Wavelength calibration and spectral analysis of vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy in EAST

A vacuum ultraviolet(VUV)spectroscopy with a focal length of 1 m has been engineered specifically for observing edge impurity emissions in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST).In this study,wavelength calibration for the VUV spectroscopy is achieved utilizing a zinc lamp.The grating angle and charge-coupled device(CCD)position are carefully calibrated for different wavelength positions.The wavelength calibration of the VUV spectroscopy is crucial for improving the accuracy of impurity spectral data,and is required to identify more impurity spectral lines for impurity transport research.Impurity spectra of EAST plasmas have also been obtained in the wavelength range of 50–300 nm with relatively high spectral resolution.It is found that the impurity emissions in the edge region are still dominated by low-Z impurities,such as carbon,oxygen,and nitrogen,albeit with the application of fulltungsten divertors on the EAST tokamak.

Characterization of Vacuum Ultraviolet (VUV) Radiation for the Development of a Fluorescent Lamp

A negative unipolar pulsed voltage is applied to study internal electrical parameters of the xenon filled dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） sources. The VUV radiation emitted from these sources is characterized by means of the photoluminescence intensity of the red phosphor pellet. The red phosphor converts the VUV radiation into visible radiation and the emission spectra include a peak at 619.56 nm. The emission characteristics of the red phosphor are analyzed in terms of the pressure-distance （pd）, rise time and frequency of the pulsed voltage waveform. The emission intensity measured at different operational conditions confirms that the formation and decay of the xenon excimer, Xe2^＊, increase with the increase in reduced electric field, E/N. After exceeding certain limits of E/N, the intensity of Xe2^＊ decreases rapidly.

A SCINTILLATOR-OPTICAL FIBER SYSTEM FOR VACUUM ULTRAVIOLET(VUV)SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENT

Spectroscopy of vacuum ultraviolet(VUV)radiation emitted by intrinsic and injected impurities in tokamak plasma is an important plasma diagnostic tool.Much information of impurity concentration,radiation loss,the effective ion charge(z_(eff)),particle transport and other quantities which may affect the behavior of the discharge can be obtained from the measurements of VUV line radiation.

Photodegradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet light

The photodegradation of persistent and bioaccumulative perftuorooctanoic acid （PFOA） in water by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） light was examined to develop an effective technology to deal with PFOA pollution. PFOA degraded very slowly under irradiation of 254 nm UV light. However, 61.7% of initial PFOA was degraded by 185 nm VUV light within 2 h, and defluorination ratio reached 17.1%. Pseudo first-order-kinetics well simulated its degradation and defluorination. Besides, fluoride ion formed in water, 4 shorter-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids （PFCAs）, that is, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, and perfluorobutanoic acid. These were identified as intermediates by LC-MS measurement. These PFCAs consecutively formed and further degraded with irradiation time. According to the mass balance calculation, no other byproducts were formed. It was proposed that PFCAs initially are decarboxylated by 185 nm light, and the radical thus formed reacts with water to form shorter-chain PFCA with one less CF2 unit.

Vacuum Ultraviolet Excited Photoluminescence Properties of Y_2O_2S:Eu^(3+),Bi^(3+) Phosphor

As an Hg-free lamp using phosphor, the Bi^3＋ and EH^3＋ co-doped Y2O2S phosphors were prepared and their luminescence properties under vacuum ultraviolet（VUV） excitation were investigated. The VUV photoluminescent intensity of Y2O2S：Eu^3＋ was weak, however, considerably stronger red emission at 626 nm with good color purity was observed in Y2O2S：Eu^3＋,Bi^3＋ systems. Investigation on the photoluminescence reveals that the strong VUV luminescence of Y2O2S：Eu^3＋,Bi^3＋ at 147 nm is mainly because the Bi^3＋ acts as a medium and effectively performs the energy transfer process： Y^3＋-O^2-→Bi^3＋→Eu^3＋, while the intense emission band at 172 nm is attributed to the absorption of the characteristic ^1So-^1P1 transition of Bi^3＋ and the direct energy transfer from Bi^3＋ to Eu^3＋. The Y2O2S：Eu^3＋,Bi^3＋ shows excellent VUV optical properties compared with the commercial （Y,Gd）BO3：Eu^3＋. Thus, the Y2O2S：Eu^3＋,Bi^3＋ can be a potential red VUV-excited candidate applied in Hg-free lamps for backlight of liquid crystal display.

