不同植物废物对垃圾堆肥过程VSCs释放的影响

选取黄豆杆、红薯藤、菠萝蜜果核和紫檀树叶4种植物废物,分别与生活垃圾混合进行堆肥处理,考察堆肥过程中甲硫醇、甲硫醚、二甲基二硫醚3种含硫类可挥发性有机物(VSCs)释放量与植物废物性质之间的关系.结果表明,各工况下,3种VSCs释放均集中在堆肥初期(前6d),甲硫醇均为主要的恶臭贡献者.不同工况的3种VSCs释放浓度差异显著.其中,以红薯藤为堆肥配料的工况下3种VSCs累积释放浓度均最高,以黄豆杆和紫檀树叶分别为堆肥配料的工况相对较低,累积释放浓度仅为前者的16.0%～74.3%,并低于生活垃圾单独堆肥.VSCs释放水平与混合原料的易降解有机物含量呈正比,与其植物多酚的含量呈反比.

电压源型并网变流器状态监测与故障诊断方法综述

电压源型变流器(Voltage source converter,VSC)广泛应用于分布式发电和储能单元等并网领域中,VSC系统严重影响并网系统的稳定运行。开发并网VSC潜在故障的健康状态监测和早期观测识别,对于保证变流器持续安全稳定可靠运行具有重要意义。首先,对并网VSC的主电路结构及常见电气故障进行了总结和分析,包括DC-link电容故障、绝缘栅双极型晶体管(Insulated gate bipolar transistor,IGBT)故障、滤波电感故障、交流侧电流传感器和电压传感器故障等,并阐明了故障发生机理与故障特性;其次,以并网VSC状态监测和故障诊断方法为核心,对国内外学者的相关研究进行了分类和归纳,对比总结了不同状态监测和故障诊断方法的优点和不足;最后,对并网VSC状态检测和故障诊断技术未来的研究方向进行了展望。

可视化符号运算系统VSCS的设计与实现

介绍了VSCS系统的研制背景、设计思想、实现技术和特点。本系统有输入输出界面友好、操作简单、可视化的中间计算过程、符号运算功能等特点；实现了Matlab、Mathematica等软件没有实现的多元多项式的乘法和除法运算。

单相VSC系统宽频阻抗测量装置保护方案研究

宽频阻抗测量装置在获取单相VSC系统的阻抗特性中发挥着重要作用,由于阻抗测量装置需要接入系统进行能量交换,其自身应当具备合理的故障保护措施来保障装置和系统的运行安全。针对单相VSC系统阻抗测量装置的故障保护策略尚不完善,提出了一种单相VSC系统阻抗测量装置的故障保护方案。首先,选择了基于背靠背变流器结构的阻抗测量装置来研究保护策略;其次,分析了背靠背阻抗测量装置的特点及其对保护配置产生的影响,设计了适用于装置的保护方案;最后,基于Matlab/Simulink平台,通过几种典型的短路故障情形验证了所提出装置保护方案的可行性与有效性。

基于VSC-HVDC的海上风电柔性直流输电系统并网控制

由于现有的控制方法并网点处的直流和交流电压较低,控制效果不佳,为此基于VSC-HVDC,针对海上风电柔性直流输电系统并网控制方法展开研究。首先,根据VSC-HVDC系统结构建立海上风电柔性并网模型,在换流侧通过换流设备将交流电源转换为直流电,并将转换后的直流电能输送到直流输电线路上;然后,运用PI控制器根据电流偏差进行调节,调整换流器的输出电流与实际电流误差,限制幅度环节输出控制系统并网有功功率信息,实现内环网并网控制;最后,运用PI控制器对交流电进行跟踪,调整无功分量来改变交流电压,实现外环网并网控制,完成针对海上风电柔性直流输电系统并网控制方法的设计。实验结果表明,经该方法控制后,交流电压维持在约0.7 p.u.的水平,直流电压被成功地限制在0.5~1 p.u.以内,控制效果较好。

