Intelligent control for large-scale variable speed variable pitch wind turbines

Large-scale wind turbine generator systems have strong nonlinear multivariable characteristics with many uncertain factors and disturbances. Automatic control is crucial for the efficiency and reliability of wind turbines. On the basis of simplified and proper model of variable speed variable pitch wind turbines, the effective wind speed is estimated using extended Kaiman filter. Intelligent control schemes proposed in the paper include two loops which operate in synchronism with each other. At below-rated wind speed, the inner loop adopts adaptive fuzzy control based on variable universe for generator torque regulation to realize maximum wind energy capture. At above-rated wind speed, a controller based on least square support vector machine is proposed to adjust pitch angle and keep rated output power. The simulation shows the effectiveness of the intelligent control.

Asymptotic Tracking Control for Wind Turbines in Variable Speed Mode

This paper presents a variable speed control strategy for wind turbines in order to capture maximum wind power.Wind turbines are modeled as a two-mass drive-train system with generator torque control.Based on the obtained wind turbine model,variable speed control schemes are developed.Nonlinear tracking controllers are designed to achieve asymptotic tracking for a prescribed rotor speed reference signal so as to yield maximum wind power capture.Due to the difficulty of torsional angle measurement,an observer-based control scheme that uses only rotor speed information is further developed for global asymptotic output tracking.The effectiveness of the proposed control methods is illustrated by simulation results.

PID-Type Fuzzy Controller for Grid-Supporting Inverter of Battery in Embedded Small Variable Speed Wind Turbine

Frequency and voltage of embedded variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) driving a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is strongly affected by wind speed fluctuations. In practice, power imbalance between supply and demand is also common, especially when VSWT-PMSG is connected to a weak micro grid (MG). If load demand fluctuations become high, isolated MG may be unable to stabilize the frequency and voltage so that battery storage needs to be installed into the MG to adjust energy supply and demand. To allow flexible control of active and reactive power flow from/to battery storage, grid-supporting inverters are used. For a system that contains highly nonlinear components, the use of conventional linear proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers may cause system performance deterioration. Additionally, these controllers show slow, oscillating responses, and complex equations are required to obtain optimum responses in other controllers. To cope with these limitations, this paper proposes PID-type fuzzy controller (PIDfc) design to control grid-supporting inverter of battery. To ensure safe battery operating limits, we also propose a new controller scheme called intelligent battery protection (IBP). This IBP is integrated into PIDfc. Several simulation tests are performed to verify the scheme’s effectiveness. The results show that the proposed PIDfc controller exhibits improved performance and acceptable responses, and can be used instead of conventional controllers.

Increasing the Efficiency of Grid Tied Micro Wind Turbines in Low Wind Speed Regimes

Major problem with grid tied micro wind turbine is synchronization and wind variability. Due to this problem the stability of available grid gets reduced. The stability can be achieved by output power control of the turbine. Major part of many countries like India, the annual mean wind speed is not high. The rated wind speed of turbine remain around 11 m/s and cut in is around 3.5 m/s. Due to this problem we aimed to develop a sustainable wind energy system that can provide stable power supply even at the locations of low wind speed of 2 - 4 m/s. To address this issue, a momentary impulse or external torque to the rotor by external motor is one of the good options to maintain the momentum of blades and thus provide stability for sufficient time. Various theoretical calculations and experiments are conducted on the above method. This would increase the output power and also the efficiency of wind turbine. We show that Return-On-Investment will be high as compared with other grid connected turbines. Our proposed concept in the present study, if implemented properly, can help the installation of number of wind turbines even at domestic level. It also makes the consumers energy independent and promotes the use of wind as a source of energy and may enter as a rooftop energy supply system similar to solar.

基于E-Wind Turbine实验平台的风力发电控制系统

风力发电系统具有规模大、实际现场培训成本高、危险系数高等特点,因此基于风力发电仿真设备的风力发电控制研究是十分必要的。以E-Wind Turbine实验平台为例,详细介绍了变速、变桨距双馈风力发电系统实验平台的构成与控制策略的实现方法。基于S7-1200系列的PLC控制器,利用PORTAL STEP 7集成开发环境,实现了风机的偏航、转速控制以及功率控制。仿真实验结果表明,设计的风力发电控制系统可以有效地模拟实际风力发电机的各种控制要求,为风力发电控制策略的研究提供了一种有效手段。

Enhancement of DC-Link Protection of PMSG Based Wind Turbine under Network Disturbance by Using New Buck Controller System

