸)开展实验研究。在鸡粪-玉米秸秆堆肥实验中,设置5个处理,分别为对照(CK)、添加活性炭、添加沸石、添加柠檬酸和添加草酸处理。研究对象包括115种VOCs、三甲胺和6种含硫有机挥发气体(二甲硫醚、二甲基二硫醚、二甲基三硫醚、甲硫醇、乙硫醇、乙硫醚)。结果表明:在28 d的好氧发酵中,所有处理均达到50℃并维持7 d,满足无害化标准。检出110种VOCs、三甲胺和3种含硫有机挥发气体(二甲硫醚、二甲基二硫醚,二甲基三硫醚)。VOCs的排放集中在前9 d,在第3天时VOCs达到峰值。5个处理在堆肥第3天检测到的VOCs浓度范围为169.22~548.26 mg·m^(-3)。4种添加剂对各类VOCs均有减排效果。在第3天,活性炭、沸石、柠檬酸和草酸对烷烃类的减排效率分别为79%、26%、77%和46%,对卤烃类的减排效率分别为96%、38%、93%和97%,对芳香烃类的减排效率分别为28%、11%、24%和53%。从堆肥第6天开始只有沸石对各类VOCs有减排效果,最高减排效率为30%。针对含硫有机挥发气体减排,减排效果依次是草酸>柠檬酸>沸石>活性炭。4种添加剂对含硫有机挥发气体均有减排效果,但是对三甲胺没有减排效果。综合堆肥前9 d VOCs的减排情况,4种添加剂中沸石对各类VOCs减排效果最好。堆肥过程中添加沸石有利于VOCs和其他气体的协同减排,并且对土壤和农作物不存在风险,所以沸石在堆肥工程中有广阔的应用前景。

碱处理改性ZSM-5分子筛孔结构对VOCs吸附性能的影响

采用氢氧化钠和四丙基氢氧化铵混合碱溶液处理制备一系列改性ZSM-5分子筛,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、N_(2)吸附、水接触角测定等手段对改性样品进行了分析表征,采用固定床吸附器对比评价5A、NaY和不同碱改性ZSM-5分子筛吸附剂对正己烷和乙酸乙酯的动态吸附性能。结果表明:氢氧化钠和四丙基氢氧化铵摩尔浓度均为0.2 mol/L的碱改性ZSM-5-G-3样品的比表面积及总孔体积分别为425 m^(2)/g和0.585 cm^(3)/g,比改性前高硅ZSM-5-G-1样品分别提高了17.7%和174.6%,介孔比表面积增加8.6倍,达到317 m^(2)/g,介孔体积增加12.3倍,达到0.531 cm^(3)/g;随着碱溶液浓度的增加,改性分子筛材料水接触角减小;25℃时,正己烷和乙酸乙酯在ZSM-5-G-3吸附剂床层上的穿透吸附量分别为76.99和101.08 mg/g,比改性前ZSM-5-G-1吸附剂床层分别提高了40.3%和17.4%。改性ZSM-5-G-3样品对挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)吸附性能的显著提高主要归因于碱改性提供了更多的吸附位和介孔结构。

加油站及周边空气中VOCs物种构成与示踪特征

选择典型城市区域加油站,在汽柴油加油口及周边开展VOCs样品采集与物种构成分析,探究加油站排放VOCs的标识性物种,根据加油站周边区域VOCs物种浓度与比值在空间梯度上的变化评估关键物种的示踪作用与转化规律.结果表明:加注汽油排放VOCs主要组分为烷烃(70%~72%)、烯烃(13%~14%)和含氧有机物(11%~12%),主要物种为异戊烷(20%~24%),其它C4~C6类烷烃也是高占比物种;加注柴油排放VOCs中烷烃是主要成分,占VOCs总量的70%~72%,其次是烯烃和含氧有机物,分别贡献13%~14%和11%~12%,芳香烃占比为2%~3%,异戊烷(17%~21%)和正丁烷(15%~17%)含量较高,低碳C2~C4类烷烯烃和较重高碳C7~C12烷烃的比例高于汽油.加油站下风向受体区域受加油站排放影响明显,与单一物理扩散模型的结果对比,发现烯烃类物种在实际传输过程中已发生明显光化学反应,特征物种比值在距离加油站大于70m的区域外开始接近机动车尾气的比值范围并趋于稳定,超出此范围加油站排放贡献影响可能较小.

