Predictors of acceptance and willingness to pay for the COVID-19 vaccine in the general public of India: A health belief model approach

Objective:To determine the predictors of acceptance and willingness to pay(WTP)for the COVID-19 vaccine among the Indian public and to provide insights for future demand forecasts and pricing considerations.Methods:A nationwide,web-based,self-administered,crosssectional survey was conducted from 5 to 20 October 2020.The health belief model(HBM)approach was used as a theoretical framework to assess the predictors of acceptance of and WTP for the COVID-19 vaccine.Results:Of 2480 respondents,2451 completed the online survey,yielding a response rate of 98.8%.Participants who participated in the survey had diverse demographics in terms of their location,educational level,occupation type,and family income.Among 2451 respondents,the majority(89.3%)intended to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.Respondents with high perceived benefits of COVID-19 vaccination,such as reduction in worry(OR 5.87;95%CI 4.39-7.96)and sickness(OR 4.31;95%CI 3.31-5.62),showed higher intention to receive the vaccine.However,respondents with a high perception of the side effects and barriers to vaccination(OR 0.36;95%CI 0.25-0.54)and vaccine shortage(OR 0.58;95%CI 0.41-0.81)showed lower intention to receive the vaccine.The majority(2162,88.21%)of respondents were willing to pay an amount of INR:500-1000 or USD:6.81-13.62 for a dose of COVID-19 vaccine,with a median(Q1,Q3)of INR:500(500,1000)or USD:6.81(6.81,13.62).The higher marginal WTP for the COVID-19 vaccine was influenced by advanced age,marital status,female sex,intermediate educational background,high family income,fair or poor perceived health status,and no affordable barriers.Conclusions:The majority of respondents intended to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.Healthcare interventions focusing on HBM constructs and demographic predictors associated with low intention to receive the vaccine can be effective in enhancing the coverage of the COVID-19 vaccine.The findings of this study provide guidance for the future price considerations of the COVID-19 vaccine.

Qualitative Study on Male Nursing Students'Cognition of Nine-Valent Preventive Vaccine

Objective:To investigate the cognition degree of male nursing students to HPV and nine-valent vaccine and the influencing factors of male willingness to receive nine-valent HPV vaccine.Methods:Qualitative research semi-structured interview was conducted on male nursing students,and phenomenological research method was used to record,ran scribe,encode and classify the interview data and extract the topic.The number of interviews was determined according to the information saturation.Results:Seven themes were summarized in this study,which were mainly divided into two aspects.The promotion of vaccination includes two aspects:self-benefit and benefit of others.The prevention of vaccination mainly includes low awareness rate,feminization of vaccine infbnnation,high cost and safety and effectiveness.Conclusion:Male nursing students have low cognition degree and inoculation intention to human papillomavirus and nine-valent vaccine,so it is necessary to further strengthen publicity and carry out college education to improve vaccination.

COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine characteristics infuencing vaccination acceptance: a global survey of 17 countries

Background:The availability of various types of COVID-19 vaccines and diverse characteristics of the vaccines pre‑sent a dilemma in vaccination choices,which may result in individuals refusing a particular COVID-19 vaccine ofered,hence presenting a threat to immunisation coverage and reaching herd immunity.The study aimed to assess global COVID-19 vaccination intention,vaccine characteristics infuencing vaccination acceptance and desirable vaccine characteristics infuencing the choice of vaccines.Methods:An anonymous cross-sectional survey was conducted between 4 January and 5 March 2021 in 17 coun‑tries worldwide.Proportions and the corresponding 95%confdence intervals(CI)of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and vaccine characteristics infuencing vaccination acceptance were generated and compared across countries and regions.Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.Results:Of the 19,714 responses received,90.4%(95%CI 81.8–95.3)reported likely or extremely likely to receive COVID-19 vaccine.A high proportion of likely or extremely likely to receive the COVID-19 vaccine was reported in Australia(96.4%),China(95.3%)and Norway(95.3%),while a high proportion reported being unlikely or extremely unlikely to receive the vaccine in Japan(34.6%),the U.S.(29.4%)and Iran(27.9%).Males,those with a lower educational level and those of older age expressed a higher level of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.Less than two-thirds(59.7%;95%CI 58.4–61.0)reported only being willing to accept a vaccine with an efectiveness of more than 90%,and 74.5%(95%CI 73.4–75.5)said they would accept a COVID-19 vaccine with minor adverse reactions.A total of 21.0%(95%CI 20.0–22.0)reported not accepting an mRNA vaccine and 51.8%(95%CI 50.3–53.1)reported that they would only accept a COVID-19 vaccine from a specifc country‐of‐origin.Countries from the Southeast Asia region reported the highest proportion of not accepting mRNA technology.The highest proportion from Europe and the Americas would only accept a vaccine produced by certain countries.The foremost important vaccine characteristic infuencing vaccine choice is adverse reactions(40.6%;95%CI 39.3–41.9)of a vaccine and efectiveness threshold(35.1%;95%CI 33.9–36.4).Conclusions:The inter-regional and individual country disparities in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy highlight the importance of designing an efcient plan for the delivery of interventions dynamically tailored to the local population.