Protection system for DC-link circuit of back-to-back converter of PMSG （Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator） based wind turbine is essential part for the system to ride through a network fault in grid system. Voltage on the DC-link circuit can be increased significantly due to power unbalance between stator side converter and grid side converter. Increase of DC-link circuit voltage can lead to a damage of IGBT of the converter and control system failure. In this paper performance enhancement of DC-link protection of PMSG based Wind turbine by using new control system of buck converter is proposed. The buck converter is used to control supplied voltage of a breaking resistor to dissipate energy from the wind generator during network disturbance. In order to investigate effectiveness of the proposed DC-link protection system, fault analysis is performed in the simulation study by using PSCAD/EMTDC software program. In addition, comparative analysis between the proposed protection system and the conventional protection system using DC chopper is also performed.

Advanced Control of a PMSG Wind Turbine

In this work, an intelligent artificial control of a variable speed wind turbine (PMSG) is proposed. First, a mathematical model of turbine written at variable speed is established to investigate simulations results. In order to optimize energy production from wind, a pitch angle and DC bus control law is synthesized using PI controllers. Then, an intelligent artificial control such as fuzzy logic and artificial neural network control is applied. Its simulated performances are then compared to those of a classical PI controller. Results obtained in MATLAB/Simulink environment show that the fuzzy and the neuro control is more robust and has superior dynamic performance and hence is found to be a suitable replacement of the conventional PI controller for the high performance drive applications.

Variable speed wind turbine for maximum power capture using adaptive fuzzy integral sliding mode control

This paper presents a nonlinear control approach to variable speed wind turbine(VSWT)with a wind speed estimator.The dynamics of the wind turbine(WT)is derived from single mass model.In this work,a modified Newton Raphson estimator has been considered for exact estimation of effective wind speed.The main objective of this work is to extract maximum energy from the wind at below rated wind speed while reducing drive train oscillation.In order to achieve the above objectives,VSWT should operate close to the optimal power coefficient.The generator torque is considered as the control input to achieve maximum energy capture.From the literature,it is clear that existing linear and nonlinear control techniques suffer from poor tracking of WT dynamics,increased power loss and complex control law.In addition,they are not robust with respect to input disturbances.In order to overcome the above drawbacks,adaptive fuzzy integral sliding mode control(AFISMC)is proposed for VSWT control.The proposed controller is tested with different types of disturbances and compared with other nonlinear controllers such as sliding mode control and integral sliding mode control.The result shows the better performance of AFISMC and its robustness to input disturbances.In this paper,the discontinuity in integral sliding mode controller is smoothed by using hyperbolic tangent function,and the sliding gain is adapted using a fuzzy technique which makes the controller more robust.

考虑台风时空变异性的15 MW海上风电机组来流风速场研究

已有针对大型海上风电机组的抗台风安全研究较少考虑对同一机组台风过境全过程的影响和同一时刻海上风电场不同机组的影响。然而,实际上台风具有显著的时空变异特征,随着海上风电机组日益朝着高大化趋势发展,有必要重新审视台风时空变异性对大型海上风电机组结构安全性的影响。以未来主流大型海上风电机组(15 MW海上风电机组)和主流海上风电场规模为研究对象,基于气象实测数据和台风多阶段风速场数据驱动模型获取了台风“威马逊”(1409)的台风致风速场时空变异特征,并反演了台风“威马逊”影响下同一时刻不同机组和同一机组不同时刻的15 MW海上风电机组的来流风速场,并开展了相应的极值对比分析。研究结果表明,台风时空变异性对海上风电机组的来流风速场影响显著,将导致同一风电场内的不同机组来流风速可能存在量级差异,也意味着相同设计标准下的风电机组在同一台风影响下会存在截然不同的结构安全表现。通过对台风时空变异特征及其引起的来流风速场进行研究,阐明了这些因素对大型海上风电机组结构抗台风安全性影响的重要性,可为面向我国海域的大型海上风电机组安全设计提供参考依据。

