Vacuum Treatment for Simultaneous Desulphurization and Dephosphorization of Hot Metal and Molten Steel

The vacuum treatment for simultaneous desulphurization and dephosphorization of hot metal and molten steel with pre-melted CaO-based slag was carried out.For pre-treatment of hot metal,both desulphurization and dephosphorization are improved with the increase of CaO in slag,but deteriorated with the increase of CaF2 in slag.The average desulphurization and dephosphorization rate is 68.83 % and 78.46 %,respectively.For molten steel,the substitution of BaO for CaO in slag has minor effect on simultaneous desulphurization and dephosphorization.The desulphurization and dephosphorization rate is higher than 90% and 50% respectively with the lowest final sulfur and phosphorus mass percent being 0.001 2% and 0.010%,respectively.The overall effect of simultaneous desulphurization and dephosphorization of molten steel is better than that of hot metal.

EFFECT OF VACUUM HEAT TREATMENT ON OXIDATION BEHAVIOR OF SPUTTERED NiCrAlY COATING

A bond coat for thermal barrier coating (TBC), NiCrAlY coating, is subjected to vac-uum heat treatment in order to remove internal stress before ceramic top coat is de-posited. The effect of vacuum heat treatment on the oxidation behavior of the sputtered NiCrAlY coating has been investigated. The as-sputtered NiCrAlY coating consists of γ-Ni and b-NiAl phases. After vacuum heat treatment, the sputtered NiCrAlY coating mainly consists of γ'-Ni3Al, β-NiAl, γ-Ni, and trace of α-Al2O3 phases. The isothermal oxidation of sputtered NiCrAlY coating with and without vacuum heat treatment has been performed at 1000℃. It is shown that a-Al2O3 formed during vacuum heat treatment acts as nuclei for the formation of a-Al2O3, and the protective a-Al2O3 scale is formed more rapidly on the vacuum heat treated NiCrAlY coating than that formed on the untreated coating. Also the a-Al2O3 scale has a better adherence to the vacuum heat treated NiCrAlY coating. Therefore the vacuum heat treatment improves the oxidation resistance of sputtered NiCrAlY coating.

Synergistic effects of composition and heat treatment on microstructure and properties of vacuum die cast Al-Si-Mg-Mn alloys

The purpose of this study was to prepare high-quality Al-Si-Mg-Mn alloy with a good combination of strength and ductility employing the vacuum-assisted high-pressure die cast process. An orthogonal study of heat treatments was conducted to design an optimized T6 heat treatment process for both Al-10%Si-0.3%Mg-Mn and Al-11%Si-0.6%Mg-Mn alloys. The results demonstrate that no obvious blisters and warpage were observed in these two alloys with solid solution treatment. After the optimal T6 heat treatment of 530°C×3 h + 165°C×6 h, Al-11%Si-0.6%Mg-Mn alloy has better mechanical properties, of which tensile strength, yield strength and elongation reached 377.3 MPa, 307.8 MPa and 9%, respectively. The improvement of mechanical properties can be attributed to the high density of needle-like β″(Mg_5Si_6) precipitation after aging treatment and the fine and spherical eutectic Si particles uniformly distributed in the α-Al matrix.

Flexible Furnace Concepts for Vacuum Heat Treatment Combined with High-pressure Gas Quenching

IN the past five years the process combination of vacuum hardening, respectively vacuum carburizing with high-pressure gas quenching was successfully introduced to the market, especially in the manufacture of gears. In the meantime furnace concepts for various applications are available to the industry. In the following report three plant varieties are introduced, which differ in process flexibility and throughput. This report also explains criteria for the selection of a furnace in view of the existing application requirements. Besides this a short introduction is given into the vacuum carburizing process and the high-pressure gas quenching technology.

Vacuum Furnace - Integrated“Sub zero” Treatment

The vacuum heat treatment with overpressure gas quenching is more and more accepted due to considerable advantages compared to the traditional oil and salt bath processes. Continuous further developments and new concepts like multi-directional cooling systems, a separate quenching chamber and "sub zero" systems lead towards an oxidation free and low distortion vacuum heat treatment for a broad range of parts and materials. Short and energy saving processes guarantee a high economic efficiency and environmental compatibility. The "sub zero" system which is integrated into the standard vacuum furnace achieves a heat treatment result with a high conversion of retained austenite in fully automatic hardening and tempering processes.

