Spatial-temporal heterogeneity and controlling factors of evapotranspiration in Nujiang River Basin based on Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC)model

Land surface evapotranspiration(ET)is a critical component in the hydrological cycle but has not well been understood in data-scarce areas especially in river basins,like Nujiang River(NRB)which is characterized by large elevation gradient and different vegetation zones with complex processes of water and energy exchange.The quality of ET from optical remote sensing is constrained by cloud cover which is common in the NRB in the monsoon seasons.To understand factors controlling the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of ET in NRB,we employed the Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC)hydrological model by parameter optimization with support of quality controlled remote sensing ET product and observed river runoff series in the river.The modeled ET has increased during 1984-2018,which might be one of the reasons for the runoff decrease but precipitation increase in the same period.ET increase and runoff decrease tended to be quicker within altitudinal band of 2000-4000 m than in other areas in NRB.We observed that ET variation in different climatic zones were controlled by different factors.ET is generally positively correlated with precipitation,temperature,and shortwave radiation but negatively with relative humidity.In the Tundra Climate(Et)zone in the upper reach of NRB,ET is controlled by precipitation,while it is controlled by shortwave radiation in the snow climate with dry winter(Dw)zone.ET increase is influenced by the increase of temperature,wind speed,and shortwave radiation in the middle and downstream of NRB with warm temperate climate,fully humid(Cf)and warm temperate climate with dry winter(Cw).

Influence of varied drought types on soil conservation service within the framework of climate change:insights from the Jinghe River Basin,China

Severe soil erosion and drought are the two main factors affecting the ecological security of the Loess Plateau,China.Investigating the influence of drought on soil conservation service is of great importance to regional environmental protection and sustainable development.However,there is little research on the coupling relationship between them.In this study,focusing on the Jinghe River Basin,China as a case study,we conducted a quantitative evaluation on meteorological,hydrological,and agricultural droughts(represented by the Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI),Standardized Runoff Index(SRI),and Standardized Soil Moisture Index(SSMI),respectively)using the Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC)model,and quantified the soil conservation service using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)in the historical period(2000-2019)and future period(2026-2060)under two Representative Concentration Pathways(RCPs)(RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).We further examined the influence of the three types of drought on soil conservation service at annual and seasonal scales.The NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections(NEX-GDDP)dataset was used to predict and model the hydrometeorological elements in the future period under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.The results showed that in the historical period,annual-scale meteorological drought exhibited the highest intensity,while seasonal-scale drought was generally weakest in autumn and most severe in summer.Drought intensity of all three types of drought will increase over the next 40 years,with a greater increase under the RCP4.5 scenario than under the RCP8.5 scenario.Furthermore,the intra-annual variation in the drought intensity of the three types of drought becomes smaller under the two future scenarios relative to the historical period(2000-2019).Soil conservation service exhibits a distribution pattern characterized by high levels in the southwest and southeast and lower levels in the north,and this pattern has remained consistent both in the historical and future periods.Over the past 20 years,the intra-annual variation indicated peak soil conservation service in summer and lowest level in winter;the total soil conservation of the Jinghe River Basin displayed an upward trend,with the total soil conservation in 2019 being 1.14 times higher than that in 2000.The most substantial impact on soil conservation service arises from annual-scale meteorological drought,which remains consistent both in the historical and future periods.Additionally,at the seasonal scale,meteorological drought exerts the highest influence on soil conservation service in winter and autumn,particularly under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.Compared to the historical period,the soil conservation service in the Jinghe River Basin will be significantly more affected by drought in the future period in terms of both the affected area and the magnitude of impact.This study conducted beneficial attempts to evaluate and predict the dynamic characteristics of watershed drought and soil conservation service,as well as the response of soil conservation service to different types of drought.Clarifying the interrelationship between the two is the foundation for achieving sustainable development in a relatively arid and severely eroded area such as the Jinghe River Basin.

用VIC模型模拟黑河上游流域水分和能量通量的时空分布

受地形起伏影响,山区流域的水分和能量通量时空分布差异很大.利用水文模型VIC(variable infiltration capacity)对黑河上游流域的水文和能量时空分布进行了模拟,并通过观测对模拟结果进行了验证.结果表明:VIC模型能够较合理地模拟研究区径流过程,对净辐射的计算也较准确,模拟得到的部分水分通量和能量通量(感热、潜热和土壤热通量)在趋势上较一致,但在数量上存在偏差.积雪过程对研究区的水文和能量循环有重要影响,VIC模型对积雪的模拟偏差较大,导致了每年4月左右的模拟径流偏低,也没有模拟出积雪融化导致的土壤含水量上升;同时,积雪模拟的不准确也明显影响到能量通量的模拟.在研究区,土壤水分变化受土壤冻融影响明显,VIC模型对气温较高、不发生冻融过程的7-9月土壤水分变化模拟较好,但是在其他月份,对积雪及表层土壤消融导致的土壤水分迅速增加和土壤冻结导致的土壤水分迅速减少两个过程的模拟比较差;VIC模型能够给出水分和能量各通量的时空分布,较好地揭示研究流域各个通量的空间异质性及相互影响.