变转速下基于改进多阶概率方法的风电齿轮箱故障诊断研究

阶次跟踪是一种有效的解决变转速故障诊断问题的方法,其关键前提是存在转速信号作为参考。然而,由于强背景噪声和弱谐波关系的影响,现有转速估计方法的准确性和自适应性有待进一步提高。因此,提出一种融合多传感器信号的改进多阶概率方法(MOPA)用以估计瞬时转速。首先,依据不同传感器信号的基频统一性和主导分量差异性,通过时频图瞬时切片归一化融合的方式,构建具有强谐波关系的时频图;其次,为消除时变工况下时频图中横纵方向上的间歇恒频和短时宽频背景噪声,提出滑动消噪方法;最后,基于处理后的时频图执行MOPA,实现瞬时转速自动估计,结合阶次跟踪解决风电齿轮箱变转速故障诊断问题。经实测数据验证,改进MOPA估计的瞬时频率的准确性和自适应性均优于对方法,平均绝对百分比误差为0.56%,均小于对比方法的15.73%、13.99%和1.21%。结合阶次分析诊断了变转速下风电齿轮箱异常。

实际风况下萨沃纽斯风力机集群性能及布局规律研究

为探究风况条件对萨沃纽斯风力机集群功率输出和安装方向的影响,基于变转速控制策略和计算流体力学仿真结果,获得了集群在我国8个典型站点不同安装方向下的输出功率,分析了集群在实际风况下的最佳布局规律,并验证了规律的普适性。仿真结果表明:在沈阳、厦门、昆明、呼和浩特、青岛、喀什、大连以及郑州8个站点合理安装集群,可使单台机组的输出功率分别提升至原来的1.14、1.23、1.31、1.20、1.21、1.24、1.12、1.11倍;对于有明显单一主风能风向的地区,集群应正对此方向摆放;对于两个主风能风向相位差较大的地区,需选择两者中周围风能更丰富的方向排布集群;对于有3个主风能风向、主风能风向不明显或风能分布比较均匀的地区,应先使机组相互格挡的方位避开风能相对集中区,再选择风能资源较丰富的方向排布集群。该研究可使实际风况下萨沃纽斯风力机集群耦合增益最大化,并为复杂风场条件下集群安装方向的选择提供参考。

Control Strategy of Wind Turbine Based on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and Energy Storage for Stand-Alone Systems

This paper investigates a variable speed wind turbine based on permanent magnet synchronous generator and a full-scale power converter in a stand-alone system.An energy storage system(ESS)including battery and fuel cell-electrolyzer combination is connected to the DC link of the full-scale power converter through the power electronics interface.Wind is the primary power source of the system,the battery and FC-electrolyzer combination is used as a backup and a long-term storage system to provide or absorb power in the stand-alone system,respectively.In this paper,a control strategy is proposed for the operation of this variable speed wind turbine in a stand-alone system,where the generator-side converter and the ESS operate together to meet the demand of the loads.This control strategy is competent for supporting the variation of the loads or wind speed and limiting the DC-link voltage of the full-scale power converter in a small range.A simulation model of a variable speed wind turbine in a stand-alone system is developed using the simulation tool of PSCAD/EMTDC.The dynamic performance of the stand-alone wind turbine system and the proposed control strategy is assessed and emphasized with the simulation results.

Effective participation of wind turbines in frequency control of a two-area power system using coot optimization

In this paper,load frequency control is performed for a two-area power system incorporating a high penetration of renewable energy sources.A droop controller for a type 3 wind turbine is used to extract the stored kinetic energy from the rotating masses during sudden load disturbances.An auxiliary storage controller is applied to achieve effec-tive frequency response.The coot optimization algorithm(COA)is applied to allocate the optimum parameters of the fractional-order proportional integral derivative(FOPID),droop and auxiliary storage controllers.The fitness function is represented by the summation of integral square deviations in tie line power,and Areas 1 and 2 frequency errors.The robustness of the COA is proven by comparing the results with benchmarked optimizers including:atomic orbital search,honey badger algorithm,water cycle algorithm and particle swarm optimization.Performance assessment is confirmed in the following four scenarios:(i)optimization while including PID controllers;(ii)optimization while including FOPID controllers;(iii)validation of COA results under various load disturbances;and(iv)validation of the proposed controllers under varying weather conditions.

基于自适应遗传算法的风电机组变桨控制参数自寻优方法

当前,风力发电机组变桨系统采用传统PID参数整定方法,整定效率低、精确度和适应性差。为此,文章提出一种基于自适应遗传算法的风力发电机组变桨控制参数自寻优方法,包括变增益变桨PID参数自寻优和塔架加阻参数自寻优。其首先阐述了变桨控制系统基本原理;接着基于遗传算法根据风力发电机组不同机型对约束条件进行规划设计,涉及初始种群选择、自寻优算法约束及适应度函数设计;最后对传统参数整定方法与自寻优参数整定方法的响应曲线、仿真及现场运行结果进行对比分析。结果表明,相较传统方法整定的PID参数,自寻优变桨参数下发电机转速波动约降低10%,塔底My疲劳载荷约降低2%,对整定效率、精确度及适应性具有较好的改善效果。

