This study aims to generate data which can be used as a potential starting point for the updating of the Philippine Water Quality Criteria and the determination of the true impact of land use to the fecal contaminatio...This study aims to generate data which can be used as a potential starting point for the updating of the Philippine Water Quality Criteria and the determination of the true impact of land use to the fecal contamination of the Pampanga River Basin (PRB), the largest subwatershed of Manila Bay. Levels of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were determined in the selected tributaries of the PRB, representing three land use categories, namely, the forest/woodland (control), agricultural and residential lands. FIB were quantified in order to investigate the potential contribution of the selected areas in the fecal contamination of the PRB. The study was conducted in 2021 covering March, May, June, July, and September to represent the dry (March and May) and wet (June, July, and September) seasons. Counts of FIB, namely thermotolerant coliform, E. coli, and enterococci were qualitatively correlated with the results of the ocular survey and key informant interview based on known fecal contributors and their relevant rainfall data. FIB counts of water bodies in the selected agricultural and residential land use categories had Geometric Mean (GM) counts that are statistically greater than those of bodies of water near the representative forest/woodland (control), and exceeded the acceptable GM limits for all FIB, regardless of the season. Notably, the GM values recorded for the waters near the selected forest/woodland (control) passed the water quality criteria for all measured FIB parameters for both seasons. Furthermore, enterococci levels in the control site were statistically lower during the wet season. These initial findings suggest that agricultural and residential land use categories could be major contributors to the unacceptable water quality of tributaries of the Pampanga River Basin. The prevalence of thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli was noted regardless of rainfall and land use, indicating these FIB may not be adequate as water quality indicators. With their ability to survive and persist in fecally contaminated sediments in water bodies and in nutrient-poor environments, enterococci could be more definitive indicators of fecal contamination and microbiological quality of environmental waters.展开更多
目的:系统评价氯己定全身擦浴对重症监护室(ICU)病人多重耐药菌感染的预防效果。方法:检索the Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science、EMbase、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库中关于氯己定全身擦浴预防...目的:系统评价氯己定全身擦浴对重症监护室(ICU)病人多重耐药菌感染的预防效果。方法:检索the Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science、EMbase、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库中关于氯己定全身擦浴预防ICU病人多重耐药菌感染效果的中英文文献。由2名研究者根据纳入与排除标准独立筛选文献、质量评价及提取资料,采用Stata 16.0软件进行Meta分析。结果:最终纳入11项研究共23090例病人。Meta分析结果显示,与常规温水或肥皂水擦浴比较,氯己定能降低ICU病人多重耐药菌感染(OR=0.770,P<0.001)。其中氯己定全身擦浴能降低耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)(OR=0.664,P=0.004)及耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌(CRPA)(OR=0.442,P=0.034)的感染发生风险,但不能降低耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)(OR=0.852,P=0.193)及耐碳青霉烯类鲍曼不动杆菌(CRAB)的感染发生风险(OR=0.888,P=0.537)。结论:现有证据显示,氯己定全身擦浴能降低ICU病人多重耐药菌感染,但仅对部分耐药菌有效。展开更多
Aim: To study the influence of enterococci on human sperm membrane in vitro. Methods: Ejaculated human sperm were artificially infected with β-hemolytic or non-β-hemolytic enterococci at the bacteria: sperm ratio...Aim: To study the influence of enterococci on human sperm membrane in vitro. Methods: Ejaculated human sperm were artificially infected with β-hemolytic or non-β-hemolytic enterococci at the bacteria: sperm ratio of 50:1 at 37℃. Sperm membrane integrity was examined after incubation for 1, 3 and 5 h by hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test and electron microscopy. Results: Sperm infected with β-hemolytic enterococci had lower HOS scores compared with non-β-hemolytic strains or uninfected control (P 〈 0.01). The HOS test scores of sperm infected with β-hemolytic enterococci increased in the presence of phosphatidylcholine, an inhibitor of hemolysin. Non-β-hemolytic strains showed no significant difference in swelling rate, compared with the control group (P 〉 0.05). It was shown by electron microscopy that β-hemolytic enterococci caused significant rupture of human sperm membrane. Conclusion: β-hemolytic enterococci caused human sperm membrane injury, and might be mediated by the hemolysin of enterococci.展开更多
