Vacuum Treatment for Simultaneous Desulphurization and Dephosphorization of Hot Metal and Molten Steel

The vacuum treatment for simultaneous desulphurization and dephosphorization of hot metal and molten steel with pre-melted CaO-based slag was carried out.For pre-treatment of hot metal,both desulphurization and dephosphorization are improved with the increase of CaO in slag,but deteriorated with the increase of CaF2 in slag.The average desulphurization and dephosphorization rate is 68.83 % and 78.46 %,respectively.For molten steel,the substitution of BaO for CaO in slag has minor effect on simultaneous desulphurization and dephosphorization.The desulphurization and dephosphorization rate is higher than 90% and 50% respectively with the lowest final sulfur and phosphorus mass percent being 0.001 2% and 0.010%,respectively.The overall effect of simultaneous desulphurization and dephosphorization of molten steel is better than that of hot metal.

EFFECT OF VACUUM HEAT TREATMENT ON OXIDATION BEHAVIOR OF SPUTTERED NiCrAlY COATING

A bond coat for thermal barrier coating (TBC), NiCrAlY coating, is subjected to vac-uum heat treatment in order to remove internal stress before ceramic top coat is de-posited. The effect of vacuum heat treatment on the oxidation behavior of the sputtered NiCrAlY coating has been investigated. The as-sputtered NiCrAlY coating consists of γ-Ni and b-NiAl phases. After vacuum heat treatment, the sputtered NiCrAlY coating mainly consists of γ'-Ni3Al, β-NiAl, γ-Ni, and trace of α-Al2O3 phases. The isothermal oxidation of sputtered NiCrAlY coating with and without vacuum heat treatment has been performed at 1000℃. It is shown that a-Al2O3 formed during vacuum heat treatment acts as nuclei for the formation of a-Al2O3, and the protective a-Al2O3 scale is formed more rapidly on the vacuum heat treated NiCrAlY coating than that formed on the untreated coating. Also the a-Al2O3 scale has a better adherence to the vacuum heat treated NiCrAlY coating. Therefore the vacuum heat treatment improves the oxidation resistance of sputtered NiCrAlY coating.

Synergistic effects of composition and heat treatment on microstructure and properties of vacuum die cast Al-Si-Mg-Mn alloys

The purpose of this study was to prepare high-quality Al-Si-Mg-Mn alloy with a good combination of strength and ductility employing the vacuum-assisted high-pressure die cast process. An orthogonal study of heat treatments was conducted to design an optimized T6 heat treatment process for both Al-10%Si-0.3%Mg-Mn and Al-11%Si-0.6%Mg-Mn alloys. The results demonstrate that no obvious blisters and warpage were observed in these two alloys with solid solution treatment. After the optimal T6 heat treatment of 530°C×3 h + 165°C×6 h, Al-11%Si-0.6%Mg-Mn alloy has better mechanical properties, of which tensile strength, yield strength and elongation reached 377.3 MPa, 307.8 MPa and 9%, respectively. The improvement of mechanical properties can be attributed to the high density of needle-like β″(Mg_5Si_6) precipitation after aging treatment and the fine and spherical eutectic Si particles uniformly distributed in the α-Al matrix.

Flexible Furnace Concepts for Vacuum Heat Treatment Combined with High-pressure Gas Quenching

IN the past five years the process combination of vacuum hardening, respectively vacuum carburizing with high-pressure gas quenching was successfully introduced to the market, especially in the manufacture of gears. In the meantime furnace concepts for various applications are available to the industry. In the following report three plant varieties are introduced, which differ in process flexibility and throughput. This report also explains criteria for the selection of a furnace in view of the existing application requirements. Besides this a short introduction is given into the vacuum carburizing process and the high-pressure gas quenching technology.

Vacuum Furnace - Integrated“Sub zero” Treatment

The vacuum heat treatment with overpressure gas quenching is more and more accepted due to considerable advantages compared to the traditional oil and salt bath processes. Continuous further developments and new concepts like multi-directional cooling systems, a separate quenching chamber and "sub zero" systems lead towards an oxidation free and low distortion vacuum heat treatment for a broad range of parts and materials. Short and energy saving processes guarantee a high economic efficiency and environmental compatibility. The "sub zero" system which is integrated into the standard vacuum furnace achieves a heat treatment result with a high conversion of retained austenite in fully automatic hardening and tempering processes.