VIC陆面水文模型在白莲河流域径流模拟中的应用

本文从气象与水文水资源学科交叉的角度引进VIC陆面水文模型,将其应用于湖北省白莲河流域,探讨模型在中小流域降雨径流模拟中的适用性。本研究利用白莲河流域DEM、植被、土壤等数字化资料,经过模型预处理,建立了白莲河流域VIC模型框架。并进行了模型参数敏感性分析。模拟结果表明,模型基本能够反映该流域的日径流水文过程,具有一定适用性。

VIC模型在柯街河流域降雨量—流量模拟过程中的应用

采用0.01°×0.01°为基本计算单位,以1999年1月至2000年12月为模拟时段。应用水文变量渗透模型反复推算,结果显示,水文站观测流量曲线基本与模型计算出的流量曲线一致。尽管存在数据可供性和模拟精确度的限制,水文变量渗透模型仍然可以预测流域水文变化和全球气候变化趋势。

基于VIC模型模拟的干旱区土壤水分及其时空变化特征

土壤水分在陆地水循环中起着十分重要的作用,大尺度、长时间及高精度的土壤水分监测是旱情预警、生态恢复与精准农业决策部署的重要指导依据,而陆面过程模式模拟在时空尺度上可获得更准确的土壤水分特征。以渭⁃库绿洲为目标靶区,结合VIC陆面过程模型和土地利用类型变化,探讨2009—2016年研究区年际间不同地类土壤水分时空变化规律,并用实测数据进行精度验证,结果表明:(1)东北区域土壤含水率模拟值较高,土壤含水量低值集中在研究区西部与南部区域。(2)盐渍土壤表层含水量高于耕地,每年雨季,灌丛土壤含水量高于其他3种地类,由于大量荒地转为耕地,绿洲荒地土壤含水量与耕地土壤相互接近,在28.784—53.741 mm之间。(3)渭⁃库绿洲近7年耕地与盐渍地面积大幅度增加,耕地与盐渍地面积增幅达35%以上,荒地面积相较2009年减少约46%,灌丛面积增幅约15%。(4)荒地土壤含水量伴随面积大幅度下降,土壤含水量数值集中在正态曲线28.6 mm以上区域。VIC模拟值与实测值均方根误差(RMSE)范围在1.4—2.80之间,RE范围在0.90—2.20之间,R2范围在0.40—0.60之间,模拟效果较好。

VIC模型在季节性冻土区水文模拟适用性研究

为了探讨VIC(Variable infiltration capacity)水文模型在季节性冻土区水文模拟中的适用性,以大凌河复兴堡站以上流域为研究区,构建了考虑能量平衡模式的VIC大尺度水文模型,评价了VIC模型在东北季节性冻土区水文模拟的适用性,并对不考虑能量平衡模式的水文模拟进行了比较分析。结果表明,考虑能量平衡模式的VIC模型率定期和验证期径流模拟效率系数在0.63以上,相对误差在6.0%以内。与不考虑能量平衡模式的水文过程模拟差异性比较显示,考虑了能量平衡模式的VIC模型可以更好地刻画由于冻土冻融过程引起的径流变化特征,模拟的土壤含水量和蒸散发量的空间分布特征更加合理。

黄河源区下垫面变化对水文过程的影响

量化评估下垫面变化对水平衡要素的影响,对揭示黄河源区径流变化归因具有重要意义。论文建立了考虑土地覆被变化(LUCC)和叶面积指数(LAI)动态变化的可变下渗容量(VIC)模型,模拟了下垫面变化条件下的降水-径流响应关系。结果表明,考虑下垫面动态变化的VIC模型能更好地模拟源区水文过程,相对误差降低8.8%~12.9%。2001—2018年LAI和LUCC综合作用导致植物蒸腾量年均增加约15%,玛曲和唐乃亥断面径流分别减少约9.19%和7.17%。LAI对径流影响较LUCC大,LAI对玛曲和唐乃亥断面多年平均径流量的贡献分别为-4.80%和4.48%,而LUCC的贡献为0.16%和-3.15%。研究解释了下垫面变化是源区降水增加条件下径流变化不显著的原因,对认识气候变化和生态保护的水文响应规律有借鉴意义。

