Influence of the axial magnetic field on sheath development after current zero in a vacuum circuit breaker

After current zero,which is the moment when the vacuum circuit breaker interrupts a vacuum arc,sheath development is the first process in the dielectric recovery process.An axial magnetic field（AMF） is widely used in the vacuum circuit breaker when the high-current vacuum arc is interrupted.Therefore,it is very important to study the influence of different AMF amplitudes on the sheath development.The objective of this paper is to study the influence of different AMF amplitudes on the sheath development from a micro perspective.Thus,the particle in cell-Monte Carlo collisions（PIC-MCC） method was adopted to develop the sheath development model.We compared the simulation results with the experimental results and then validated the simulation.We also obtained the speed of the sheath development and the energy density of the ions under different AMF amplitudes.The results showed mat the larger the AMF amplitudes are,the faster the sheath develops and the lower the ion energy density is,meaning the breakdown is correspondingly more difficult.

Study of post-arc residual plasma dissipation process of vacuum circuit breakers based on a 2D particle-in-cell model

In order to get an insight into residual plasma radial motion during the post-arc stage,a twodimensional(2D)cylindrical particle-in-cell(PIC)model is developed.Firstly,influences of a virtual boundary condition on the residual plasma motion are studied.For purpose of validating this 2D cylindrical particle-in-cell model,a comparison between one-dimensional particle-in-cell model is also presented in this paper.Then a study about the influences of the rising rate of transient recovery voltage on the residual plasma radial motion is presented on the basis of the 2D PIC model.

Study on Restrike Phenomena for 40.5-kV Vacuum Circuit Breakers

When interrupting short circuit fault by 40.5-kV vacuum circuit breakers, it is significant to eliminate multiple restrike phenomena, which occur frequently and result in high overvoltage and even interruption failure. A synthetic circuit that can supply a DC recovery voltage after current zero was used to study multiple restrike phenomena in switching. Some key factors including breaking current, clearance between open contacts, electrode structure and contact material, which may affect restrike characteristics, were studied. Under various clearances, the statistical probability of restrike was obtained. As a result, the best scope of clearance between open contacts was found. The performance of CuCr50/50 and CuCr75/25 material were compared. Two kinds of electrode structures, namely 1/2 coil structure and cup-shaped axial magnetic structure, were tested. After a high-current interruption, conditioning effect was realized and the probability of restrike decreased.

Development and Tests of ZW-126/D2000-40 Vacuum Circuit Breakers with Controlled Switching Technology

A ZW-126/D2000-40 type single-break vacuum circuit breaker(VCB)with controlled switching technology is designed and produced in this paper.The results of type tests based on IEC and GB standards are presented.A 126 kV singlebreak vacuum interrupter(VI)with 3/4 coil axial magnetic field(AMF)contacts is used in the VCB,which can interrupt short currents of 40 kA.The external insulation of the VI is provided by SF_(6) at 0.1 MPa.In order to match the 126 kV single-break VI and controlled switching device,a long-stroke electro-magnetic force actuator(EMFA)with 16 kN closing holding force and 3.5 m/s average opening speed is designed.Moreover,a position tracking controlled switching device based on closed-loop control using the technology of a fuzzy control algorithm and pulse width modulation is applied to the controlled switching device.This device is applied to control the coil current of EMFA and the electromagnetic force,so as to control the EMFA to follow the ideal position curve.The type tests of 126 kV VCB are all passed according to the IEC62271-100 and GB1984-2014,including dielectric tests,basic short-circuit tests,shortline fault tests,out-of-phase tests,etc.The strong capacitive current breaking capacity and mechanical strength of the VCB are proved by the capacitive current switching test of class C2,electrical endurance test of class E2 and mechanical endurance test of class M2.The electromagnetic compatibility(EMC)tests are passed according to the IEC61000-4.The controlled switching test of capacitive current was successful according to IEC62271-302 and GB/T30846-2014,and the controlled switching accuracy is less than±0.5 ms.The test results show that the VCB has excellent performance,which has broad application prospects in special occasions at a 126 kV voltage level,such as a switching capacitor and no-load transformer,etc.