Numerical Simulation of Vacuum Heat Treatment Thermal Hysteresis Time of GH4169 Superalloy Workpiece

A nonlinear finite element model of vacuum heat treatment process was developed. In this model, influence of many factors, such as nonlinear heat radiation, temperature-dependent thermal physical properties of material are considered. The temperature field of GH4169 alloy workpiece during vacuum heat treatment process was calculated using finite element software MSC.Marc, and the thermal hysteresis time of the workpiece was predicted. An experiment of vacuum heat treatment of GH4169 superalloy workpiece was carried out to verify the calculation. The experimental results of temperature profile agree well with the simulated results. This work lays a theoretical foundation for optimizing technical parameter of vacuum heat treatment process.

Effect of vacuum heat treatment on microstructure and microhardness of cold sprayed Cu-4Cr-2Nb alloy coating

The effect of vacuum heat treatment on the microstructure and microhardness of cold-sprayed Cu-4%Cr-2%Nb alloy coating was investigated. The heat treatment was conducted under the temperatures from 250 ℃ to 950 ℃ with a step of 100 ℃ for 2 h. It was found that a dense thick Cu-4Cr-2Nb coating could be formed by cold spraying. After heat treatment, a Cr2Nb phase was uniformly distributed in the matrix, which was transferred from the gas-atomized feedstock. A little grain growth of Cr2Nb phase was observed accompanying with the healing-up of the incomplete interfaces between the deposited particles at the elevated temperatures. The coating microhardness increases a little with increasing the temperature to 350 ℃, and then decreases with further increasing temperature up to 950 ℃. This fact can be attributed to the microstructure evolution during the heat treatment.

Influence of TiCl_4 treatment on performance of dye-sensitized solar cell assembled with nano-TiO_2 coating deposited by vacuum cold spraying

Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) treatment was employed to TiO2 coating deposited on fluoride-doped tin oxide (FTO) conducting glass and indium oxide doped tin oxide (ITO) conducting glass, respectively. The nano-crystalline TiO2 coating was deposited using a composite powder composed of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 25 nm TiO2 particles by vacuum cold spraying (VCS) process. A commercial N-719 dye was used to adsorb on the surface of TiO2 coating to prepare TiO2 electrode, which was applied to assemble dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC). The cell performance was measured under simulated solar light at an intensity of 100 mW·cm-2. Results show that with an FTO substrate the DSC composed of a VCS TiO2 electrode untreated by TiCl4 gives a short-circuit current density of 13.1 mA·cm-2 and an open circuit voltage of 0.60 V corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 4.4%. It is found that after TiCl4 treatment to the VCS TiO2 electrode with an FTO substrate, the short circuit current density of the cell increases by 31%, the open-circuit voltage increases by 60 mV and a higher conversion yield of 6.5% was obtained. However, when an ITO substrate is used to deposit TiO2 coating by VCS, after TiCl4 treatment, the conversion efficiency of the assembled cell reduces slightly due to corrosion of the conducting layer on the ITO glass by TiCl4.

Influence of vacuum heat treatment on structure and micro-hardness of electroless Ni-P-SiC composite coating

The electroless Ni-P-SiC composite coatings were prepared and the influence of vacuum heat treatment on its structure and properties was analyzed. The Ni-P-SiC composite coatings were characterized by morphology,structure and micro-hardness. The morphology and structure of the Ni-P-SiC composite coatings were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffractometry(XRD),respectively. A great deal of particles incorporation and uniform distribution were found in Ni-P-SiC composite coatings. XRD results show a broad peak of nickel and low intensity SiC peaks present on as-deposited condition. Micro-hardness of as-deposited Ni-P-SiC composite coatings is improved greatly,and the best micro-hardness is obtained after heat treatment in a high vacuum at 400 ℃ .

INFLUENCES OF VACUUM-BAKING TREATMENT TO SiC PARTICULATES ON PREPARING AI-MATRIX COMPOSITE

A study was made of influences of vacuum-baking treatment to SiC particulates on preparing cast Al-martix composite. By means of quadripole mass analyser(QMA), gases absorbed on the surface of SiC particulate have been investigated, it is found that gases and pollutants absorbed on the surface prohibit SiC particulates from uniformly dispersing in the alloy melt.

Studies on Preparation of Onion-like Fullerenes by Vacuum Heat-treatment

Onion-like Fullerenes were produced at high-temperature in vacuum. The morphology of the carbon nano onion-like fullerenes was examined and characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). It can be seen that the nano-sized, onion-like fullerenes possess high degree of graphization. The results suggested that the catalyst is the main factor affecting the size and yield of the fullerenes. The method is very promising for simple mass production.