我国石化储罐VOCs安全高效深度减排、回收和热氧化技术进展

全面总结了石化储罐VOCs产排机理、排放特征以及VOCs减排、回收和热氧化技术进展,并提出了意见和建议,希望对我国石化储罐VOCs深度减排有所裨益。石化储罐除大小呼吸产气外,还有高温重油储存热裂解等产气现象。在计算储罐排气中可燃物浓度时不应忽视硫化氢、甲烷、氢气、氨等组分。目前,中美储罐VOCs管控都以选择浮顶罐等源头减排为主,以储罐使用过程控制和排放气末端治理为辅,我国应适时修订现行标准,以适应越来越严的环保要求。核算得出2019年我国有机液体储罐VOCs排放量为(39.2~90.4)×10^(4)t,主要来自石化企业,建议将粗柴油、粗汽油、粗航煤、蜡油、燃料油、渣油等中间产品罐或重油罐与苯、甲苯、二甲苯、甲醇等储罐一起列为优先管控对象。建议我国开展石化储罐VOCs深度减排,包括源头减排、过程控制和末端治理,内浮顶罐内置气袋有可能成为继浮盘之后又一重要的源头减排技术;低温柴油吸收与吸附、冷凝相比,在处理含硫量较高的粗汽油、粗柴油、高温重油等储罐废气上具有优势。总体上,我国石化储罐外排VOCs治理正在从回收向回收+热氧化(催化氧化、蓄热氧化、焚烧炉、工艺加热炉、锅炉)转变,控制热氧化单元出口非甲烷总烃小于20mg/m^(3)。

杭州市大气VOCs组成特征及二次污染生成贡献

利用2021年1~12月杭州市城区大气VOCs的观测数据,分析了VOCs化学组成及其污染特征,运用正交矩阵因子分解法(PMF)进行VOCs来源解析,并利用最大增量反应活性(MIR)和气溶胶生成系数(FAC)估算VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(AFP),量化评估其二次污染生成贡献.结果显示,观测期间杭州市大气VOCs体积分数均值为30.65×10^(-9),烷烃和卤代烃是其主要组分,分别占49.23%和24.47%,浓度排名前10的VOCs物种主要为C_(2)~C_(4)的烷烃、C_(7)~C_(8)的芳香烃和乙烯.源解析结果显示杭州市VOCs主要来源为燃烧源、溶剂使用源、工业排放源、油气挥发源和机动车尾气排放源.杭州市大气VOCs的总OFP为50.56×10^(-9),其中乙烯、1-乙基-3-甲基苯和甲苯是其主要贡献组分.芳香烃对AFP的贡献达到91.52%,是最重要的SOA前体物.因此,控制机动车尾气排放和溶剂使用过程中产生的VOCs对防控O_(3)污染以及SOA污染具有重要意义.

成都市餐饮源VOCs排放特征

为研究成都市餐饮源VOCs排放特征,建立成都市餐饮源114种VOCs成分谱,本研究选择11个监测对象进行VOCs组分分析,并探索餐饮源VOCs全组分特征.结果表明,餐饮源VOCs中烷烃占比为23.12%—30.29%,烯烃占比为8.61%—25.78%,芳香烃占比为0.16%—5.86%,卤代烃占比为0.86%—13.82%,OVOCs占比为28.02%—63.77%,其他占比为2.02%—8.26%.OVOCs、烷烃和烯烃3类占比最高,3类污染物累计质量浓度百分比在75%以上,是餐饮源重要的污染物类型.餐饮源排名前10的VOCs分别是丙烯醛(11.12%)、乙烷(9.87%)、乙醛(9.51%)、丙酮(9.34%)、乙烯(7.86%)、正戊烷(5.74%)、乙炔(5.01%)、丁二烯(4.64%)、顺式-1,3-二氯-1-丙烯(3.40%)和乙酸乙酯(3.04%),是餐饮源的特征污染物.餐饮源全组分分析得到OVOCs的代表性物质为反式茴香脑和芳樟醇等,烯烃代表性物质为长叶烯和柠檬烯等,烷烃代表性物质为正十五烷和正庚烷等,为完善餐饮源成分谱物种、探寻餐饮源特征污染物的研究提供参考.采用FAC法计算餐饮源VOCs二次有机气溶胶生成潜势.餐饮源SOA生成潜势为1220.7μg·m^(-3),芳香烃SOA生成潜势贡献率为93.1%,烷烃SOA生成潜势贡献率为6.9%.

Measurement of in-vehicle volatile organic compounds under static conditions

The types and quantities of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） inside vehicles have been determined in one new vehicle and two old vehicles under static conditions using the Thermodesorber-Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer （TD-GC/MS）. Air sampling and analysis was conducted under the requirement of USEPA Method TO-17. A room-size, environment test chamber was utilized to provide stable and accurate control of the required environmental conditions （temperature, humidity, horizontal and vertical airflow velocity, and background VOCs concentration）. Static vehicle testing demonstrated that although the amount of total volatile organic compounds （TVOC） detected within each vehicle was relatively distinct （4940 μg/m^3 in the new vehicle A, 1240 μg/m^3 in used vehicle B, and 132 μg/m^3 in used vehicle C）, toluene, xylene, some aromatic compounds, and various C7-C12 alkanes were among the predominant VOC species in all three vehicles tested. In addition, tetramethyl succinonitrile, possibly derived from foam cushions was detected in vehicle B. The types and quantities of VOCs varied considerably according to various kinds of factors, such as, vehicle age, vehicle model, temperature, air exchange rate, and environment airflow velocity. For example, if the airflow velocity increases from 0.1 m/s to 0.7 m/s, the vehicle＇s air exchange rate increases from 0.15 h^-1 to 0.67 h^-1, and in-vehicle TVOC concentration decreases from 1780 to 1201 μg/m^3.