Vacuum Dielectric Recovery Characteristics of a Novel Current Limiting Circuit Breaker Base on Artificial Current Zero

为了保证新型强迫换流型真空直流限流断路器关断短路电流的可靠性，对该型断路器分断过程的真空介质恢复特性进行研究。设计了与断路器关断过程等效的介质恢复试验方案，通过等效试验结果和理论推演公式的拟合，得到了新型强迫换流型限流断路器真空灭弧室触头打开过程的动态介质强度恢复规律。研究结果表明：减小燃弧能量、提高触头运动速度可提高真空灭弧室介质的临界击穿电压；综合考虑燃弧时间与燃弧能量及触头开距的关系，随着燃弧时间的增加，真空灭弧室临界击穿电压先减小后增大。所得介质恢复规律可以作为新型断路器优化设计的参考依据。

The Voltage Distribution Characteristics of a Hybrid Circuit Breaker During High Current Interruption

Hybrid circuit breaker （HCB） technology based on a vacuum interrupter and a SF6 interrupter in series has become a new research direction because of the low-carbon requirements for high voltage switches. The vacuum interrupter has an excellent ability to deal with the steep rising part of the transient recovery voltage （TRV）, while the SF6 interrupter can withstand the peak part of the voltage easily. An HCB can take advantage of the interrupters in the current interruption process. In this study, an HCB model based on the vacuum ion diffusion equations, ion density equation, and modified Cassie-Mayr arc equation is explored. A simulation platform is constructed by using a set of software called the alternative transient program （ATP）. An HCB prototype is also designed, and the short circuit current is interrupted by the HCB under different action sequences of contacts. The voltage distribution of the HCB is analyzed through simulations and tests. The results demonstrate that if the vacuum interrupter withstands the initial TRV and interrupts the post-arc current first, then the recovery speed of the dielectric strength of the SF6 interrupter will be fast. The voltage distribution between two interrupters is determined by their post-arc resistance, which happens after current-zero, and subsequently, it is determined by the capacitive impedance after the post-arc current decays to zero.

Study on TRV of circuit breaker in two substation operational ways and its countermeasure

To verify a vacuum breaker's feasibility,when a transformer substation chooses a vacuum circuit breaker,it takes two different actual operational ways to cut off a transformer.This paper,using the power system computer aided design/electro magnetic transient in DC system(PSCAD/EMTDC)software,simulates the substation system and studies transient recovery voltage(TRV)caused by the two different ways which can cut off a with load transformer or a no-load transformer.Simulation and calculation results show that TRV indexes of the first way are much higher than that of the second one,and their TRV indexes are both in a permissible range.The breaker is proved to be available.Besides,this paper proves that paralleling resistance has a good effect when the indexes exceed the standard.The resistance value depends on specific circumstances.

永磁同步电机执行机构新型控制算法研究

电机执行机构应用于断路器中,具有结构简单、动作分散小、可控性强等优点,为实现断路器开关触头对预设参考曲线的跟随提供可能。传统的控制方式参数固定无法根据断路器开关触头运动过程进行参数调整,跟随性差;智能控制算法计算复杂,影响控制系统快速性,且工程上极难实现。提出一种分段式伪微分控制策略,该控制策略避免了被控变量的直接微分,具有快速动态响应和抗干扰能力,同时,根据环境分段式赋予控制系统参数,保证了跟随精度。建立该控制策略模型进行仿真分析,并研制126 kV断路器电机执行机构控制系统以试验验证,仿真及试验结果均表明了该控制策略的有效性。

动车组合闸过电压故障机理兮析及仿真研究

[目的]动车组出分相时,断路器合闸产生的过电压会加剧高压设备的绝缘老化,研究合闸过电压的产生机理及影响因素对动车组主电路绝缘匹配和设备选型具有理论意义。[方法]结合动车组主电路结构和过分相过程,分析其正常运行方式下操作过电压的形成原因。考虑真空断路器合闸弹跳特性对过电压的特殊影响,建立动车组主电路仿真模型;对比研究动车组主电路合闸过电压特征,得出主回路状态动作时刻、动车组高压电缆参数、接触网参数及设备特性对过电压的影响规律。[结果及结论]极端状态下过电压峰值为工频电压峰值的2.39倍,接近《高速动车组整车试验规范》规定的2.4倍,在极端工况下产生的过电压会对动车组高压设备的绝缘性能产生影响,甚至导致击穿现象。因此,需采取如采用相控合闸技术控制断路器在目标相位闭合、选择单位分布电容较小的高压电缆、改进真空断路器的机械特性等相关措施进行防范,以有效降低动车组合闸过电压。

