This article introduces the Push-to-talk over Cellular( PoC) service, a new mobile value-added service based on the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). Its implementation scheme is discussed and its Session Initiation Prot...This article introduces the Push-to-talk over Cellular( PoC) service, a new mobile value-added service based on the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). Its implementation scheme is discussed and its Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) signaling exchange flow is described. Target user groups are predicted based on the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the PoC service. The article purports that the PoC system could undoubtedly be used as a platform for new services such as multimedia messaging, instant messaging, presence, and picture receiving and sending. Just like the short message service, the PoC service will help the terminal vendors, equipment vendors, content providers and operators setup a win-for-all industrial value chain.展开更多
This paper focuses on the evolution and characteristics of the export labour service in China since the modern time especially since the reform of economic system in 1978.Historically the contract workers,central to t...This paper focuses on the evolution and characteristics of the export labour service in China since the modern time especially since the reform of economic system in 1978.Historically the contract workers,central to the goal of making a living,were the main body of the international migration.And Guangdong and Fujian provinces were the main origin places of the migration but the destination of the migrants varied.Both pull and push forces for driving the migration were identified.Then analysis is turned to the characteristics of export labour service of China since the reform of economic system in 1978.1)The export laobur has increased rapidly despite a small quantity.2)The export labour service is planned and organized.3)The export workers are considered temporary migrants.4)The dominant ways of export labour service are project contracts and pure labour export.And 5)the destinations of export labour are scattered over the world.Thirdly,the impact of the export labour service on the origin places and the emerging problems and contradictions were examined. In China,export labour service has alleviated the employment contradiction and gradually become one of sources of gaining foreign currency on the one hand,and China,through the service,has learnt the advanced technology and management experiences of other countries.However,some problems in the service such as small number,unsatisfactory quality of the export labour,and the weak link betweenthe service and employment are emerging,which need to be solved.Finally,the prospects for China as a large country of export labour was discussed.展开更多
As contiguous area to Russia, Heilongjiang Province takes advantage of geography and resource superiority to promote the export of farmer labor services to Russia in recent years with trading cooperation between China...As contiguous area to Russia, Heilongjiang Province takes advantage of geography and resource superiority to promote the export of farmer labor services to Russia in recent years with trading cooperation between China and Russia. This paper briefly introduced the present situation of the export of farmer labor services from Heilongjiang Province to Russia. Under the background of Russian Far East economic development and development of ＂large agriculture＂ in Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Province would continue to increase labor export to Russia. Then, the paper analyzed the problems of the export of farmer labor services and gave some proposals accordingly. At last, the result showed that well-organized and reasonable farmer labor export to Russia could play a role to the agricultural modernization and urbanization development.展开更多
This paper develops a framework for the assessment of global value chain embeddedness based on the dual structure of product embeddedness and functional embeddedness and provides a theoretical demonstration of the dua...This paper develops a framework for the assessment of global value chain embeddedness based on the dual structure of product embeddedness and functional embeddedness and provides a theoretical demonstration of the dual effects of the level, structure and the value sources of global value chain embeddedness on export technology sophistication. From there, the paper carries out an estimation of non-competitive input- output table using quadratic optimized algorithm with differentiation between processing trade and general trade to arrive at various indicators of foreign value-added ratio that reflect the level of global value chain embeddedness. On this basis, the panel econometric model for 27 manufacturing sectors of China between 2001 and 2010 is employed to test the effect of foreign value-added ratio on the technology sophistication of manufacturing export. Our research indicates that by taking part in division of labor in the global value chain and acquiring foreign intermediate inputs, China＇s manufacturing sector has increased its export technology sophistication. It also indicates that, compared with such inputs as raw materials and parts and components, service input has great contributions to technology improvement. With the direct contributions of foreign value-added under control, the foreign value-added from developed countries has a restrictive effect on the R＆D activities of export manufacturing, which gives rise to the one-way technology reliance on dominant enterprises of the value chain and the ＂low-end lock-up＂ effect; meanwhile, the method of embeddedness that takes advantage of the foreign value-added of other countries is more dependent on the indigenous R＆D capacity of export enterprises and thus more favorable to the improvement of export technology sophistication.展开更多
This paper deals with the approach to imposing value-added tax （VAT） on financial transactions. The VAT is a highly harmonized consumption tax within the European Union （EU）. VAT operational rules have been set do...This paper deals with the approach to imposing value-added tax （VAT） on financial transactions. The VAT is a highly harmonized consumption tax within the European Union （EU）. VAT operational rules have been set down by the relevant directive of the Council of the EU. Under the directive, it is possible to select either exemption or taxation of financial transactions. Only the first option is permitted in the Czech Republic. Pros and cons of both models are described, in particular, the problems with determining the difference between financial transactions and other similar performance that must always be subject to tax. Potential lower VAT revenue or tax base assessment, as appropriate, seems to be crucial in the case of the taxation of financial transactions.展开更多
文摘This article introduces the Push-to-talk over Cellular( PoC) service, a new mobile value-added service based on the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). Its implementation scheme is discussed and its Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) signaling exchange flow is described. Target user groups are predicted based on the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the PoC service. The article purports that the PoC system could undoubtedly be used as a platform for new services such as multimedia messaging, instant messaging, presence, and picture receiving and sending. Just like the short message service, the PoC service will help the terminal vendors, equipment vendors, content providers and operators setup a win-for-all industrial value chain.