基于VSC7428的以太网交换电路的设计与实现

为了实现嵌入式系统间的数据传输,设计实现了一种基于以PowerPC处理器和以太网交换芯片的以太网交换电路。介绍了电路硬件结构、工作原理及软件设计方法。电路以VSC7428以太网交换芯片为核心,实现了4路PC8640处理器之间的以太网交换。经过实验验证,电路电路工作稳定,实现了与其他嵌入式系统间的通信,满足设计需求。

Approximation law for discrete-time variable structure control systems

Two approximation laws of sliding mode for discrete-time variable structure control systems are proposed to overcome the limitations of the exponential approximation law and the variable rate approximation law. By applying the proposed approximation laws of sliding mode to discrete-time variable structure control systems, the stability of origin can be guaranteed, and the chattering along the switching surface caused by discrete-time variable structure control can be restrained effectively. In designing of approximation laws, the problem that the system control input is restricted is also considered, which is very important in practical systems. Finally a simulation example shows the effectiveness of the two approximation laws proposed.

An Approach to Polynomial NARX/NARMAX Systems Identification in a Closed-loop with Variable Structure Control

Many physical processes have nonlinear behavior which can be well represented by a polynomial NARX or NARMAX model. The identification of such models has been widely explored in literature. The majority of these approaches are for the open-loop identification. However, for reasons such as safety and production restrictions, open-loop identification cannot always be done. In such cases, closed-loop identification is necessary. This paper presents a two-step approach to closed-loop identification of the polynomial NARX/NARMAX systems with variable structure control （VSC）. First, a genetic algorithm （GA） is used to maximize the similarity of VSC signal to white noise by tuning the switching function parameters. Second, the system is simulated again and its parameters are estimated by an algorithm of the least square （LS） family. Finally, simulation examples are given to show the validity of the proposed approach.

Damping controller design based on FO-PID-EMA in VSC HVDC system to improve stability of hybrid power system

Wind energy sources have different structures and functions from conventional power plants in the power system.These resources can affect the exchange of active and reactive power of the network.Therefore,power system stability will be affected by the performance of wind power plants,especially in the event of a fault.In this paper,the improvement of the dynamic stability in power system equipped by wind farm is examined through the supplementary controller design in the high voltage direct current(HVDC)based on voltage source converter(VSC)transmission system.In this regard,impacts of the VSC HVDC system and wind farm on the improvement of system stability are considered.Also,an algorithm based on controllability(observability)concept is proposed to select most appropriate and effective coupling between inputs-outputs(IO)signals of system in different work conditions.The selected coupling is used to apply damping controller signal.Finally,a fractional order PID controller(FO-PID)based on exchange market algorithm(EMA)is designed as damping controller.The analysis of the results shows that the wind farm does not directly contribute to the improvement of the dynamic stability of power system.However,it can increase the controllability of the oscillatory mode and improve the performance of the supplementary controller.

VARIABLE STRUCTURE CONTROL APPLIED IN ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC SERVO SYSTEM WITH ANN

The variable structure control （VSC） theory is applied to the electro-hydraulic servo system here. The VSC control law is achieved using Lyapunov method and pole placement. To eliminate the chattering phenomena, a saturation function is adopted. The proposed VSC approach is fairly robust to load disturbance and system parameter variation. Since the distortion. including phase lag and amplitude attenuation occurs in the system sinusoid response, the amplitude and phase control （APC） algorithm, based on Adaline neural network and using LMS algorithm, is developed for distortion cancellation. The APC controller is simple and can on-line adjust, thus it gives accurate tracking.