Photofragmentation of Isoleucine by Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoionization

Vacuum ultraviolet photon-induced ionization and dissociation of isoleucine are investi- gated with synchrotron radiation photoionization mass spectroscopy and theoretical cal- culations. The main fragment ions at m/z=86, 75, 74, 69, 57, 46, 45, 44, 41, 30, 28, and 18 from isoleucine are observed in the mass spectrum at the photon energy of 13 eV. From the photoionization efficiency curves, appearance energies for the principal fragment ions CsH12N＋ （rn/z=86）, C2H5NO2＋ （m/z=75）, C5H9＋ （rn/z=-69）, C4H9＋ （m/z=57）, and CH4N＋ （m/z=30） are determined to be 8.844-0.07, 9.254-0.06, 10.20-4-0.12, 9.254-0.10, and 11.05＋0.07 eV, respectively, and possible formation pathways are established in detail by the calculations at the B3LYP/6-31＋＋G（d, p） levels. These proposed channels include simple bond cleavage reactions as well as reactions involving intermediates and transition structures. The experimental and computational appearance energies or barriers are in good agreement.

Experimental Study of Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Effects and Its Synergistic Effects with Atomic Oxygen on a Spacecraft Material-Polytetrafluoroethylene

Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), a widely used spacecraft material, isstudied to investigate the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) effects and its synergistic effects with atomicoxygen (AO) in a ground-based simulation facility. The samples before and after the experiments arecompared in appearance, mass, optical properties and surface composition. The reactioncharacteristics of Teflon are summarized and the reaction mechanisms are analyzed. The followingconclusion can be drawn: at the action of VUV the Teflon sample surface is darkened for theaccumulation of carbon; and when the sample is exposed to AO, the carbon is oxidized and thedarkening surface is bleached; the synergistic effects of VUV and AO may cause the erosion of Teflonmore severe.

Surface investigation on Upilex-S polymide film iradiated by vacuum ultraviolet radiation

Vacuum ultraviolet radiation of Upilex-S polyimide film 25 μm thick was performed using a gas jet type of vacuum ultraviolet simulator which gives unfixed wavelength from 5 nm to 200 nm.Nanoparticles redeposited on the films were observed and the nanoparticles formed on the surface consist mainly of carbon clusters.Changes in the composition and the chemical characteristics of film surface after radiation were identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS).Relative O content in the radiated area was found to be higher,while N content was lower than in the pristine area.This indicates that Upilex-S polyimide film releases N atoms as volatile species.And the C1s,O1s envelopes were fitted using Multipak Spectrum software.The surface morphologies on iradiated area were examined by Atomic Force Microscope(AFM).Pieces of radiant products protrude from the eradiated surface,leading to considerable roughness for the iradiated area.And the surface transmittance of Upilex-S film after radiation reduces.

Development of vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy for measuring edge impurity emission in the EAST tokamak

The dominant wavelength range of edge impurity emissions moves from the visible range to the vacuum ultraviolet(VUV)range,as heating power increasing in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST).The measurement provided by the existing visible spectroscopies in EAST is not sufficient for impurity transport studies for high-parameters plasmas.Therefore,in this study,a VUV spectroscopy is newly developed to measure edge impurity emissions in EAST.One Seya-Namioka VUV spectrometer(McPherson 234/302)is used in the system,equipped with a concave-corrected holographic grating with groove density of 600 grooves mm-1.Impurity line emissions can be observed in the wavelength range ofλ=50-700 nm,covering VUV,near ultraviolet and visible ranges.The observed vertical range is Z=-350-350 mm.The minimum sampling time can be set to 5 ms under full vertical binning(FVB)mode.VUV spectroscopy has been used to measure the edge impurity emission for the 2019 EAST experimental campaign.Impurity spectra are identified for several impurity species,i.e.,lithium(Li),carbon(C),oxygen(O),and iron(Fe).Several candidates for tungsten(W)lines are also measured but their clear identification is very difficult due to a strong overlap with Fe lines.Time evolutions of impurity carbon emissions of CⅡat 134.5 nm and CⅢat 97.7 nm are analyzed to prove the system capability of time-resolved measurement.The measurements of the VUV spectroscopy are very helpful for edge impurity transport study in the high-parameters plasma in EAST.