The Integration of Vacuum Brazing into Heat Treatment - A Progressive Combined Process

The continuous constructive challenge to improve the functionality and efficiency of components always results in higher demands on production engineering, against the background of the generally increasing cost pressure. In many cases, you will just succeed in producing competitive and innovative products by combining and coupling of different procedures to an independent (hybrid) technology. The use of hybrid procedures for metal joining and heat treatment of metallic materials finds more and more industrial fields of application. Modern vacuum lines with integrated pressurized gas quenching are considered high-performance and flexible means of production for brazing and heat treatment tasks as well in the turbine industry as in the mould making and tool manufacturing industry. In doing so, the heat treatment is coupled with the brazing cycle in a combined process so that the brazing temperatures and soak times are adapted to the necessary temperatures and times for solution heat treatment and austeniting. This user-oriented article describes on the one hand examples of brazing of turbine components, but above all the practical experience from the plastics processing industry, where the requirement for a high-efficient cooling of injection moulding dies gains more and more importance. The combined procedure "Vacuum Brazing and Hardening" offers plenty of possibilities to produce mould inserts with an efficient tempering system in an economic way.

真空冷冻预干燥对压差膨化干燥果蔬脆片质地特性的影响

为探索预干燥处理对不同果蔬脆片结构及质地特性的影响,该研究采用真空冷冻干燥作为预干燥,并选取了3个水分转换点(60%、45%、30%),对预干燥过程中6种典型果蔬(苹果,梨,桃,山药,马铃薯,青萝卜)水分状态、细胞结构、收缩率、孔隙度、应力-松弛特性与质地特性进行测定与分析。结果表明,随着预干燥的进行,水分含量逐渐降低,自由水逐渐散失,以不易流动水为主,收缩率逐渐减小,孔隙度逐渐增大,硬度、咀嚼性、弹性模量逐渐增加;水分转换点为60%时不同果蔬脆片具有较高的硬脆度,其中马铃薯与山药脆片硬度较高,桃与梨的脆片脆度较高;水分转换点为30%时,6种果蔬的孔隙度最高,且青萝卜的孔隙度显著高于其他果蔬(P <0.05);在干燥后期,果蔬样品骨架基本形成,且收缩率较低,致使内部孔隙度变大;由相关性分析可知真空冷冻预干燥过程中水分转换点、孔隙度与果蔬脆片质地特性极显著相关(P <0.05),研究结果可为预干燥对果蔬脆片质地影响提供参考。

真空热处理对落叶松木材纤维素形貌及结构的影响

以我国东北主要用材树种落叶松木材为研究对象,采用真空热处理方法对其材质进行改良,探究其纤维素形貌及结构热响应机制。采用湿化学法提取未处理和不同真空热处理条件下(180~220℃温度范围,处理6 h)落叶松木材纤维素,利用扫描电子显微镜观察其形貌,X射线光电子能谱和X射线衍射仪分析其化学结构及结晶度变化。结果表明:未处理木材提取的纤维素呈棒状且表面有序平行结构,热处理后木材纤维素变弯曲且表面呈扭曲结构,并随热处理温度升高,纤维素表面扭曲越显著。由X射线光电子能谱分析,随热处理强度增加,纤维素O/C比值由未处理材65.5%降低至59.5%,并且C1含量增加、C2和C3分别降低,表明热处理木材提取的纤维素碳链缩短,并且其表面存在半纤维素以及热处理过程中木质素与碳水化合物缩聚反应形成的木质素-碳水化合物。随热处理温度提高,纤维素结晶度增加,同时纤维素中Ⅱ型占比提高、Ⅰ型降低,并且二者晶胞结构和分子基团构象存在差异,进而导致热处理前后木材提取的纤维素形貌结构不同。研究结果有助于深入理解木材化学成分热响应特性,为优化真空热处理改性木材工艺提供理论依据。

轨道交通用钢中Ds夹杂物特征及控制

为有效控制轨道交通用钢中夹杂物危害,借助扫描电镜和能谱分析对钢中DS夹杂物特征进行了分析。Ds夹杂物形状呈现典型球形,夹杂物成分主要为钙铝酸盐,尺寸在206μm左右,且周围包裹一层CaS夹杂物。通过对生产过程关键技术指标的分析,认为形成该类DS夹杂物主要原因为钙处理过程夹杂物上浮去除时间不足以及RH过程中Alt收得率低。通过优化改进钙处理工艺及RH运行工艺和洗槽工艺,取得明显效果,实现了钢中Ds夹杂物有效控制。