弱连接VSC在“外环-锁相环”时间尺度下的一类小扰动稳定性提升方法及等效性分析

大量理论研究发现电压源换流器(voltagesource converter,VSC)接入薄弱电网后,易发生由“外环–锁相环”交互所主导的小扰动失稳现象,且在多个实际工程中也发现此类稳定问题。为此,国内外学者提出了大量改进控制方法,其基本原理为在有功外环、无功外环与锁相环三者之间施加附加补偿控制,以提升弱连接VSC(weak-grid connected VSC,WG-VSC)并网稳定性。该文将这些方法归纳为WG-VSC在“外环–锁相环”时间尺度下的一类小扰动稳定性提升方法。试想,这些策略都能提升稳定性,那么它们是否存在某种等效性?此外,基于等效性原理,还能否推导出其他的改进控制措施?该文研究动机是期望从方法论的视角回答上述问题,进而为解决此类稳定性问题提供基本依据。该文创新工作是基于一种能够清晰展现“外环–锁相环”交互关系的等效锁相环模型,首次揭示了这一类改进控制方法在提升WG-VSC“外环–锁相环”时间尺度小扰动稳定性方面具有等效性。此外,通过观察分析现有补偿控制策略在拓扑结构和作用机理上的特点,该文还预测了其余多种新型小扰动稳定性提升控制策略,并基于等效锁相环(phaselockedloop,PLL)模型分析得出,通过特定的控制器设计方法,可使得此类补偿控制策略在WG-VSC系统小扰动稳定性提升方面具有等效性。最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC的详细电磁暂态仿真模型验证了该文理论分析的准确性。

基于双VSC的柔性合环装置的交直流侧合环控制策略研究

伴随社会产业的发展和智能电网的推进,用户对电能质量和供电可靠性的要求越来越高,因此配电网不停电合环负荷转供具有重要意义。文章针对极端条件下的不停电负荷转供需求,采用两侧独立STATCOM联合构成的具有灵活控制功能的双VSC柔性合环装置,提出了分别从交、直流侧进行合环调节的方案,首先分析了该合环装置的结构和工作原理,其次针对合环要求确定控制策略,交流合环中双VSC分别采用前馈解耦的双闭环控制和带前馈的电压反馈控制,直流合环中双VSC均采用双闭环控制,合环后控制策略由控直流电压改为控交流电压,进而完成负荷转供,最后在PSCAD/EMTDC环境下对采用该合环装置的10kV配电网系统进行了仿真分析,进一步验证了所提出合环方案的可行性与控制策略的有效性,通过比较两种方案各自存在的优缺点,体现出直流侧合环方案更具优势。

Variable structure control for descriptor Markovian jump systems subject to partially unknown transition probabilities

The descriptor Markovian jump systems( DMJSs)with partially unknown transition probabilities( PUTPs) are studied by means of variable structure control. First,by virtue of the strictly linear matrix inequality( LMI) technique,a sufficient condition is presented, under which the DMJSs subject to PUTPs are stochastically admissible. Secondly,a novel sliding surface function based on the system state and input is constructed for DMJSs subject to PUTPs; and a dynamic sliding mode controller is synthesized, which guarantees that state trajectories will reach the pre-specified sliding surface in finite time despite uncertainties and disturbances. The results indicate that by checking the feasibility of a series of LMIs,the stochastic admissibility of the overall closed loop system is determined. Finally,the validity of the theoretical results is illustrated with the example of the direct-current motor. Furthermore,compared with the existing literature,the state convergence rate,buffeting reduction and overshoot reduction are obviously optimized.

Analysis of Transmission Loss in Droop Control of a Multi-Terminal HVDC System

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) electric power transmission is a promising technology for integrating offshore wind farms and interconnecting power grids in different regions. In order to maintain the DC voltage, droop control has been widely used. Transmission line loss constitutes an import part of the total power loss in a multi-terminal HVDC scheme. In this paper, the relation between droop controller design and transmission loss has been investigated. Different MTDC layout configurations are compared to examine the effect of droop controller design on the transmission loss.