Numerical Simulation of Vacuum Heat Treatment Thermal Hysteresis Time of GH4169 Superalloy Workpiece

A nonlinear finite element model of vacuum heat treatment process was developed. In this model, influence of many factors, such as nonlinear heat radiation, temperature-dependent thermal physical properties of material are considered. The temperature field of GH4169 alloy workpiece during vacuum heat treatment process was calculated using finite element software MSC.Marc, and the thermal hysteresis time of the workpiece was predicted. An experiment of vacuum heat treatment of GH4169 superalloy workpiece was carried out to verify the calculation. The experimental results of temperature profile agree well with the simulated results. This work lays a theoretical foundation for optimizing technical parameter of vacuum heat treatment process.

Effect of vacuum heat treatment on microstructure and microhardness of cold sprayed Cu-4Cr-2Nb alloy coating

The effect of vacuum heat treatment on the microstructure and microhardness of cold-sprayed Cu-4%Cr-2%Nb alloy coating was investigated. The heat treatment was conducted under the temperatures from 250 ℃ to 950 ℃ with a step of 100 ℃ for 2 h. It was found that a dense thick Cu-4Cr-2Nb coating could be formed by cold spraying. After heat treatment, a Cr2Nb phase was uniformly distributed in the matrix, which was transferred from the gas-atomized feedstock. A little grain growth of Cr2Nb phase was observed accompanying with the healing-up of the incomplete interfaces between the deposited particles at the elevated temperatures. The coating microhardness increases a little with increasing the temperature to 350 ℃, and then decreases with further increasing temperature up to 950 ℃. This fact can be attributed to the microstructure evolution during the heat treatment.

Influence of TiCl_4 treatment on performance of dye-sensitized solar cell assembled with nano-TiO_2 coating deposited by vacuum cold spraying

Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) treatment was employed to TiO2 coating deposited on fluoride-doped tin oxide (FTO) conducting glass and indium oxide doped tin oxide (ITO) conducting glass, respectively. The nano-crystalline TiO2 coating was deposited using a composite powder composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 25 nm TiO2 particles by vacuum cold spraying (VCS) process. A commercial N-719 dye was used to adsorb on the surface of TiO2 coating to prepare TiO2 electrode, which was applied to assemble dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC). The cell performance was measured under simulated solar light at an intensity of 100 mW·cm-2. Results show that with an FTO substrate the DSC composed of a VCS TiO2 electrode untreated by TiCl4 gives a short-circuit current density of 13.1 mA·cm-2 and an open circuit voltage of 0.60 V corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 4.4%. It is found that after TiCl4 treatment to the VCS TiO2 electrode with an FTO substrate, the short circuit current density of the cell increases by 31%, the open-circuit voltage increases by 60 mV and a higher conversion yield of 6.5% was obtained. However, when an ITO substrate is used to deposit TiO2 coating by VCS, after TiCl4 treatment, the conversion efficiency of the assembled cell reduces slightly due to corrosion of the conducting layer on the ITO glass by TiCl4.

Influence of vacuum heat treatment on structure and micro-hardness of electroless Ni-P-SiC composite coating

The electroless Ni-P-SiC composite coatings were prepared and the influence of vacuum heat treatment on its structure and properties was analyzed. The Ni-P-SiC composite coatings were characterized by morphology,structure and micro-hardness. The morphology and structure of the Ni-P-SiC composite coatings were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffractometry(XRD),respectively. A great deal of particles incorporation and uniform distribution were found in Ni-P-SiC composite coatings. XRD results show a broad peak of nickel and low intensity SiC peaks present on as-deposited condition. Micro-hardness of as-deposited Ni-P-SiC composite coatings is improved greatly,and the best micro-hardness is obtained after heat treatment in a high vacuum at 400 ℃ .

INFLUENCES OF VACUUM-BAKING TREATMENT TO SiC PARTICULATES ON PREPARING AI-MATRIX COMPOSITE

A study was made of influences of vacuum-baking treatment to SiC particulates on preparing cast Al-martix composite. By means of quadripole mass analyser(QMA), gases absorbed on the surface of SiC particulate have been investigated, it is found that gases and pollutants absorbed on the surface prohibit SiC particulates from uniformly dispersing in the alloy melt.

Studies on Preparation of Onion-like Fullerenes by Vacuum Heat-treatment

Onion-like Fullerenes were produced at high-temperature in vacuum. The morphology of the carbon nano onion-like fullerenes was examined and characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). It can be seen that the nano-sized, onion-like fullerenes possess high degree of graphization. The results suggested that the catalyst is the main factor affecting the size and yield of the fullerenes. The method is very promising for simple mass production.