基于mRMR-GRU的变速恒频风电机组图像识别算法

为了精准识别变速恒频风电机组的运行状态,提出基于mRMR-GRU的变速恒频风电机组图像识别算法。通过分析变速恒频风电机组机械动态结构,获取整体变速恒频风电机组运行的重要控制部分;基于物联网技术,集成智能终端传感设备在特定结构中采集变速恒频风电机组图像;分析风电机组特定结构,生成变速恒频风电机组原始图像;基于直方图均衡方法对变速恒频风电机组图像进行增强处理,输出高分辨率采集图像;基于mRMR算法,定义特征变量的互信息,获得最具代表性和相关性的特征子集;融合GRU单元与mRMR值生成mRMR-GRU算法,优化图像识别网络结构,输出的风机图像状态识别结果。实验结果表明:设计算法MAPE值为4.46,RMSE值为3.57,图像识别准确度最高值为0.98,能够有效调节图像的特征变量,有效识别变速恒频风电机组图像存在的异常情况,且具有明显的图像像素点均衡效果与图像增强识别效果。

Tacholess order-tracking approach for wind turbine gearbox fault detection

Monitoring of wind turbines under variablespeed operating conditions has become an important issue in recent years. The gearbox of a wind turbine is the most important transmission unit; it generally exhibits complex vibration signatures due to random variations in operating conditions. Spectral analysis is one of the main approaches in vibration signal processing. However, spectral analysis is based on a stationary assumption and thus inapplicable to the fault diagnosis of wind turbines under variable-speed operating conditions. This constraint limits the application of spectral analysis to wind turbine diagnosis in industrial applications. Although order-tracking methods have been proposed for wind turbine fault detection in recent years, current methods are only applicable to cases in which the instantaneous shaft phase is available. For wind turbines with limited structural spaces, collecting phase signals with tachometers or encoders is difficult. In this study, a tacholess order-tracking method for wind turbines is proposed to overcome the limitations of traditional techniques. The proposed method extracts the instantaneous phase from the vibration signal, resamples the signal at equiangular increments, and calculates the order spectrum for wind turbine fault identification. The effectiveness of the proposed method is experimentally validated with the vibration signals of wind turbines.

风力发电机高速旋转齿轮箱轴承变速故障信号检测研究

高速运转会导致轴承产生大量的振动和噪声,使得故障信号与背景噪声相混合,难以准确检测,一旦出现轴承变速故障将会威胁风力发电机的正常运行。为解决这一问题,提出风力发电机高速旋转齿轮箱轴承变速故障信号检测方法。通过小波阈值和经验模态分解方法,对采集到的风电机高速旋转齿轮箱轴承振动信号去噪处理;基于奇异值分解方法,提取风电机高速旋转齿轮箱轴承振动信号特征向量;通过灰狼算法-支持向量机模型,实现对其轴承变速故障检测。实验结果表明,所提方法的风力发电机高速旋转齿轮箱轴承变速故障检测的准确率高。

变速风力发电机组最大功率追踪模糊控制方法

由于现行方法在变速风力发电机组最大功率追踪模糊控制中效果不佳,发电机组输出电压超限值较高,而且输出功率偏差也较大,无法达到预期的控制效果,为此提出变速风力发电机组最大功率追踪模糊控制方法。描述风机能量捕获,确定模糊控制输入变量与输出变量,根据风机能量与发电机组输出功率关系识别误差,利用模糊控制理论对误差模糊化和反模糊化处理,得到模糊控制输出向量,实现变速风力发电机组最大功率追踪模糊控制。经试验证明,应用设计方法,发电机组输出电压超限值不超过0.1 V,功率偏差不超过0.1 W,能够有效追踪控制发电机组最大输出功率。

基于PSCAD/EMTDC的双馈式变速恒频风电机组动态模型仿真

以电磁暂态仿真软件PSCAD/EMTDC为平台,应用电机矢量控制原理与比例-积分调节器串联校正等方法建立基于双馈感应发电机的变速风电机组控制系统模型,并将该模型与PSCAD/EMTDC模型库中的已有模型相结合,形成基于双馈感应发电机的变速风电机组动态模型。依据变速风电机组的运行特性对该模型进行校验并验证其有效性,该模型为研究基于双馈感应发电机的变速风电机组的工作特性提供了新的手段。