基于附加电流控制的并网逆变器输出谐波抑制策略

针对并网逆变器(VSC)在间谐波电压下的谐波电流问题,提出一种基于附加电流控制的VSC输出谐波抑制策略。首先,建立VSC在电网电压畸变工况下的数学模型;然后,在传统矢量控制的基础上附加谐波电流反馈控制环路,形成基于附加电流控制的输出谐波抑制策略;最后,设计附加电流控制器的型式和参数,并基于VSC样机进行测试验证。实例分析表明,所提VSC控制策略可提升VSC入网电流对电网电压畸变的抗扰能力,同时抑制VSC整数次谐波和间谐波电流。

弱连接VSC的锁相环同步暂态稳定综述

聚焦于单个弱连接电压源变流器(WG-VSC)系统在对称故障等大扰动下的锁相环同步暂态稳定性问题,梳理总结了其研究现状,包括暂态失稳现象、稳定机理、量化分析方法、稳定性提升控制措施等.实际运行控制中,从参数空间的角度分析以VSC注入有功/无功电流为参数空间的暂态稳定域更为直观,因此定义该暂态稳定域为电流可行域,并综述了相关研究工作.最后从多WG-VSC并联系统、不对称故障下、电压源虚拟同步型或构网控制下、不同锁相环的影响分析等方面展望了锁相环同步暂态稳定性问题的发展与应用前景.

不平衡电网下变流器多机系统的稳定性分析

基于不平衡电网条件下的并网交互系统,研究了电压源型变流器(VSC)的稳定性问题。首先提出了不平衡电网下带双二阶广义积分器锁相环(DSOGI-PLL)的变流器导纳模型。分析总结了带不同类型锁相环的VSC系统导纳特性。基于导纳模型研究了配置不同类型锁相环的多VSC系统稳定性问题,指出了多VSC系统稳定性的改善方向。进一步提出,带DSOGI-PLL变流器的并入可以在增加并网系统输出功率的同时有效改善变流器的稳定裕度。同时,研究了公共耦合点处负序电压改变时VSC与电网阻抗的交互机理。最后,对理论分析进行了实验验证。

基于李雅普诺夫函数的带锁相环的VSC大扰动稳定性判据

对于带锁相环的并网VSC大扰动稳定性问题,首先依据VSC的内环电流控制和外环功率控制响应速度差异得到简化二阶非线性模型,然后分别定义了两个李雅普诺夫函数。第一个李雅普诺夫函数具有清晰的动能和势能概念,但推导的稳定域较小,第二个李雅普诺夫函数推导的稳定域较大但缺乏清晰的物理概念。最后结合这两个李雅普诺夫函数,得到实用的稳定性判据,兼具明确的物理意义和较宽的稳定域。如果在系统最后一次动作时已知锁相环状态量,则可以预测系统稳定性。仿真结果验证了该判据的正确性。

基于JAYA算法的交直流柔性配电网稳态安全域研究

配电网分区间联络线的柔性化改造,使得潮流可以在不同分区间通过柔直线路快速转移。为直观展现配电系统在满足安全运行约束条件下的最大安全运行范围,文中提出一种基于JAYA算法的交直流柔性配电网稳态安全域求解方法。考虑VSC-HVDC稳态模型、交流系统潮流模型及其约束条件,以负荷供应值为目标函数,建立交直流柔性配电网稳态安全域模型。在Matlab仿真软件改进IEEE33节点系统中,采用JAYA算法对交直流柔性配电网安全边界点进行求解。另外,还针对VSC不同容量以及VSC-HVDC控制模式组合对稳态安全域的影响进行分析。仿真结果表明,相比于PSO和GA算法,JAYA算法收敛速度快、精度高。

含高比例分布式电源的直流配电系统故障恢复过电压机理及其抑制

针对直流配电系统故障恢复过程中出现的过电压问题,文章研究了该过电压的产生机理及其抑制方法。介绍了典型直流配电系统的拓扑结构,给出两种核心换流装备(两电平VSC和DC/DC换流器)在双极短路故障下的电流及电压故障特征。基于故障点隔离后的健全区系统等效电路,研究了故障恢复过电压机理及影响因素,揭示了故障存续期间各换流器电压跌落速度不一致是导致故障恢复过电压的根本原因。在此基础上,以保障换流器电压跌落速度相同和直流断路器开断容量为约束,提出各换流器出口限流参数匹配设计原则,同时兼顾限制故障电流和抑制故障恢复过电压效果。在PSCAD/EMTDC进行了仿真验证。