Semi-analytical solution for drained expansion analysis of a hollow cylinder of critical state soils

The expansion of a thick-walled hollow cylinder in soil is of non-self-similar nature that the stress/deformation paths are not the same for different soil material points.As a result,this problem cannot be solved by the common self-similar-based similarity techniques.This paper proposes a novel,exact solution for rigorous drained expansion analysis of a hollow cylinder of critical state soils.Considering stress-dependent elastic moduli of soils,new analytical stress and displacement solutions for the nonself-similar problem are developed taking the small strain assumption in the elastic zone.In the plastic zone,the cavity expansion response is formulated into a set of first-order partial differential equations(PDEs)with the combination use of Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions,and a novel solution algorithm is developed to efficiently solve this complex boundary value problem.The solution is presented in a general form and thus can be useful for a wide range of soils.With the new solution,the non-self-similar nature induced by the finite outer boundary is clearly demonstrated and highlighted,which is found to be greatly different to the behaviour of cavity expansion in infinite soil mass.The present solution may serve as a benchmark for verifying the performance of advanced numerical techniques with critical state soil models and be used to capture the finite boundary effect for pressuremeter tests in small-sized calibration chambers.

Improved statistical fluctuation analysis for two decoy-states phase-matching quantum key distribution

Phase-matching quantum key distribution is a promising scheme for remote quantum key distribution,breaking through the traditional linear key-rate bound.In practical applications,finite data size can cause significant system performance to deteriorate when data size is below 1010.In this work,an improved statistical fluctuation analysis method is applied for the first time to two decoy-states phase-matching quantum key distribution,offering a new insight and potential solutions for improving the key generation rate and the maximum transmission distance while maintaining security.Moreover,we also compare the influence of the proposed improved statistical fluctuation analysis method on system performance with those of the Gaussian approximation and Chernoff-Hoeffding boundary methods on system performance.The simulation results show that the proposed scheme significantly improves the key generation rate and maximum transmission distance in comparison with the Chernoff-Hoeffding approach,and approach the results obtained when the Gaussian approximation is employed.At the same time,the proposed scheme retains the same security level as the Chernoff-Hoeffding method,and is even more secure than the Gaussian approximation.

Morphology and valence state evolution of Cu:Unraveling the impact on nitric oxide electroreduction

Ammonia(NH3)serves as a critical component in the fertilizer industry and fume gas denitrification.However,the conventional NH3production process,namely the Haber-Bosch process,leads to considerable energy consumption and waste gas emissions.To address this,electrocatalytic nitric oxide reduction reaction(NORR)has emerged as a promising strategy to bridge NH3consumption to NH3production,harnessing renewable electricity for a sustainable future.Copper(Cu)stands out as a prominent electrocatalyst for NO reduction,given its exceptional NH3yield and selectivity.However,a crucial aspect that remains insufficiently explored is the effects of morphology and valence states of Cu on the NORR performance.In this investigation,we synthesized CuO nanowires(CuO-NF)and Cu nanocubes(Cu-NF)as cathodes through an in situ growth method.Remarkably,CuO-NF exhibited an impressive NH3yield of 0.50±0.02 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1)at-0.6 V vs.reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE)with faradaic efficiency of29,68%±1,35%,surpassing that of Cu-NF(0.17±0.01 mg cm^(-2)h^(-1),16.18%±1.40%).Throughout the electroreduction process,secondary cubes were generated on the CuO-NF surface,preserving their nanosheet cluster morphology,sustained by an abundant supply of subsurface oxygen(s-O)even after an extended duration of 10 h,until s-O depletion ensued.Conversely,Cu-NF exhibited inadequate s-O content,leading to rapid crystal collapse within the same timeframe.The distinctive current-potential relationship,akin to a volcano-type curve,was attributed to distinct NO hydrogenation mechanisms.Further Tafel analysis revealed the exchange current density(i0)and standard heterogeneous rate constant(k0)for CuO-NF,yielding 3.44×10^(-6)A cm^(-2)and 3.77×10^(-6)cm^(-2)s^(-1)when NORR was driven by overpotentials.These findings revealed the potential of CuO-NF for NO reduction and provided insights into the intricate interplay between crystal morphology,valence states,and electrochemical performance.