The Integration of Vacuum Brazing into Heat Treatment - A Progressive Combined Process

The continuous constructive challenge to improve the functionality and efficiency of components always results in higher demands on production engineering, against the background of the generally increasing cost pressure. In many cases, you will just succeed in producing competitive and innovative products by combining and coupling of different procedures to an independent (hybrid) technology. The use of hybrid procedures for metal joining and heat treatment of metallic materials finds more and more industrial fields of application. Modern vacuum lines with integrated pressurized gas quenching are considered high-performance and flexible means of production for brazing and heat treatment tasks as well in the turbine industry as in the mould making and tool manufacturing industry. In doing so, the heat treatment is coupled with the brazing cycle in a combined process so that the brazing temperatures and soak times are adapted to the necessary temperatures and times for solution heat treatment and austeniting. This user-oriented article describes on the one hand examples of brazing of turbine components, but above all the practical experience from the plastics processing industry, where the requirement for a high-efficient cooling of injection moulding dies gains more and more importance. The combined procedure "Vacuum Brazing and Hardening" offers plenty of possibilities to produce mould inserts with an efficient tempering system in an economic way.

真空加工处理对鲜食糯玉米淀粉结构和理化性质的影响

为探究真空加工处理对鲜食糯玉米淀粉结构和理化性质的影响,以黄糯619和黑宝两个鲜食糯玉米品种为原料,通过扫描电子显微镜、X-射线衍射仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热仪和快速黏度分析仪等研究真空加工处理对鲜食糯玉米淀粉微观结构和理化性质的影响。结果表明:真空加工处理使黄糯619和黑宝2种鲜食糯玉米的直链淀粉含量显著升高(P<0.05),分别由5.39%和6.26%升高至8.52%和9.71%,支链淀粉含量显著降低(P<0.05),分别由94.61%和93.74%降低至91.48%和90.29%,淀粉颗粒破坏严重,淀粉的晶体类型和官能团结构没有改变,但相对结晶度分别降低了9.62%和9.41%;真空加工处理后,2种鲜食糯玉米淀粉的起始温度、峰值温度、终止温度和糊化焓值显著下降(P<0.05),淀粉的糊化温度、峰值黏度、最终黏度、衰减值、回生值显著下降(P<0.05),表明淀粉更容易发生糊化,抗老化能力增强。此外,真空加工处理使鲜食糯玉米淀粉的抗性淀粉(RS)转变为快消化淀粉(RDS)和慢消化淀粉(SDS),说明真空加工处理能够提高鲜食糯玉米淀粉的消化速率。本实验结果可以为鲜食糯玉米真空加工与利用提供理论依据。

Study on reduction of MoS_2 powders with activated carbon to produce Mo_2C under vacuum conditions

A method of preparing Mo2C via vacuum carbothermic reduction of MoS2 in the temperature range of 1350–1550°C was proposed. The effects of MoS2-to-C molar ratio（a, a = 1：1, 1：1.5, and 1：2.5） and reaction temperature（1350 to 1550°C） on the reaction were studied in detail. The phase transition, morphological evolution, and residual sulfur content of the products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and carbon–sulfur analysis, respectively. The results showed that the complete decomposition of MoS2 under vacuum is difficult, whereas activated carbon can react with MoS2 under vacuum to generate Mo2C. Meanwhile, higher temperatures and the addition of more carbon accelerated the rate of carbothermic reduction reaction and further decreased the residual sulfur content. From the experimental results, the optimum molar ratio α was concluded to be 1：1.5.

真空热处理与谷蛋白添加对罗非鱼肌原纤维蛋白凝胶性能的影响

为探索真空热处理与谷蛋白对肌原纤维蛋白(Myofibrillar Protein,MP)凝胶性能的影响,实验以罗非鱼MP为原料,以质构、持水、分子间作用力等为指标研究了真空热处理与谷蛋白添加对罗非鱼MP凝胶的影响。结果表明,在水浴条件下,加入0.7%的谷蛋白显著提高了MP的硬度、凝胶强度。微观结构结果表明谷蛋白使MP凝胶网络趋于平整,孔洞减小,有利于凝胶的形成。与水浴加热相比,经过一段式真空热处理1 h后,MP凝胶的内聚性、弹性、凝胶强度显著提高,真空热处理2 h后,MP凝胶的内聚性与凝胶强度进一步提高。另外,真空热处理和谷蛋白添加改善了MP凝胶的水分状态,T22固定水的含量下降,同时T22固定水与T23自由水的迁移受到限制,使凝胶内水分趋于稳定。分子间作用力结果显示,离子键与疏水相互作用增强,促进了MP的凝胶化。综上所述,真空加工和谷蛋白添加促使MP结构伸展,形成更加致密的三维凝胶网络。

Recurrent abscess after primary successful endo-sponge treatment of anastomotic leakage following rectal surgery