Culturable faecal coliform, epidemic, clinical, faecal and recreational beach enterococci strains possessing putative virulence genes were enumerated over the course of 5 weeks to comparatively assess their persistenc...Culturable faecal coliform, epidemic, clinical, faecal and recreational beach enterococci strains possessing putative virulence genes were enumerated over the course of 5 weeks to comparatively assess their persistence in tropical marine and fresh waters. For the clinical and epidemic strains tested, it took 2.38 ± 0.45 days for a 1-log reduction (T90) in marine water. A higher T90 average of 2.51 ± 0.08 was observed for the commensal and environmental strains. Generally, lower T90 values of 2.14 ± 0.26 and 2.15 ± 0.16 days respectively were observed for hospital and community acquired enterococci strains in fresh water mesocosms subjected to tropical ambient temperature. Beach water enterococci and enterococci recovered from faeces of humans survived for up to 20 days and 23 days respectively in fresh and marine waters. The epidemic strain, MMH594, an esp-positive clinical bacteremia isolate that previously caused multiple infections in a hospital ward outbreak fares favourably well in tropical marine and fresh aquatic environments. For enterococci, the decay rate was approximately 13% higher in fresh water than was observed for marine water. On the contrary, for E. coli, the decay rate was approximately 17% lower in fresh water than was observed in marine water. Generally, the whole, the population trends of E. coli and enterococci in fresh and marine water mesocosms did not reveal any evidence of growth. Our findings suggest that potentially pathogenic bacteria can resume active growth after three weeks of being harboured by the reservoir-beach sand and still pose threat to public health.展开更多
The emergence of daptomycin non-susceptible enterococci(DNSE) poses both treatment and infection control challenges.Clinicians should be vigilant that DNSE may be isolated from patients with or without(de novo DNSE) p...The emergence of daptomycin non-susceptible enterococci(DNSE) poses both treatment and infection control challenges.Clinicians should be vigilant that DNSE may be isolated from patients with or without(de novo DNSE) prior use of daptomycin.Recent epidemiological data suggest the presence of a community reservoir for DNSE which may be associated with environmental,foodborne and agricultural exposures.The mechanisms of nonsusceptibility to daptomycin have not been well characterized and may not parallel those for Staphylococcus aureus.The identification of daptomycin resistance genes in anaerobes,in farm animals and in an ecosystem that has been isolated for million years,suggest that the environmental reservoir for de novo DNSE may be larger than previously thought.Herein,the limited available scientific evidence regarding the possible origin of de novo DNSE is discussed.The current existing evidence is not sufficient to draw firm conclusions on the origin of DNSE.Further studies to determine the mechanisms of de novo daptomycin nonsusceptibility among enterococci are needed.展开更多
Introduction: Enterococci are members of the healthy human intestinal flora, but are also leading causes of highly antibiotic-resistant infections. Serious enterococcal infections are often difficult to treat since th...Introduction: Enterococci are members of the healthy human intestinal flora, but are also leading causes of highly antibiotic-resistant infections. Serious enterococcal infections are often difficult to treat since the organisms have a tremendous capacity to acquire resistance to penicillin, high concentration of aminoglycoside & vancomycin. Careful review of in vitro susceptibility data is required to treat infections caused by MDR Enterococci. Therefore we conducted the study to find out prevalence of MDR Enterococci. Aims & Objectives: To study the prevalence of Vancomycin resistance, High Level Streptomycin Resistance (HLSR) & High Level Gentamicin Resistance (HLGR) in different enterococcal isolates. Materials & Methods: Total 180 enterococcal isolates were studied. Identification was done by conventional biochemical methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar and results were interpreted as per CLSI guidelines. HLSR & HLGR was determined by disc diffusion method using high level Gentamicin disc (120 μg) & Streptomycin (300 μg) discs. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for Vancomycin was done by vancomycin E test strips. Results: Total 180 entetococcal isolates were studied. E. faecalis was 60%, E. faecium was 32.2%, E. durans and E. raffinosus were 4.4% & 3.3% respectively. Enterococcus fecium showed resistance in high percentage as compared to E. faecalis. 15 isolates were found to be vancomycin resistant. Conclusion: Resistance to aminoglycoside is of great concern. Regular screening of enterococcal isolates for vancomycin resistance detection should be implemented. It is very important to implement infection control measures, screening of health care workers, surveillance cultures in intensive care units which can control spread of multidrug resistant enterococci.展开更多
Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacterium commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause serious infections. Many enterococci have broad resistance to antibiotics including penicillin, cephalospo...Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacterium commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause serious infections. Many enterococci have broad resistance to antibiotics including penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and glycopeptides. There are several adaptation mechanisms that bacteria can undergo to become more resistant, among them is the formation of biofilm. Several genes have been linked to the increase in the capacity of biofilm formation by bacteria such as gelE, esp and asa1. The aim of this research was to evaluate the biofilm formation of 12 E. faecalis isolates collected in hospitals and a standard strain, as well as to evaluate the hydrophobicity of its membrane and the presence of virulence genes. All the isolates formed biofilm and the characteristics of their membrane were variable. In addition, the presence of at least one virulence gene was found in all the 12 isolates, and none of the genes in the standard strain, indicating the acquisition of these genes in the hospital environment. With this, we can conclude that there is a close relationship between biofilm formation, acquisition of antibiotic resistance and the presence of virulence genes.展开更多
文摘This study aims to generate data which can be used as a potential starting point for the updating of the Philippine Water Quality Criteria and the determination of the true impact of land use to the fecal contamination of the Pampanga River Basin (PRB), the largest subwatershed of Manila Bay. Levels of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were determined in the selected tributaries of the PRB, representing three land use categories, namely, the forest/woodland (control), agricultural and residential lands. FIB were quantified in order to investigate the potential contribution of the selected areas in the fecal contamination of the PRB. The study was conducted in 2021 covering March, May, June, July, and September to represent the dry (March and May) and wet (June, July, and September) seasons. Counts of FIB, namely thermotolerant coliform, E. coli, and enterococci were qualitatively correlated with the results of the ocular survey and key informant interview based on known fecal contributors and their relevant rainfall data. FIB counts of water bodies in the selected agricultural and residential land use categories had Geometric Mean (GM) counts that are statistically greater than those of bodies of water near the representative forest/woodland (control), and exceeded the acceptable GM limits for all FIB, regardless of the season. Notably, the GM values recorded for the waters near the selected forest/woodland (control) passed the water quality criteria for all measured FIB parameters for both seasons. Furthermore, enterococci levels in the control site were statistically lower during the wet season. These initial findings suggest that agricultural and residential land use categories could be major contributors to the unacceptable water quality of tributaries of the Pampanga River Basin. The prevalence of thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli was noted regardless of rainfall and land use, indicating these FIB may not be adequate as water quality indicators. With their ability to survive and persist in fecally contaminated sediments in water bodies and in nutrient-poor environments, enterococci could be more definitive indicators of fecal contamination and microbiological quality of environmental waters.
基金Acknowledgment This work was supported by grants from Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (No. C0510008) and Science & Technology Development Plan of Fujian Province, China (No. C0101080).
文摘Aim: To study the influence of enterococci on human sperm membrane in vitro. Methods: Ejaculated human sperm were artificially infected with β-hemolytic or non-β-hemolytic enterococci at the bacteria: sperm ratio of 50:1 at 37℃. Sperm membrane integrity was examined after incubation for 1, 3 and 5 h by hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test and electron microscopy. Results: Sperm infected with β-hemolytic enterococci had lower HOS scores compared with non-β-hemolytic strains or uninfected control (P 〈 0.01). The HOS test scores of sperm infected with β-hemolytic enterococci increased in the presence of phosphatidylcholine, an inhibitor of hemolysin. Non-β-hemolytic strains showed no significant difference in swelling rate, compared with the control group (P 〉 0.05). It was shown by electron microscopy that β-hemolytic enterococci caused significant rupture of human sperm membrane. Conclusion: β-hemolytic enterococci caused human sperm membrane injury, and might be mediated by the hemolysin of enterococci.