Bond Valence Sum Analysis of Tl(Ⅰ) and Tl(Ⅲ) Complexes with O and N Donors

The influence of the lone pair of electrons in thallium complexes is analyzed using the bond valence sum method.Bond length data for metal-organic Tl complexes were obtained from the Cambridge Structural Database（CSD）,and problems with searching the CSD file for Tl complexes are discussed.The recommended R0 values for Tl（Ⅰ）-O of 2.162 ,Tl（Ⅲ）-O of 2.016 ,Tl（Ⅰ）-N of 2.286 ？,and for Tl（Ⅲ）-N of 2.014 used with b = 0.37 were derived from analyses of homoleptic Tl-O,Tl-N,and heteroleptic Tl-O and-N metal organic complexes.These R0 values can be used to assign correctly the oxidation state of Tl in complexes containing any combination of Tl-O or Tl-N bonds.Examples of questionable oxidation states for Tl complexes are given.The R0 value for Tl（Ⅲ）-Cl of 2.300 was also determined.

Two-Photon Excited State Dynamics of Dark Rydberg and Bright Valence States in Furan

Two-photon absorption in systems with parity permits access to states that cannot be directly prepared by one-photon absorption. Here we investigate ultrafast internal conversion （IC） dynamics of furan by using this strategy in combination with femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron imaging. The dark Rydberg S1 and bright valence S2 states are simultaneously excited by two photons of 405 nm, and then ionized by two photons of 800nm. The IC from S2 to S1 is clearly observed and extracted from the time dependence of the higher photoelectron kinetic energy （PKE） component. More importantly, the internal conversions to hot So from directly-prepared S1 and secondarily-populated S1 are unambiguously identified by the time-dependence of the lower PKE component. The average lifetime of the S2 and S1 states is measured to be 29 fs. The internal conversions of S2 to S1, S1 to hot So occur on estimated timescales of 15.4 fs and 38 fs, respectively.

Structure Sorting of Multiple Macromolecular States in Heterogeneous Cryo-EM Samples by 3D Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Heterogeneity of biological samples is usually considered a major obstacle for three-dimensional (3D) structure determination of macromolecular complexes. Heterogeneity may occur at the level of composition or conformational variability of complexes and affects most 3D structure determination methods that rely on signal averaging. Here, an approach is described that allows sorting structural states based on a 3D statistical approach, the 3D sampling and classification (3D-SC) of 3D structures derived from single particles imaged by cryo electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The method is based on jackknifing & bootstrapping of 3D sub-ensembles and 3D multivariate statistical analysis followed by 3D classification. The robustness of the statistical sorting procedure is corroborated using model data from an RNA polymerase structure and experimental data from a ribosome complex. It allows resolving multiple states within heterogeneous complexes that thus become amendable for a structural analysis despite of their highly flexible nature. The method has important implications for high-resolution structural studies and allows describing structure ensembles to provide insights into the dynamics of multi-component macromolecular assemblies.

Comparative Analysis of Higher Education Between China and the United States

It is well-known that the United States,a highly developed country whether in high-tech.or higher education,is in a leading position in the world.Based on the comparison and analysis of higher education between China and the U.S.,this article highly affirms the advantages of American higher education,offers an objective comment on China's higher education reform in recent years,and earnestly indicates that China's higher education needs to be improved in order to facilitate greater development.

Valence state effect of Cu on photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction

Copper(Cu)is extensively employed in photocatalytic CO_(2)reduction reactions for the production of high-value products.The valence state of transition metals plays a pivotal role in influencing the catalytic process.However,due to the complex valence state changes of Cu in the CO_(2)reduction reaction,research on its valence state effect is lacking.The current work is to prepare a series of TiO_(2)/CuX with stable Cu valence composition using different copper halides(CuX and CuX_(2),X=Br or Cl)as precursors.The results show that the CuBr_(2)loading leads to Cu^(+)/Cu^(2+) mixed cocatalyst and exhibits the highest activity for CO_(2)photoreduction.The CH4 evolution rate of the TiO_(2)/CuBr_(2)catalyst is as high as 100.59μmol h^(-1)g^(-1),which is 6.6 times that of pristine TiO_(2).The CH4 selectivity reaches 77%.The enhanced catalytic activity and selectivity can be ascribed to the efficient surface adsorption,activation,excellent carrier separation,and transfer ofCu^(+)/Cu^(2+) mixed cocatalyst.Our findings provide a reference for designing highly active Cu-based photocatalysts.