AIM:To assess long-term efficacy of initially successful endo-sponge assisted therapy.METHODS:Between 2006 and 2009,consecutive patients who had undergone primary successful endo-sponge treatment of anastomotic leakage following rectal cancer surgery were enrolled in the study.Patients were recruited from 6 surgical departments in Vienna.Clinical and oncologic outcomes were assessed through routine endoscopic and radiologic follow-up examination.RESULTS:Twenty patients(7 female,13 male)were included.The indications for endosponge treatment were anastomotic leakage(n=17)and insufficiency of a rectal stump after Hartmann's procedure(n=3).All patients were primarily operated for rectal cancer.The overall mortality rate was 25%.The median followup duration was 17 mo(range 1.5-29.8 mo).Five patients(25%)developed a recurrent abscess.Median time between last day of endosponge therapy and occurrence of recurrent abscess was 255 d(range 21-733 d).One of these patients was treated by computed tomography-guided drainage and in 3 patients Hartmann's procedure had to be performed.Two patients(10%)developed a local tumor recurrence and subsequently died.CONCLUSION:Despite successful primary outcome,patients who receive endo-sponge therapy should be closely monitored in the first 2 years,since recurrence might occur.

真空冷冻预干燥对压差膨化干燥果蔬脆片质地特性的影响

为探索预干燥处理对不同果蔬脆片结构及质地特性的影响,该研究采用真空冷冻干燥作为预干燥,并选取了3个水分转换点(60%、45%、30%),对预干燥过程中6种典型果蔬(苹果,梨,桃,山药,马铃薯,青萝卜)水分状态、细胞结构、收缩率、孔隙度、应力-松弛特性与质地特性进行测定与分析。结果表明,随着预干燥的进行,水分含量逐渐降低,自由水逐渐散失,以不易流动水为主,收缩率逐渐减小,孔隙度逐渐增大,硬度、咀嚼性、弹性模量逐渐增加;水分转换点为60%时不同果蔬脆片具有较高的硬脆度,其中马铃薯与山药脆片硬度较高,桃与梨的脆片脆度较高;水分转换点为30%时,6种果蔬的孔隙度最高,且青萝卜的孔隙度显著高于其他果蔬(P <0.05);在干燥后期,果蔬样品骨架基本形成,且收缩率较低,致使内部孔隙度变大;由相关性分析可知真空冷冻预干燥过程中水分转换点、孔隙度与果蔬脆片质地特性极显著相关(P <0.05),研究结果可为预干燥对果蔬脆片质地影响提供参考。

Application of improved vacuum degassing technique to refinement of heat resistant steel P91

An effective vacuum melting technique based on the improved vacuum degassing technique was used to produce thick-walled seamless pipes of 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb-N martensitic heat resistant steels in order to reduce the contents of harmful impurity such as oxygen, phosphorus. Then the pipe was heat treated by using optimized process technique. Both static and dynamic mechanical properties at room temperature and 566℃ were measured respectively and evaluated by means of comprehensive analysis of standard deviation and statistic test. The results show that the comprehensive mechanical properties of this pipe are much better than those of pipes untreated with the improved vacuum degassing technique and heat-treated by using original heat-treatment process and almost the same as those of imported P91 thick-walled seamless steel pipe.

Diffusion Carbide Layers, Formed on the Surface of Steel in the Vacuum Titanizing Process

Diffusion layers produced on carbon steel surface in vacuum titanizing process were investigated. Studies of layers thickness, their morphology, titanium, carbon and iron concentration depth profiles in the diffusion zone of titanized layers were carried out. The effect of process parameters such as time and temperature on the kinetics of layer growth on steel surface was investigated. Tribocorrosion resistance of titanized layers was determined.

Multidisciplinary treatment of a patient with necrotizing fasciitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus: A case report

BACKGROUND Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe bacterial skin infection that spreads quickly and is characterized by extensive necrosis of the deep and superficial fascia resulting in the devascularization and necrosis of associated tissues.Because of high morbidity and mortality,accurate diagnosis and early treatment with adequate antibiotics and surgical intervention are vital.And timely identification and treatment of complications are necessary to improve survival of patient.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of necrotizing fasciitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus in a patient using high doses of glucocorticoid and suffering from secondary diabetes mellitus.He was admitted to our hospital due to redness and oedema of the lower limbs.After admission,necrotizing fasciitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus was considered,and he was discharged after B-ultrasound drainage and multiple surgical operations.In the process of treatment,multiple organ functions were damaged,but with the help of multi-disciplinary treatment,the patient got better finally.CONCLUSION The key to successful management of necrotizing fasciitis is an early and accurate diagnosis.The method of using vacuum sealing drainage in postoperative patients can keep the wound dry and clean,reduce infection rate,and promote wound healing.Interdisciplinary collaboration is a vital prerequisite for successful treatment.