Effects of Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation on Atomic Oxygen Erosion of Polysiloxane/SiO_2 Hybrid Coatings

Polysiloxane/SiO2 hybrid coatings have been prepared on Kapton films by a sol-gel process. The erosion resistance of polysiloxane/Si02 （20 wt pct） coating was evaluated by exposure tests of vacuum ultraviolet radiation （VUV） and atomic oxygen beam （AO） in a ground-based simulation facility. The experimental results indicate that this coating exhibits better AO resistance than pure polysiloxane coating. The erosion yield （Ey） of the polysiloxane/Si02 （20 wt pct） hybrid coating is about 10-27 cm3/atom, being one or two orders of magnitude lower than that of polysiloxane. VUV radiation can affect the erosion process greatly. Under simultaneous AO and VUV exposure, the value of Ey of the polysiloxane/5iO2 （20 wt pct） hybrid coating increases by 3g% compared with that under single AO exposure.

A novel Dy^(3+)-doped GdPO_4 white-light phosphors under vacuum ultraviolet excitation for Hg-free lamps application

Novel Dy3＋-doped GdPO4 white light phosphors with monoclinic system were successfully synthesised by hydrothermal method at 240℃. This paper investigates the luminescence properties of white-light Gd1-xPO4 ： xDy3＋ under vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） excitation. The strong absorption at around 147 nm in excitation spectrum energy can be transferred to the energy levels of Dy3＋ ion from the host absorption. Additionally, this white light phosphors are activated by a single Dy3＋ ion and with a lower preparation temperature, which tend to decrease the consumption of rare earth resource and energy. Therefore, the luminescence of Gd1-xPO4 ： xDy3＋ under VUV excitation is effective, and proves to be promising in application to mercury-flee lamp.

Application of Laser Dispersion Method in Apparatus Combining H Atom Rydberg Tagging Time-of-Flight Technique with Vacuum Ultraviolet Free Electron Laser

Photodissociation of H2S in the VUV region plays an important role in the atmospheric chemistry and interstellar chemistry.To date,however,few studies have been focused on this topic.In this article,we have described a laser dispersion method applied in the apparatus combining the high-n H atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight technique with the vacuum ultraviolet free electron laser(VUV FEL).The Lyman-αlaser beam(121.6 nm)used in the H-atom detection was generated by the difference frequency four-wave mixing schemes in a Kr/Ar gas cell.After passing through an off-axis biconvex LiF lens,the 121.6 nm beam was dispersed from the 212.6 nm and 845 nm beams due to the different deflection angles experienced by these laser beams at the surfaces of the biconvex lens.This method can eliminate the background signal from the 212.6 nm photolysis.Combined with the VUV FEL,photodissociation of H2S at 122.95 nm was studied successfully.The TOF spectrum was measured and the derived total kinetic energy release spectrum was displayed.The results suggest that the experimental setup is a powerful tool for investigating photodissociation dynamics of molecules in the VUV region which involves the H-atom elimination processes.

Vacuum Ultraviolet Free-Electron Laser Photoionization Mass Spectrometry of Alpha-pinene Ozonolysis

α-pinene is the most abundant monoterpene that represents an important family of volatile organic compounds.Molecular identification of key transient compounds during theα-pinene ozonolysis has been proven to be a challenging experimental target because of a large number of intermediates and products involved.Here we exploit the recently developed hybrid instruments that integrate aerosol mass spectrometry with a vacuum ultraviolet free-electron laser to study theα-pinene ozonolysis.The experiments ofα-pinene ozonolysis are performed in an indoor smog chamber,with reactor having a volume of 2 m^(3) which is made of fluorinated ethylene propylene film.Distinct mass spectral peaks provide direct experimental signatures of previously unseen compounds produced from the reaction ofα-pinene with O_(3).With the aid of quantum chemical calculations,plausible mechanisms for the formation of these new compounds are proposed.These findings provide crucial information on fundamental understanding of the initial steps ofα-pinene oxidation and the subsequent processes of new particle formation.

Infrared Spectroscopy of Neutral Clusters Based on a Vacuum Ultraviolet Free Electron Laseri

Spectroscopic characterization of clusters is crucial to understanding the structures and reaction mechanisms at the microscopic level,but it has been proven to be a grand challenge for neutral clusters because the absence of a charge makes it di伍cult for the size selection and detection.Infrared(IR)spectroscopy based on threshold photoionization using a tunable vacuum ultraviolet free electron laser(VUV-FEL)has recently been developed in the lab.The IR-VUV depletion and IR+VUV enhancement spectroscopic techniques open new avenues for size-selected IR spectroscopies of a large variety of neutral clusters without confinement(i.e.,an ultraviolet chromophore,a messenger tag,or a host matrix).The spectroscopic principles have been demonstrated by investigations of some neutral water clusters and some metal carbonyls.Here,the spectroscopic principles and their applications for neutral clusters are reviewed.