Integrating the valence theory and the norm activation theory to understand consumers’ e-waste recycling intention

Electrical and electronic waste(e-waste)is a growing challenge,matching the widespread boom in the use of information and communication technology.Opposite to an alarming increasing amount of e-waste,a low rate of consumer engagement in ensuring the proper disposal of such materials intensifies the pressure on the exist‐ing e-waste crisis.To deal with this thorny problem,it is of great interest to grasp consumers’disposal and re‐cycling behavioral intentions.Therefore,this study attempts to understand complementary perspectives around consumers’e-waste recycling intention based on the integration of the valence theory and the norm activation theory.Four data mining models using classification and prediction-based algorithms,namely Chi squared automatic interaction detector(CHAID),Neural network,Discriminant analysis,and Quick,unbiased,efficient statistical tree(QUEST),were employed to analyze a set of the 398 data collected in Vietnam.The re‐sults revealed that the social support value is by far the most critical predictor,followed by the utilitarian value,task difficulty,and monetary risk.It is also noteworthy that the awareness of consequences,education background,the ascription of responsibility,and age were also ranked as critical affecting factors.The lowest influential predictors found in this study were income and gender.In addition,a comparison was made in terms of the classification performance of the four utilized data mining techniques.Based on several evalua‐tion measurements(confusion matrix,accuracy,precision,recall,specificity,F-measure,ROC curve,and AUC),the aggregated results suggested that CHAID and Neural network performed the best.The findings of this research are expected to assist policymakers and future researchers in updating all information surround‐ing consumer behavioral intention-related topics focusing on e-waste.Furthermore,the adoption of data min‐ing algorithms for prediction is another insight of this study,which may shed the light on data mining applica‐tions in such environmental studies in the future.

Complete hyperentangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state analysis for polarization and time-bin hyperentanglement

We present an efficient scheme for the complete analysis of hyperentangled Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger(GHZ)state in polarization and time-bin degrees of freedom with two steps. Firstly, the polarization GHZ state is distinguished completely and nondestructively, resorting to the controlled phase flip(CPF) gate constructed by the cavity-assisted interaction. Subsequently, the time-bin GHZ state is analyzed by using the preserved polarization entanglement. With the help of CPF gate and self-assisted mechanism, our scheme can be directly generalized to the complete N-photon hyperentangled GHZ state analysis, and it may have potential applications in the hyperentanglement-based quantum communication.

不同荷电状态磷酸铁锂电池热失控温度与产气特性分析

新能源产业的飞速发展使磷酸铁锂电池广泛应用于储能领域。磷酸铁锂电池电解液固有的可燃性使其热稳定性和安全性问题不容忽视。为了更好地防控储能电站的爆炸事故,有必要开展储能电池的热失控过程研究,并对产气过程和产气组分的危害性进行深入分析。开展了不同荷电状态(State of Charge, SOC)60 Ah磷酸铁锂电池热失控试验,根据电池温度演变曲线,将电池热失控过程分成三个阶段;依据电池产气曲线,将电池产气过程分为四个阶段;使用FLACS软件建模对预混气体进行了爆炸仿真,探索了SOC对可燃气体燃爆行为的影响规律,混合可燃气体的爆炸上下限和爆炸超压随着SOC的增大而增大。研究成果对储能电站的安全防护具有理论指导意义。

ABO_(3)载氧体A/B位金属对乙烷化学链氧化制乙烯性能影响实验研究

钙钛矿载氧体因其低廉的成本、A/B位掺杂金属的灵活多变、优良的氧储存释放性能而受到关注,被广泛应用于化学链式氧化反应中制备乙烯。该文采用柠檬酸络合法制备不同A/B位金属的ABO_(3)钙钛矿型载氧体,通过研究A/B位金属变化对乙烷催化反应性能的影响,得到具有最佳反应活性的载氧体。运用XPS、O_(2)-TPD等方法对催化剂的结构进行表征,为探究其本征反应特性规律,通过动力学研究发现,在形成钙钛矿载氧体的不同A/B位金属中,BaCoO_(3)具有最佳的反应性能,其中乙烷转化率最高达到60%,乙烯选择性达到75%,乙烯收率最高为46%。BaCoO_(3)经过12次循环反应后,乙烯选择性基本保持不变,乙烷转化率降低约4%。通过表征分析发现,比表面积和孔径略微减小,表明载氧体具有优良的稳定性。

