This paper develops a framework for the assessment of global value chain embeddedness based on the dual structure of product embeddedness and functional embeddedness and provides a theoretical demonstration of the dua...This paper develops a framework for the assessment of global value chain embeddedness based on the dual structure of product embeddedness and functional embeddedness and provides a theoretical demonstration of the dual effects of the level, structure and the value sources of global value chain embeddedness on export technology sophistication. From there, the paper carries out an estimation of non-competitive input- output table using quadratic optimized algorithm with differentiation between processing trade and general trade to arrive at various indicators of foreign value-added ratio that reflect the level of global value chain embeddedness. On this basis, the panel econometric model for 27 manufacturing sectors of China between 2001 and 2010 is employed to test the effect of foreign value-added ratio on the technology sophistication of manufacturing export. Our research indicates that by taking part in division of labor in the global value chain and acquiring foreign intermediate inputs, China＇s manufacturing sector has increased its export technology sophistication. It also indicates that, compared with such inputs as raw materials and parts and components, service input has great contributions to technology improvement. With the direct contributions of foreign value-added under control, the foreign value-added from developed countries has a restrictive effect on the R＆D activities of export manufacturing, which gives rise to the one-way technology reliance on dominant enterprises of the value chain and the ＂low-end lock-up＂ effect; meanwhile, the method of embeddedness that takes advantage of the foreign value-added of other countries is more dependent on the indigenous R＆D capacity of export enterprises and thus more favorable to the improvement of export technology sophistication.展开更多
This paper creates a new analytical framework for analyzing the international trade structure, estimates the changes in China＇s import structure, and conducts a comparative analysis with 18 countries. This paper＇s f...This paper creates a new analytical framework for analyzing the international trade structure, estimates the changes in China＇s import structure, and conducts a comparative analysis with 18 countries. This paper＇s findings are as follows： （1） Between 2000 and 2014, China＇s import structure underwent fundamental changes, with a significant rise in the share of non-agricultural primary commodities and high-tech products in China＇s total imports. The overall technology level in China＇s imports decreased at first before keeping on the rise since 2007. （2） High-tech products always represent the highest share of around 20% in the world import market. However, the share of high-tech products in China＇s imports did not meet the worm average level until 2012. （3） Developing countries account for less than 25% of China＇s imports except for agricultural primary commodities. Developed countries have always accounted for more than 50% of China＇s total imports of medium-high-tech, high-tech and ultra-high-tech products.展开更多
对Hausmann et al.(2007)文献的出口技术复杂度指数予以改进,利用投入产出表将出口品中包含的进口中间品的直接贡献和间接贡献剔除,构建出口的国内技术复杂度指数测度我国出口的真实技术含量。结果发现中国出口的国内技术复杂度与中国...对Hausmann et al.(2007)文献的出口技术复杂度指数予以改进,利用投入产出表将出口品中包含的进口中间品的直接贡献和间接贡献剔除,构建出口的国内技术复杂度指数测度我国出口的真实技术含量。结果发现中国出口的国内技术复杂度与中国经济发展水平基本相吻合,不存在"Rodrik悖论";进一步测算中国出口的显性物质资本密度指数和显性人力资本密度指数,结果显示中国出口中具有较大出口值的出口项目所包含的物质资本和人力资本含量均位于国家禀赋点周围或偏下的位置,这说明中国仍是按照国内要素禀赋决定的比较优势进行出口。展开更多
Applying a commonly used index for export sophistication in a cross-country study, Rodrik finds that the technological content of Chinese exports over the past decade has been so high that it cannot be explained simpl...Applying a commonly used index for export sophistication in a cross-country study, Rodrik finds that the technological content of Chinese exports over the past decade has been so high that it cannot be explained simply by the economic fundamentals of a low-income country abundant with unskilled labor. Question has been raised for the empirical robustness of the index. I am also doubtful with Rodrik＇ s analysis but develop my argument from a different perspective. This paper briefly reviews Rodrik＇s methodology and identifies other factors his empirical results potentially hinge on. Based on this, it elaborates on China＇ s unique processing trade regime, the uneven distribution of its exports across Chinese regions and the limitation of HS codes in terms of identifying differentiated products, in an attempt to show that these factors also contribute to higher estimations of China＇s export sophistication level. Finally, it organizes trade data to reveal the trade patterns that are indeed consistent with the country＇s comparative advantage.展开更多
Using the elbow function method to determine the number of classification groups of goods and applying the K-means algorithm to classify technical goods, this paper constructs a scientific classification framework of ...Using the elbow function method to determine the number of classification groups of goods and applying the K-means algorithm to classify technical goods, this paper constructs a scientific classification framework of commodity structure and then measures the changes in China ＂s import commodity structure. It is found, first, that from 2000 to 2012, the import commodity structure in China underwent structural change. Shares of non-agricultural primary products and high-technology products increased sigmficantly, whereas shares of low-medium-technology products and medium-high-technology products declined. Second, from 2000 to 2006, the overall technology level of China＇s imports declined, but then increased from 2007 to 2012. Therefore, the Chinese Government shouM increase the share of high-technology and extra- high-technology products in total imports to stimulate structural transformation in manufacturing industries to make full use of foreign advanced technology and to prevent stepping into a low-end import commodity structure.展开更多
基金supported by the youth program of the National Natural Sciences Fund “Effects of embeddedness in GVC on the performance of China local manufacturing”(Grant No.71203105)the youth program of the Cultural and Social Sciences Fund of the Ministry of Education(Grant No.12YJC790123)
文摘This paper develops a framework for the assessment of global value chain embeddedness based on the dual structure of product embeddedness and functional embeddedness and provides a theoretical demonstration of the dual effects of the level, structure and the value sources of global value chain embeddedness on export technology sophistication. From there, the paper carries out an estimation of non-competitive input- output table using quadratic optimized algorithm with differentiation between processing trade and general trade to arrive at various indicators of foreign value-added ratio that reflect the level of global value chain embeddedness. On this basis, the panel econometric model for 27 manufacturing sectors of China between 2001 and 2010 is employed to test the effect of foreign value-added ratio on the technology sophistication of manufacturing export. Our research indicates that by taking part in division of labor in the global value chain and acquiring foreign intermediate inputs, China＇s manufacturing sector has increased its export technology sophistication. It also indicates that, compared with such inputs as raw materials and parts and components, service input has great contributions to technology improvement. With the direct contributions of foreign value-added under control, the foreign value-added from developed countries has a restrictive effect on the R＆D activities of export manufacturing, which gives rise to the one-way technology reliance on dominant enterprises of the value chain and the ＂low-end lock-up＂ effect; meanwhile, the method of embeddedness that takes advantage of the foreign value-added of other countries is more dependent on the indigenous R＆D capacity of export enterprises and thus more favorable to the improvement of export technology sophistication.