Temperature-Dependent Emission of Pr^(3+)-Doped LaB_3O_6 under Vacuum Ultraviolet Excitation

The vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） luminescent properties of Pr^3＋ -activated LaB3O6 were investigated with highenergetic synchrotron radiation from 20 to 300 K. In the emission spectra, the parity-forbidden 4f^2→4f^2 and parity-allowed 4f5d→4f^2 transitions were observed simultaneously. In addition, it was also observed that the intensity of 4f5d→4f^2 emission bands increased relative to the intensity of 4f^2→4f^2 emissions with increasing temperature. The thermal equilibrium model of energy levels was employed with respect to the lowest 4f5d state and ^1S0 state of LaB3O6：Pr^3＋ , as a result of which the fitted curve had a good agreement with the experiment values, which clarified the physical nature of temperature-dependent emission characteristics of Pr^3＋ in LaB3O6.

Vacuum ultraviolet excited photoluminescence properties of Gd_2O_2CO_3:Eu^(3+) phosphor

The Gd2O2CO3：Eu^3＋ with type-Ⅱ structure phosphor was successfully synthesized via flux method at 400 ℃ and their photoluminescence properties in vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） region were examined. The broad and strong excitation bands in the range of 153-205 nm owing to the CO3^2- host absorption and charge transfer （CT） of Gd^3＋-O2^- were observed for Gd2O2CO3：Eu^3＋. Under 172 nm excitation, Gd2O2CO3：Eu^3＋ exhibited strong red emission with good color purity, indicating Eu^3＋ ions located at low symmetry sites and the chromaticity coordination of luminescence for Gd2O2CO3：Eu^3＋ was （x=0.652, y=0.345）. The photoluminescence quenching concentration of Eu^3＋ excited by 172 nm for Gd2O2CO3：Eu^3＋ was about 5%. Gd2O2CO3：Eu^3＋ would be a potential VUV-excited red phosphor applied in mercury-free fluorescent lamps.

Line identification of boron and nitrogen emissions in extreme-and vacuumultraviolet wavelength ranges in the impurity powder dropping experiments of the Large Helical Device and its application to spectroscopic diagnostics

An impurity powder dropper was installed in the 21 st campaign of the Large Helical Device experiment(Oct.2019–Feb.2020)under a collaboration between the National Institute for Fusion Science and the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory for the purposes of real-time wall conditioning and edge plasma control.In order to assess the effective injection of the impurity powders,spectroscopic diagnostics were applied to observe line emission from the injected impurity.Thus,extreme-ultraviolet(EUV)and vacuum-ultraviolet(VUV)emission spectra were analyzed to summarize observable impurity lines with B and BN powder injection.Emission lines released from B and N ions were identified in the EUV wavelength range of 5–300Ameasured using two grazing incidence flat-field EUV spectrometers and in the VUV wavelength range of 300–2400Ameasured using three normal incidence 20 cm VUV spectrometers.BI–BV and NIII–NVII emission lines were identified in the discharges with the B and BN powder injection,respectively.Useful B and N emission lines which have large intensities and are isolated from other lines were successfully identified as follows:BI(1825.89,1826.40)A(blended),BII 1362.46A,BIII(677.00,677.14,677.16)A(blended),BIV 60.31A,BV 48.59A,NIII(989.79,991.51,991.58)A(blended),NIV765.15A,NV(209.27,209.31)A(blended),NVI 1896.80A,and NVII 24.78A.Applications of the line identifications to the advanced spectroscopic diagnostics were demonstrated,such as the vertical profile measurements for the BV and NVII lines using a space-resolved EUV spectrometer and the ion temperature measurement for the BII line using a normal incidence 3 m VUV spectrometer.