文摘This paper focuses on the evolution and characteristics of the export labour service in China since the modern time especially since the reform of economic system in 1978.Historically the contract workers,central to the goal of making a living,were the main body of the international migration.And Guangdong and Fujian provinces were the main origin places of the migration but the destination of the migrants varied.Both pull and push forces for driving the migration were identified.Then analysis is turned to the characteristics of export labour service of China since the reform of economic system in 1978.1)The export laobur has increased rapidly despite a small quantity.2)The export labour service is planned and organized.3)The export workers are considered temporary migrants.4)The dominant ways of export labour service are project contracts and pure labour export.And 5)the destinations of export labour are scattered over the world.Thirdly,the impact of the export labour service on the origin places and the emerging problems and contradictions were examined. In China,export labour service has alleviated the employment contradiction and gradually become one of sources of gaining foreign currency on the one hand,and China,through the service,has learnt the advanced technology and management experiences of other countries.However,some problems in the service such as small number,unsatisfactory quality of the export labour,and the weak link betweenthe service and employment are emerging,which need to be solved.Finally,the prospects for China as a large country of export labour was discussed.
基金Supported by Philosophy and Social Science Youth Fund Project of Heilongjiang Province(13C004)Dr.Start Fund of Northeast Agricultural University(2012RCB78)
文摘As contiguous area to Russia, Heilongjiang Province takes advantage of geography and resource superiority to promote the export of farmer labor services to Russia in recent years with trading cooperation between China and Russia. This paper briefly introduced the present situation of the export of farmer labor services from Heilongjiang Province to Russia. Under the background of Russian Far East economic development and development of ＂large agriculture＂ in Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang Province would continue to increase labor export to Russia. Then, the paper analyzed the problems of the export of farmer labor services and gave some proposals accordingly. At last, the result showed that well-organized and reasonable farmer labor export to Russia could play a role to the agricultural modernization and urbanization development.
基金supported by the youth program of the National Natural Sciences Fund “Effects of embeddedness in GVC on the performance of China local manufacturing”(Grant No.71203105)the youth program of the Cultural and Social Sciences Fund of the Ministry of Education(Grant No.12YJC790123)
文摘This paper develops a framework for the assessment of global value chain embeddedness based on the dual structure of product embeddedness and functional embeddedness and provides a theoretical demonstration of the dual effects of the level, structure and the value sources of global value chain embeddedness on export technology sophistication. From there, the paper carries out an estimation of non-competitive input- output table using quadratic optimized algorithm with differentiation between processing trade and general trade to arrive at various indicators of foreign value-added ratio that reflect the level of global value chain embeddedness. On this basis, the panel econometric model for 27 manufacturing sectors of China between 2001 and 2010 is employed to test the effect of foreign value-added ratio on the technology sophistication of manufacturing export. Our research indicates that by taking part in division of labor in the global value chain and acquiring foreign intermediate inputs, China＇s manufacturing sector has increased its export technology sophistication. It also indicates that, compared with such inputs as raw materials and parts and components, service input has great contributions to technology improvement. With the direct contributions of foreign value-added under control, the foreign value-added from developed countries has a restrictive effect on the R＆D activities of export manufacturing, which gives rise to the one-way technology reliance on dominant enterprises of the value chain and the ＂low-end lock-up＂ effect; meanwhile, the method of embeddedness that takes advantage of the foreign value-added of other countries is more dependent on the indigenous R＆D capacity of export enterprises and thus more favorable to the improvement of export technology sophistication.
文摘This paper deals with the approach to imposing value-added tax （VAT） on financial transactions. The VAT is a highly harmonized consumption tax within the European Union （EU）. VAT operational rules have been set down by the relevant directive of the Council of the EU. Under the directive, it is possible to select either exemption or taxation of financial transactions. Only the first option is permitted in the Czech Republic. Pros and cons of both models are described, in particular, the problems with determining the difference between financial transactions and other similar performance that must always be subject to tax. Potential lower VAT revenue or tax base assessment, as appropriate, seems to be crucial in the case of the taxation of financial transactions.