铁路客车非金属材料VOCs释放规律试验研究

为了研究温度对铁路客车典型非金属材料中挥发性有机化合物释放量的影响,基于多气固比法和数据拟合法,对典型非金属材料(重防腐涂料、地板布、玻璃纤维增强塑料)的挥发性有机化合物释放规律进行了试验研究.首先,分别测量了4种不同气固比条件下的挥发性有机化合物浓度,得到挥发性有机化合物释放关键参数(初始可散发浓度和分配系数);然后,结合车辆工艺和运用场景,研究不同温度对挥发性有机化合物释放规律的影响.研究结果表明:材质的物理化学性能和温度是影响挥发性有机化合物释放特性的重要因素;温度从16℃升高至55℃,苯系物和醛类散发浓度均呈减小的趋势,重防腐涂料的初始可散发浓度减小为1.8%,其分配系数减小,地板布和玻璃钢的初始可散发浓度减小至0.3%以下,地板布的分配系数增大,玻璃钢的分配系数减小;苯系物是挥发性有机化合物的主要成分,其中以苯乙烯占比最大,甲苯、乙苯以及二甲苯占比排序规律不明显,并且未检测出苯;在铁道车辆烘焙法环保净化处理时,建议重防腐涂料的烘焙温度不小于55℃,地板布和玻璃钢的烘焙温度不小于45℃.

2D和3D培养肺细胞释放VOCs的质谱检测比较研究

挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)作为一种潜在的癌细胞标志物被广泛研究。目前,体外细胞多采用二维(two-dimensional,2D)贴壁培养方式,这与体内肿瘤细胞呈三维结构存在差别。本实验分别以肺癌细胞A549和肺上皮细胞BEAS-2B为例,构建三维(three-dimensional,3D)培养模型,并以2D模型和培养基作为对照,利用固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱(solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,SPME-GC-MS)法检测细胞释放的VOCs。通过非靶向统计分析细胞在2D和3D培养中释放的差异性VOCs,其中A549细胞有4种(乙酸、1-吡咯啉、4-甲基庚烷、2,4-二甲基-1-庚烯),BEAS-2B细胞也有4种(乙醇、1-吡咯啉、4-甲基庚烷、2,4-二甲基-1-庚烯)。与2D模型相比,这些VOCs在3D模型中的释放量增加了2.11~12.81倍。此外,还讨论了差异性VOCs可能的生化来源以及在2D/3D模型中释放量差异的可能原因。本工作证明了3D培养在体外细胞VOCs检测方面具有广阔的应用前景,有望成为癌症标志物筛查有价值的研究平台。

Species profile and reactivity of volatile organic compounds emission in solvent uses,industry activities and from vehicular tunnels

A survey was conducted of the volatile organic compounds(VOCs)released from sources of solvent use,industry activities and vehicle emissions in Guiyang,a capital city of China.Samples were collected by canisters and analyzed by GC-MS-FID.The species profiles of VOCs emitted from sources were obtained.Results showed that xylenes,ethylbenzene,acetone and dichloromethane were the characteristics species for painting,2-propanol and ethyl acetate for printing,α-pinene for solid wood furniture manufacturing,and 2-butanone for biscuit baking.These characteristics species could be as tracers for the sources respectively.In most of samples from the solvent use,the benzene/toluene(B/T)ratio was less than 0.3,indicating that the ratio could be as the indicator for tracing the solvent use related sources.The results also suggested that the toluene/xylene(T/X)ratio be as the indicator to distinguish the VOCs sources of painting(<2)from the printing(>2).Aromatics contributed the most to ozone formation potential(OFP)of most painting and non-paper printing sources,and oxygen-containing VOCs(OVOCs)were major species contributing to OFP of the sources from food production and paper printing.The OFP of the VOCs emissions from vehicle in tunnels and from other manufactures were dominated by both aromatics and alkenes.Theα-pinene could explain 56.94%and 32.54%of total OFP of the VOCs sources from filing cabinet and solid wood furniture manufacturing,which was rarely been involved in previous studies of VOCs source profiles,indicating that the species of concern for VOCs sources are still insufficient at present.