High-Resolution Infrared-Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoion and Pulsed Field Ionization-Photoelectron Methods for Spectroscopic Studies of Neutrals and Cations

We show that by scanning the frequency of a single mode infrared （IR） optical parametric oscillator （IR- OPO） laser to excite the molecular species of interest and fixing the frequency of a vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） laser to photoionize the IR excited species, high-resolution IR spectra of polyatomic neutrals can be obtained with high sensitivity. The fact that this IR-VUV-photoion （IR-VUV-PI） method is based on VUV photoionization probe, and thus, allows the identification of the neutral IR absorber, makes it applicable for IR spectroscopy measurements of isotopemers, radicals, and clusters, which usually exist as impure samples. The highly resolved IR-VUV-PI measurements achieved using the single mode IR-OPO laser have made possible the selection of single rovibrational states of CH3X （X=Br and I）, C2H4, and C3H4 for VUV-pulsed field ionization-photoelectron （VUV-PFI-PE） measurements, resulting in rovibrationally resolved photoelectron spectra for these polyatomic molecules. These experiments show that the signal- to-noise ratios of the IR-VUV-PI and IR-VUV-PFI-PE spectra obtained by employing the high-resolution IR-OPO laser are significantly higher than those observed in previous IR-VUV-PI and IR-VUV-PFI-PE studies using a low-resolution IR-OPO laser. Further improvement in sensitivity of IR-VUV-PI and IR- VUV-PFI-PE measurements by using the collinear arrangement of IR-VUV lasers and molecular beam is discussed.

Vacuum Ultraviolet Photodissociation Dynamics of N_(2)O+hν→N_(2)(X^(1)Σg+)+O(^(1)S0) in the Short Wavelength Tail of D^(1)Σ+Band

Vacuum ultraviolet photodissociation dynamics of N2O+hν→N2(X^(1)Σg+)+O(^(1)S0)in the short wavelength tail of D^(1)Σ+band has been investigated using the time-sliced velocity-mapped ion imaging technique by probing the images of the O(^(1)S0)photoproducts at a set of photolysis wavelengths including 121.47 nm,122.17 nm,123.25 nm and 123.95 nm.The product total kinetic energy release distributions,vibrational state distributions of the N2(X^(1)Σg+)photofragments and angular anisotropy parameters have been obtained by analyzing the raw O(^(1)S0)images.It is noted that additional vibrationally excited photoproducts(3≤v≤8)with a Boltzmann-like feature start to appear except the non-statistical component as the photolysis wavelength decreases to 123.25 nm,and the corresponding populations become more pronounced with decreasing of the photolysis wavelength.Furthermore,the vibrational state specific anisotropy parameterβat each photolysis wavelength exhibits a drastic fluctuation nearβ=1.75 at v<8,and decreases to a minimum as the vibrational quantum number further increases.While the overall anisotropy parameterβfor the N2(X^(1)Σg+)+O(^(1)S0)channel presents a roughly monotonical increase from 1.63 at 121.47 nm to 1.95 at 123.95 nm.The experimental observations suggest that there is at least one fast nonadiabatic pathway from initially prepared D^(1)Σ+state to the dissociative state with bent geometry dominating to generate the additional vibrational structures at high photoexcitation energies.

Vacuum Ultraviolet Photodissociation Dynamics of OCS via the F Rydberg State:theS(^(3)P_(J=2,1,0))Product Channels

Vacuum ultraviolet(VUV)photodissociation dynamics of carbonyl sulfide was investigated experimentally by using a tunable photolysis light source and the timesliced velocity map ion imaging technique.Ion images of S(^(3)P_(J=2,1,0))dissociation products were measured at five photolysis wavelengths from 133.26 nm to 139.96 nm,corresponding to the F Rydberg state of OCS.Two dissociation channels:S(^(3)P_(J))+CO(X^(1)Σ+)and S(^(3)P_(J))+CO(A^(3)Π)were observed with the former being dominant.The vibrational states of CO co-products were partially resolved in the ion images.The product total kinetic energy releases,anisotropy parameters(β),and the branching ratios of high-lying CO vibrational states were determined for the S(^(3)P_(J))+CO(X^(1)Σ^(+))channel.We found that the anisotropy parameters suddenly changed from negative to positive when OCS was excited to the higher vibrational levels of the F state.Furthermore,the anisotropy parameters for S(^(3)P_(J))products of J=2,1,0 were even different.These anomalous phenomena may result from the simultaneous existence of both parallel and perpendicular dissociation mechanisms,suggesting the involvement of other electronic states with different symmetry in the initially-excited energy region.This work provides a further understanding of the nonadiabatic couplings in the VUV photodissociation process of OCS.