文摘Culturable faecal coliform, epidemic, clinical, faecal and recreational beach enterococci strains possessing putative virulence genes were enumerated over the course of 5 weeks to comparatively assess their persistence in tropical marine and fresh waters. For the clinical and epidemic strains tested, it took 2.38 ± 0.45 days for a 1-log reduction (T90) in marine water. A higher T90 average of 2.51 ± 0.08 was observed for the commensal and environmental strains. Generally, lower T90 values of 2.14 ± 0.26 and 2.15 ± 0.16 days respectively were observed for hospital and community acquired enterococci strains in fresh water mesocosms subjected to tropical ambient temperature. Beach water enterococci and enterococci recovered from faeces of humans survived for up to 20 days and 23 days respectively in fresh and marine waters. The epidemic strain, MMH594, an esp-positive clinical bacteremia isolate that previously caused multiple infections in a hospital ward outbreak fares favourably well in tropical marine and fresh aquatic environments. For enterococci, the decay rate was approximately 13% higher in fresh water than was observed for marine water. On the contrary, for E. coli, the decay rate was approximately 17% lower in fresh water than was observed in marine water. Generally, the whole, the population trends of E. coli and enterococci in fresh and marine water mesocosms did not reveal any evidence of growth. Our findings suggest that potentially pathogenic bacteria can resume active growth after three weeks of being harboured by the reservoir-beach sand and still pose threat to public health.
文摘The emergence of daptomycin non-susceptible enterococci(DNSE) poses both treatment and infection control challenges.Clinicians should be vigilant that DNSE may be isolated from patients with or without(de novo DNSE) prior use of daptomycin.Recent epidemiological data suggest the presence of a community reservoir for DNSE which may be associated with environmental,foodborne and agricultural exposures.The mechanisms of nonsusceptibility to daptomycin have not been well characterized and may not parallel those for Staphylococcus aureus.The identification of daptomycin resistance genes in anaerobes,in farm animals and in an ecosystem that has been isolated for million years,suggest that the environmental reservoir for de novo DNSE may be larger than previously thought.Herein,the limited available scientific evidence regarding the possible origin of de novo DNSE is discussed.The current existing evidence is not sufficient to draw firm conclusions on the origin of DNSE.Further studies to determine the mechanisms of de novo daptomycin nonsusceptibility among enterococci are needed.
文摘Introduction: Enterococci are members of the healthy human intestinal flora, but are also leading causes of highly antibiotic-resistant infections. Serious enterococcal infections are often difficult to treat since the organisms have a tremendous capacity to acquire resistance to penicillin, high concentration of aminoglycoside & vancomycin. Careful review of in vitro susceptibility data is required to treat infections caused by MDR Enterococci. Therefore we conducted the study to find out prevalence of MDR Enterococci. Aims & Objectives: To study the prevalence of Vancomycin resistance, High Level Streptomycin Resistance (HLSR) & High Level Gentamicin Resistance (HLGR) in different enterococcal isolates. Materials & Methods: Total 180 enterococcal isolates were studied. Identification was done by conventional biochemical methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller–Hinton agar and results were interpreted as per CLSI guidelines. HLSR & HLGR was determined by disc diffusion method using high level Gentamicin disc (120 μg) & Streptomycin (300 μg) discs. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for Vancomycin was done by vancomycin E test strips. Results: Total 180 entetococcal isolates were studied. E. faecalis was 60%, E. faecium was 32.2%, E. durans and E. raffinosus were 4.4% & 3.3% respectively. Enterococcus fecium showed resistance in high percentage as compared to E. faecalis. 15 isolates were found to be vancomycin resistant. Conclusion: Resistance to aminoglycoside is of great concern. Regular screening of enterococcal isolates for vancomycin resistance detection should be implemented. It is very important to implement infection control measures, screening of health care workers, surveillance cultures in intensive care units which can control spread of multidrug resistant enterococci.
文摘Enterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive bacterium commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract that can cause serious infections. Many enterococci have broad resistance to antibiotics including penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and glycopeptides. There are several adaptation mechanisms that bacteria can undergo to become more resistant, among them is the formation of biofilm. Several genes have been linked to the increase in the capacity of biofilm formation by bacteria such as gelE, esp and asa1. The aim of this research was to evaluate the biofilm formation of 12 E. faecalis isolates collected in hospitals and a standard strain, as well as to evaluate the hydrophobicity of its membrane and the presence of virulence genes. All the isolates formed biofilm and the characteristics of their membrane were variable. In addition, the presence of at least one virulence gene was found in all the 12 isolates, and none of the genes in the standard strain, indicating the acquisition of these genes in the hospital environment. With this, we can conclude that there is a close relationship between biofilm formation, acquisition of antibiotic resistance and the presence of virulence genes.