气候变化对海河流域水文特性的影响

本文应用大尺度陆面水文模型———可变下渗能力模型VIC(VariableInfiltrationCapacity)与区域气候变化影响研究模型PRECIS(ProvidingRegionalClimateforImpactsStudies)耦合,对气候变化情景下海河流域水资源的变化趋势进行预测。结果表明:未来气候情景下,即使海河流域降水量增加,年平均径流量仍将可能减少,预示海河流域的水资源将十分短缺;若考虑21世纪人口增长因素,海河流域的水资源形势将更加严峻;未来气候情景下,汛期的径流量增加,说明海河流域发生洪水的可能性将增大。

黄河流域大尺度水文过程模拟研究

大尺度水文过程模拟是分析评价环境变化对流域水文影响的重要基础工作,首先介绍了土壤—植物—大气输移方案中具有国际可比性的可变下渗容量模型(Variable Infiltration Capacity Model,简称VIC模型)。将黄河流域划分为432个50 km×50 km正交网格,由108个雨量站1960~1970年的逐日降水量资料插补到各个网格,根据土壤、植被分布资料,确定各网格的模型参数,进而模拟了黄河流域径流量的空间分布。对典型支流及区间径流量的模拟结果表明,VIC模型具有较好的径流模拟能力,可用于评价气候变化对流域河川径流影响。

气候变化对太湖流域径流的影响

应用可变下渗能力模型VIC(variable infiltration capacity)与区域气候变化影响模式PRECIS(providing regional climate for Impacts studies)耦合,对气候变化情景下的太湖流域径流变化趋势进行预测.结果表明:未来时期(2021—2050年)太湖流域径流对气候变化的响应较明显,A2和B2情景下径流较基准期(1961—1990年)都增加,尤其是在汛期径流增加显著,并且径流深的时空变化特征与降水的变化特征具有较好的一致性,预示太湖流域未来发生洪水的可能性将增大,将增加未来防洪工作的难度和强度.

Probabilistic Flood Prediction in the Upper Huaihe Catchment Using TIGGE Data

Based on the precipitation and temperature data obtained from THORPEX （The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment） Interactive Grand Global Ensemble （TIGGE）-China Meteorological Administration （CMA） archiving center and the raingauge data, the three-layer variable infiltration capacity （VIC-3L） land surface model was employed to carry out probabilistic hydrological forecast experiments over the upper Huaihe River catchment from 20 July to 3 August 2008. The results show that the performance of the ensemble probabilistic prediction from each ensemble prediction system （EPS） is better than that of the deterministic prediction. Especially, the 72-h prediction has been improved obviously. The ensemble spread goes widely with increasing lead time and more observed discharge is bracketed in the 5th-99th quantile. The accuracy of river discharge prediction driven by the European Centre （EC）-EPS is higher than that driven by the CMA-EPS and the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction （NCEP）-EPS, and the grand-ensemble prediction is the best for hydrological prediction using the VIC model. With regard to Wangjiaba station, all predictions made with a single EPS are close to the observation between the 25th and 75th quantile. The onset of the flood ascending and the river discharge thresholds are predicted well, and so is the second rising limb. Nevertheless, the flood recession is not well predicted.

Impact of Climate Change on Streamflow in the Xitiaoxi Catchment, Taihu Basin

The impact of climate change on streamflow in the Xitiaoxi catchment is assessed by using VIC （variable infiltration capacity） model coupled with PRECIS （providing regional climate for impacts studies）. Results show that the VIC model is adaptable for the study area. Both deterministic coefficient and NashSuttcliffe efficiency coefficient are greater than 0.75, with a good agreement between observed and simulated discharge. The runoff will increase in the future, especially during flood seasons. The magnitude of floods in the future （2021-2050） under A2 and B2 scenarios will be greater than that during the baseline period （1961-1990）, but it may not exceed that during the 1990s.

基于水文模型模拟的边坡稳定研究

针对传统边坡稳定研究中土体含水率在长时间序列上难于连续获得的问题,提出以水文模型VIC(variable infiltration capacity model)为工具,结合研究区降水、气温、植被覆盖等资料,输出土体含水率的逐日变化,以此作为边坡稳定分析的计算要素。结果表明:1970—2010年间,渭河流域土体含水率时空分布总体上呈增加趋势,土体抗剪强度呈降低趋势,但幅度稳定在2‰左右;基于M-C等面积圆DP3准则的强度折减法计算结果表明,边坡安全系数k在40年间有上升趋势,其中k值大于1.2的时段在85%以上,k值在1～1.2之间的时段占9%左右,k值小于1的时段占5.5%左右;土体抗剪强度时间序列R/S分析结果表明,τ-t曲线和k-t曲线Hurst系数分别为0.5568、0.5888,属于无变异;综合上述因素判断,该滑坡体现状和未来均处于稳定状态。这种方案是基于水文学角度的边坡稳定研究,为土体抗剪强度计算及地质灾害评估提供了一种新的选择。