真空与气体一体化串联机械开关及其直流快速转移应用

为提升中压混合式直流断路器的自然换流性能,该文提出一种真空与气体一体化串联机械开关,分析真空与气体一体化串联用于电流转移性能的工作原理。并基于此设计了双超程联动的真空与气体一体化串联开关实验样机,研究了气体类型、气压、触头结构、触头材料等参数对电弧电压特性的影响规律,确定了W70Cu桥式两触点结构,采用H2和N2体积比为2:3、气压为0.3 MPa的氢氮混合气体,弧压可由20 V提升到120 V,电流转移时间由1 900μs缩短至300μs。同时测试了静态瞬态开断电压(TIV)分布特性,真空间隙承担主要电压(55%),串联整机耐压水平为20 kV。验证了真空与气体一体化串联开关应用于中压混合式直流断路器的可行性和有效性。

融合连续过渡模型与Helmer模型的真空断路器开断模型研究

真空断路器广泛应用于中压等级电网中,在频繁操作场景下易出现过电压问题,而真空断路器的弧后暂态过程直接决定了其分断特性和过电压特征。为解决现有真空断路器模型难以同时对其弧后过程和高频特性仿真的问题,该文搭建了融合连续过渡模型和Helmer模型的真空断路器开断模型,并通过试验和计算确定其仿真参数。以切除35kV系统用并联电抗器为例,研究该真空断路器融合模型与连续过渡模型和Helmer模型计算结果的差异。结果表明,融合模型能够同时考虑弧后介质恢复过程中重击穿和冷间隙重击穿现象;其弧后参数计算与连续过渡模型基本一致,高频开断特性和Helmer模型较为接近。通过分析高频开断过程中的鞘层生长和重击穿情况,可以得到引起真空断路器高频重击穿的主要原因。该文仿真结果验证了所提出的真空断路器开断模型的准确性,可为真空断路器高频分断条件下的弧后鞘层发展分析和重击穿原因判断提供参考。

混合式直流断路器内部关键参数对电弧电流转移特性的影响研究

真空电弧电流转移是自然换流型混合式直流断路器开断过程中的一个重要组成部分。文中通过建立真空电弧电流转移的理论分析模型,得出影响真空电弧电流转移的主要因素为真空电弧电压、内部杂散电阻电感参数和电力电子器件的串并联结构。实验方面,通过改变电力电子开关中电力电子器件的串联或并联个数研究了电力电子器件的串并联结构对真空电弧电流转移特性的影响,通过改变电力电子开关中杂散电感或电阻的数值和所处位置研究了内部杂散电阻电感参数对真空电弧电流转移特性的影响。最后,探究了促进电弧电流转移的方法。本研究将为混合式直流断路器的结构设计和参数优化提供理论依据。

真空断路器弹簧操动机构的优化

真空断路器触头弹簧压力增大会导致断路器无法可靠合闸,四连杆结构在一定程度上会影响机构的出力特性和机械效益,进而影响断路器合闸的可靠与稳定。文中分析了真空断路器的动作原理,建立弹簧操动机构的数学模型;对机构中的凸轮轮廓、传动拐臂的角度和尺寸、连板与合闸滚子的尺寸参数进行优化,建立弹簧操动机构的仿真模型。动力学仿真表明,优化后的触头弹簧压力增大了58%(从1 700 N提升到2 686 N),仍能保证断路器操动机构可靠合闸。试验结果显示,触头弹簧压力为2 500 N时断路器触头能够可靠吸合,平均合闸速度降至0.68 m/s,弹跳时间缩短了18.4%,整体优化后的方案满足设计要求并具有良好的可靠性与稳定性。

直流真空断路器永磁斥力机构运动特性监测系统研究

针对短行程直流真空断路器永磁斥力机构运动速度快、动态参数多且难以精准监测的问题,文中设计了一种多参数动态特性监测系统。以400 V/400 A/25 kA直流真空断路器永磁斥力机构为研究对象,采用光耦隔离技术采集分合闸线圈电压模拟信号,同时采用传感技术和二阶滤波的方式对电流信号与位移信号进行降噪采集,并基于C#自主开发上位机显示界面,实现短行程快速操动机构多参数的实时同步显示。通过与高精度电流传感器和机械特性测试仪监测参数的比对分析可知,系统采集误差可控制在3.5%以内。