基金the National Natural Sciences Foundation Program(Grant No.71473020)Social Sciences Foundation Program of the Ministry of Education(Grant No.14YJA790058)+2 种基金Major Program of Beijing Social Sciences Foundation(15JGA005)Beijing Elite Youth Program of Institutes of Higher Learning in Beijing(Grant No.YETP0281)sponsored program of the Basic Scientific Research Fund(Grant No.SKZZY2014019)of central universities
文摘This paper creates a new analytical framework for analyzing the international trade structure, estimates the changes in China＇s import structure, and conducts a comparative analysis with 18 countries. This paper＇s findings are as follows： （1） Between 2000 and 2014, China＇s import structure underwent fundamental changes, with a significant rise in the share of non-agricultural primary commodities and high-tech products in China＇s total imports. The overall technology level in China＇s imports decreased at first before keeping on the rise since 2007. （2） High-tech products always represent the highest share of around 20% in the world import market. However, the share of high-tech products in China＇s imports did not meet the worm average level until 2012. （3） Developing countries account for less than 25% of China＇s imports except for agricultural primary commodities. Developed countries have always accounted for more than 50% of China＇s total imports of medium-high-tech, high-tech and ultra-high-tech products.
文摘对Hausmann et al.(2007)文献的出口技术复杂度指数予以改进,利用投入产出表将出口品中包含的进口中间品的直接贡献和间接贡献剔除,构建出口的国内技术复杂度指数测度我国出口的真实技术含量。结果发现中国出口的国内技术复杂度与中国经济发展水平基本相吻合,不存在"Rodrik悖论";进一步测算中国出口的显性物质资本密度指数和显性人力资本密度指数,结果显示中国出口中具有较大出口值的出口项目所包含的物质资本和人力资本含量均位于国家禀赋点周围或偏下的位置,这说明中国仍是按照国内要素禀赋决定的比较优势进行出口。
基金support from the Joint Initiative between the Beijing Municipal Government and the Peking University (Grant No.XK100010501)
文摘Applying a commonly used index for export sophistication in a cross-country study, Rodrik finds that the technological content of Chinese exports over the past decade has been so high that it cannot be explained simply by the economic fundamentals of a low-income country abundant with unskilled labor. Question has been raised for the empirical robustness of the index. I am also doubtful with Rodrik＇ s analysis but develop my argument from a different perspective. This paper briefly reviews Rodrik＇s methodology and identifies other factors his empirical results potentially hinge on. Based on this, it elaborates on China＇ s unique processing trade regime, the uneven distribution of its exports across Chinese regions and the limitation of HS codes in terms of identifying differentiated products, in an attempt to show that these factors also contribute to higher estimations of China＇s export sophistication level. Finally, it organizes trade data to reveal the trade patterns that are indeed consistent with the country＇s comparative advantage.
基金This paper is supported by the National Social Science Foundation （No. 14ZDA082 ）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 71473020）, the Social Science Foundation of Education Ministry of China （No. 14YJA790058） and the Beijing Social Science Foundation （No. 15JGA005）.
文摘Using the elbow function method to determine the number of classification groups of goods and applying the K-means algorithm to classify technical goods, this paper constructs a scientific classification framework of commodity structure and then measures the changes in China ＂s import commodity structure. It is found, first, that from 2000 to 2012, the import commodity structure in China underwent structural change. Shares of non-agricultural primary products and high-technology products increased sigmficantly, whereas shares of low-medium-technology products and medium-high-technology products declined. Second, from 2000 to 2006, the overall technology level of China＇s imports declined, but then increased from 2007 to 2012. Therefore, the Chinese Government shouM increase the share of high-technology and extra- high-technology products in total imports to stimulate structural transformation in manufacturing industries to make full use of foreign advanced technology and to prevent stepping into a low-end import commodity structure.