辛夷的法象药理及其临床意义

“药象”是中药在自然生长和形成过程中产生的固有性质,也是形成药性药效的基础。辛夷独特的药象特征一直是古人细致观察与重点关注的内容。辛夷“必至四序并经,乃刳苞以出”的物候之象,可谓花木之独一份,也奠定了其独特的药性特点;辛夷形若毛桃,苞片坚韧而密被绒毛的药材之象,也是探讨其“以形治形”论治痼积癌肿的法象特征。经典本草古籍中辛夷广泛用于治疗风邪郁滞、经脉不通等诸多病证的作用机制皆与其药象特点密切相关。虽然后世受“舍鼻塞、鼻渊之症,无他用”之论所囿,但从其“法象药理”而言,辛夷不仅可轻宣升散,又善于内入脏腑以宣达阴伏之邪,深入巢窟以驱逐结聚之滞,可广泛应用于气血郁滞、沉寒痼冷、瘀毒结聚等病证。而这些功效主治的拓展,正是辛夷“象性合参”的意义所在。

Survival Analysis Using Cox Proportional Hazards Regression for Pile Bridge Piles Under Wet Service Conditions

This paper studies the deterioration of bridge substructures utilizing the Long-Term Bridge Performance(LTBP)Program InfoBridge^(TM)and develops a survival model using Cox proportional hazards regression.The survival anal­ysis is based on the National Bridge Inventory(NBI)dataset.The study calculates the survival rate of reinforced and prestressed concrete piles on bridges under marine conditions over a 29-year span(from 1992 to 2020).The state of Maryland is the primary focus of this study,with data from three neighboring regions,the District of Columbia,Vir­ginia,and Delaware to expand the sample size.The data obtained from the National Bridge Inventory are condensed and filtered to acquire the most relevant information for model development.The Cox proportional hazards regres­sion is applied to the condensed NBI data with six parameters:Age,ADT,ADTT,number of spans,span length,and structural length.Two survival models are generated for the bridge substructures:Reinforced and prestressed concrete piles in Maryland and reinforced and prestressed concrete piles in wet service conditions in the District of Columbia,Maryland,Delaware,and Virginia.Results from the Cox proportional hazards regression are used to construct Markov chains to demonstrate the sequence of the deterioration of bridge substructures.The Markov chains can be used as a tool to assist in the prediction and decision-making for repair,rehabilitation,and replacement of bridge piles.Based on the numerical model,the Pile Assessment Matrix Program(PAM)is developed to facilitate the assessment and main­tenance of current bridge structures.The program integrates the NBI database with the inspection and research reports from various states’department of transportation,to serve as a tool for condition state simulation based on mainte­nance or rehabilitation strategies.

考虑填充墙的RC框架结构性能指标限值确定方法

填充墙钢筋混凝土(RC)框架结构是我国应用最为广泛的结构形式之一,而我国规范中给出的此类结构性能指标限值并未充分考虑填充墙对整体结构破坏状态的影响。遵循我国规范中对结构破坏状态的定义原则,提出基于构件破坏率的填充墙RC框架结构性能指标限值确定方法,为此类结构破坏状态与工程需求参数对应关系的研究提供新的思路。以典型结构为例建立数值分析模型,采用该文方法计算考虑填充墙的RC框架结构性能指标限值,并与不考虑填充墙的“纯框架”限值进行了对比分析。相较于“纯框架指标”,该文指标完好、轻微破坏、中等破坏和严重破坏四个破坏状态的层间位移角上限值均更小,其中,完好状态的上限值为1/832,远小于规范中规定的弹性层间位移角限值1/550,说明判定填充墙RC框架结构的破坏状态时,直接应用规范限值会低估结构的破坏程度。

模型信息联合校正型自抗扰控制策略

为解决微电网受到不确定扰动时,会对直-直变换器输出的电能质量产生严重影响的问题,该文提出一种模型信息联合校正型自抗扰控制技术(ADRC-MIR)。在该控制策略中,首先借助串联超前校正的思想,以比例微分校正环节对线性扩张状态观测器的扰动观测传递函数进行修正,使其可实现对总和扰动更精确的跟踪;然后,根据状态空间平均法从被控系统中提取部分模型信息,将其写入修正后的线性扩张状态观测器的系数矩阵并最终构建出ADRC-MIR;随后基于理论推导,给出改进控制器的参数整定公式及其物理意义,并从噪声抑制、扰动抑制及其频域特性等方面指出改进后的控制器可提升控制品质的原因。最后通过对比不同工况下的数值仿真验证所提控制策略的可行性与正确性。