Vacuum Switching Technology for Future of Power Systems

Even though switching in vacuum is a technology with almost 100 years of history,its recent develop-ments are still changing the future of power transmission and distribution systems.First,current switch-ing in vacuum is an eco-friendly technology compared to switching in SF 6 gas,which is the strongest greenhouse gas according to the Kyoto Protocol.Vacuum,an eco-friendly natural medium,is promising for reducing the usage of SF 6 gas in current switching in transmission voltage.Second,switching in vacuum achieves faster current interruption than existing alternating current(AC)switching technolo-gies.A vacuum circuit breaker(VCB)that uses an electromagnetic repulsion actuator is able to achieve a theoretical limit of AC interruption,which can interrupt a short-circuit current in the first half-cycle of a fault current,compared to the more common three cycles for existing current switching technologies.This can thus greatly enhance the transient stability of power networks in the presence of short-circuit faults,especially for ultra-and extra-high-voltage power transmission lines.Third,based on fast vacuum switching technology,various brilliant applications emerge,which are benefiting the power systems.They include the applications in the fields of direct current(DC)circuit breakers(CBs),fault current lim-iting,power quality improvement,generator CBs,and so forth.Fast vacuum switching technology is promising for controlled switching technology in power systems because it has low variation in terms of opening and closing times.With this controlled switching,vacuum switching technology may change the“gene”of power systems,by which power switching transients will become smoother.

Investigation of cathode spot characteristics in vacuum under transverse magnetic field (TMF) contacts

With the continuous improvement of current levels in power systems, the demands on the breaking capacity requirements of vacuum circuit breakers are getting higher and higher. The breaking capacity of vacuum breakers is determined by cathode spots, which provide electrons and metal vapor to maintain the arc. In this paper, experiments were carried out on two kinds of transverse magnetic field（TMF） contacts in a demountable vacuum chamber, the behavior of the cathode spots was recorded by a high-speed charge-coupled device（CCD） video camera, and the characteristics of the cathode spots were analyzed through the image processing method. The phenomenon of cathode spot groups and the star-shaped pattern of the spots were both discovered in the experiment. The experimental results show that with the condition of TMF contacts the initial expansion speed of cathode spots is influenced by some parameters, such as the tested current, contact gap, the structure of the contact, the contact diameter, the number of slots, etc. In addition, the influence of the magnetic field on the formation of the cathode spot groups, the distribution, and the dynamic characteristics of the cathode spots were analyzed. It is concluded that the characteristics of the cathode spots are due to the effect of the magnetic field on the near-cathode plasma. The study of the characteristics of cathode spots in this paper would be helpful in the exploration of the physical process of vacuum arcs, and would be of guiding significance in optimizing the design of vacuum circuit breakers.

The influence of weak transverse magnetic field on plasma dissipation process in the post-arc phase in a vacuum interrupter

Transverse magnetic field(TMF)contacts and applying external TMF are often adopted for reducing the ablation of the contact surface,but TMF will also affect the breaking performance of the vacuum interrupters.In this work,we investigated the influence of weak TMF on the expansion of the plasma in the post-arc phase with one-dimensional implicit particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo collision model,and we added an external circuit to the model to ensure the correctness of the calculation results.We simulated multiple magnetic field strengths(<30 mT),compared the plasma expansion process with the TMF strengths of 0 mT and 10 mT,and discussed the influence of metal vapor density on the insulation performance recovery of the vacuum interrupter.From the results,applying TMF with strength below 5 mT has little effect on the expansion of the plasma,and the TMF can increase the plasma density which improve the flow capacity of vacuum circuit breakers when the magnetic field above 10 mT,which is because the particles become more difficult to leave the discharge area under the force of the magnetic field.In general,we find that weak external TMF may adversely affect the breaking performance of the vacuum circuit breakers.

VD4型真空断路器故障排查及维修方法研究

VD4型真空断路器是以空气为绝缘的户内式开关设备元件,目前广泛应用于企事业单位正在运行的变配电系统,由于其数量庞大以及部分单位使用维护不当,工作中不难见到VD4型真空断路器故障造成长时间停电的现象。为使断路器可靠稳定工作,除了必要的检查和维护,还应掌握断路器的结构和动作原理,熟悉常见故障的分析、判断和排除方法。科学规范的检查、维护可以维持开关设备的无故障运行并获得最长的使用寿命。通过对VD4型真空断路器控制原理的分析研究,结合维修工作实际,提出了排故和检修要建立系统分析的观念,综合分析电气控制线路的能流走向以及连锁和互锁要求,按照操作功能划分动作区域,进而通过分步检修实现故障排除,积极探索和实践VD4型真空断路器的故障排查及维修方法。