盾构废弃黏土泥浆真空脱水试验与理论研究

针对泥浆池中盾构废弃泥浆在上部真空脱水作用下倒渣及运渣受限等问题,提出了一种废弃泥浆底部真空脱水方法。采用自行研制的废弃泥浆底部真空脱水装置开展了自重、自重+底部真空荷载、自重稳定+底部真空荷载、自重稳定+底部分级真空荷载4组不同脱水荷载工况下废弃黏土泥浆模型试验,分析了废弃黏土泥浆的泥‒水界面沉降量、孔隙水压力以及脱水后含水率和总脱水量等物理量的变化规律。结果表明,先对废弃泥浆进行自重脱水处理,再对其底部分级施加真空作用的脱水方式具有更好的脱水效果。采用该方法对初始含水率为103.00%的废弃黏土泥浆进行脱水处理后,含水率分布范围为37.10%~62.65%,其内部孔隙水压力的最小值可达−73.09 kPa,接近底部真空作用值−80.00 kPa;且该工况相较于其余3种工况,平均沉降量分别提高了106.40%、2.91%、6.15%,总脱水量分别提高了122.0%、8.0%、5.1%。同时,基于分段线性化有限差分(CS2)模型建立了废弃黏土泥浆真空脱水数值计算模型,对废弃黏土泥浆在脱水过程中泥‒水界面沉降量进行数值模拟,验证了数值计算模型的有效性。

FV520B钢叶轮的真空热处理

对FV520B钢试样和叶轮在真空炉中进行了1050℃加热随后炉冷至850℃,再在通入氮气的真空炉中冷却至50℃空冷的固溶处理,在真空炉中在850℃加热随后在充入氮气的真空炉中冷却至50℃空冷的调整处理,以及在真空炉中603℃时效处理。热处理后检测了叶轮的力学性能、显微组织和坐标尺寸。结果表明:叶轮的力学性能和坐标尺寸均符合要求,显微组织由回火马氏体、奥氏体和弥散分布的析出相组成,对FV520B钢叶轮进行真空热处理是可行的。

一种高硬度复杂薄壁翼片的机械加工工艺设计

一种高硬度复杂薄壁翼片目前没有高速铣削的加工手段可利用,需要普通铣削结合真空炉处理的方式来满足产品技术要求,加工难度大,生产进度紧。通过工艺攻关、工艺优化形成了翼片的机械加工工艺方案,采用普通铣削后进行真空炉淬火的方式保证翼片角度、厚度、孔径和力学性能要求,最后用电火花切割的方式将工件与工艺台分离保证翼轴孔距和外形尺寸。结合真空炉处理和电火花切割的特点,及时处理了加工过程中出现的热处理变形、切割外形导致孔距超差等技术问题,最终保证首批次合格产品按进度交付。所涉及到的翼片工艺方案、工艺台、定位基准选择、控制热处理变形的工装、电火花切割工装等内容属于西安现代控制技术研究所首次应用,具有创新性,对于弹体结构件中技术要求较高的翼片及同类结构的零件有一定的参考价值。

模具真空热处理

热处理是保证模具性能和寿命的关键环节,真空热处理具有无氧化、无脱碳、可脱脂脱气、表面质量好和热处理变形小等优点,广泛应用于模具的热处理。首次修订的标准GB/T 22561—2023真空热处理规定了金属材料在真空状态下热处理设备、工艺过程与工艺规范等要求,有利于指导和规范模具真空热处理生产,提高模具质量,推动我国模具工业高质量发展。

数智化全自动标本转移系统在手术病理标本前处理流程中的应用

目的:探讨在数智化管理背景下,由手术室护士主导的数智化全自动标本转移系统在手术病理标本前处理流程中的应用效果,为提高手术病理标本质量提供参考。方法:构建数智化全自动标本转移系统,并将其应用于手术病理标本前处理流程中,比较系统应用前(2023年4月—7月)和系统应用后(2023年8月—11月)的病理标本送检效率、送检质量、手术室护士心理压力及医护人员满意度。结果:应用数智化全自动标本转移系统后,病理标本前处理流程时长较应用前平均减少3.66 min,一次性接收合格率由87.07%提高至96.42%,病理送检质量满意率较高,护士工作压力显著缓解,医务人员满意度明显提高,以上差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:数智化全自动标本转移系统应用于手术标本前处理流程中可有效提高手术标本前处理效率并缓解护士工作压力,保障病理标本送检质量,为医疗诊断提供可靠的依据,有效减少医务人员职业暴露,提升医护人员满意度。