基于输入−状态联合估计的漂浮式风机塔架结构载荷反演及状态分析

[目的]旨在研究波浪作用下漂浮式风机塔架的结构载荷反演方法及动力响应状态。[方法]以半潜型风机为研究对象,通过时域仿真模拟测量数据,并且基于漂浮式风机的频域仿真模型计算塔架的质量归一化模态,将二者作为输入−状态联合估计(joint input-state estimation,JIS)算法的输入,对漂浮式风机塔架开展结构载荷反演以及实时状态分析。[结果]结果表明:基于JIS算法,以塔架节点的仿真数据作为算法的输入,估计的塔根载荷以及塔架节点响应与仿真结果具有良好的一致性,实现了高精度的反演。[结论]反演结果验证了JIS算法的有效性,可以用于漂浮式风机的实时状态分析,保障漂浮式风机长期安全稳定运行。

湖北襄阳地区土体剪切波波速与深度的相关性研究

为给出湖北襄阳地区典型粘性土、粉土、砂土及碎石土剪切波波速与深度之间的统计公式,基于收集到的102个实测钻孔波速资料,利用多种一元回归模型对襄阳地区常见土层剪切波波速与深度之间的关系进行拟合分析和相关性研究;同时,讨论土体状态对二者关系的影响;最后,利用实测钻孔数据验证统计公式的合理性和可靠性。研究结果表明:1)除人工填土外,襄阳地区其他常规土类剪切波波速与深度之间存在较强的相关性,且离散程度随深度的增加而增大;2)同一土类随密实度或塑性状态的增大,其平均剪切波波速也变大;3)考虑土体状态可以使回归模型的预测结果更加具体、更接近真实值,但对模型拟合优度的变化具有不确定性;4)区域性对土层剪切波波速与深度的统计关系有较大影响。本文研究的襄阳地区各土类剪切波波速回归模型较全国土类模型具有更好的预测精度和误差平稳性,可为南襄盆地及周边区域地震灾害风险普查、场地土动力学性质研究和地震动参数确定等提供参考。

表生水土环境铊污染成因研究现状与发展趋势

铊(Tl)是一种有毒的重金属,对人类的危害超过了汞、镉、铅、锌、铜等传统致毒重金属元素。本文总结了铊的元素特征及其地球化学行为、含铊矿床的全球分布及其成矿时代,对比分析了铊在三大类岩石中的分布差异性,系统回顾了铊的毒理性及其致病机理、铊污染源解析与示踪、表生环境铊的迁移与转化。通过研究发现,铊在三大类岩石中均有分布,且岩浆岩中铊元素呈规律性分布。铊与热液矿床关联性强,主要富集于与低温热液矿床有关的铅、锌等矿床中,且优先进入硫化物熔体,致使含硫化物矿床铊浓度较高。总体而言,我国土壤铊污染与铊矿产分布均具有“南高北低”的特征,显示铊污染与铊矿床的开采和冶炼具有显著关联性。水体中铊主要以Tl^(+)进行迁移,Tl^(+)可替代K^(+)进入黏土矿物,或通过微生物作用氧化成Tl^(3+)。铊从土壤中通过植物根系进入植物体后,将不均匀地分布于植物体内,^(203)Tl更容易向细胞膜表面动态扩散,植物根系优先吸收较轻的铊同位素(^(203)Tl),较重的铊同位素(^(205)Tl)留于生长层。通过对比铅与铊同位素示踪法,发现铊同位素法对于示踪物质来源及其迁移过程具有响应速度快、敏感性强等优势,但铊同位素技术的提升还有待铊同位素数据库的进一步完善。铊污染形成演化时空模拟是揭示污染来源、污染过程与发展趋势以及开展区域风险评估的重要手段,但数据获取、模型选择与验证、不确定性分析以及系统集成与决策支持等问题均有待进一步加强研究。

低碳醇汽油发动机燃烧分析实验平台设计及教学应用

为探究低碳醇掺混汽油的醇基燃料在缸内具体的燃烧状态和燃烧过程,该文基于自然吸气式气道喷射汽油发动机搭建实验平台,并改进了燃烧分析功能。基于实验平台开展了3种燃料(92号汽油、甲醇比例85%的甲醇汽油、50%异丙醇掺混的92号汽油)的缸内燃烧实验,分析了醇基燃料燃烧状和在发动机中的燃烧性能。实验平台可完成动力性、经济性分析等测试项目,并可对缸压、放热率以及燃料自燃性质进行测量分析。