Analysis of Fresh Air Volume of Air-conditioning System for Railway Vehicles

The relevant standard requirements both in domestic and abroad provide the basis for designing air-conditioning system of railway vehicles present. However, there are great differences in the fresh air volume indicators among different standards requirements, and the requirements of each vehicle procurement contracts are also different. The design of air-conditioning become difficult above these. In this paper, the fresh air volume of different type railway vehicles is analyzed from health and equipment electricity consumption according to the railway vehicles air-conditioning system standard requirements in domestic and abroad. Some advises for designing air-conditioning system of railway vehicles through the fresh air volume calculation and comparison for domestic air-conditioning system of railway vehicles was provided.

Analyses of an air conditioning system with entropy generation minimization and entransy theory

In this paper,based on the generalized heat transfer law,an air conditioning system is analyzed with the entropy generation minimization and the entransy theory.Taking the coefficient of performance（denoted as COP） and heat flow rate Qout which is released into the room as the optimization objectives,we discuss the applicabilities of the entropy generation minimization and entransy theory to the optimizations.Five numerical cases are presented.Combining the numerical results and theoretical analyses,we can conclude that the optimization applicabilities of the two theories are conditional.If Qout is the optimization objective,larger entransy increase rate always leads to larger Qout,while smaller entropy generation rate does not.If we take COP as the optimization objective,neither the entropy generation minimization nor the concept of entransy increase is always applicable.Furthermore,we find that the concept of entransy dissipation is not applicable for the discussed cases.

Selection of Weather Parameters for Air-Conditioning System Design for Buildings with Long Thermal Lag

Two building factors-a longer thermal lag of more than one hour for building envelops and a lag of indoor radiation to convert into cooling load-have impact on the instantaneous heat input and instantaneous cooling load.So the two factors should be taken into account when selecting the weather parameters for air-conditioning system design.This paper developed a new statistic method for the rational selection of coincident solar irradiance,dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures.The method was applied to historic weather records of 25 years in Hong Kong to generate coincident design weather data.And the results show that traditional design solar irradiance,dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures may be significantly overestimated in many conditions,and the design weather data for the three different constructions is not kept constant.

The Experiment and Simulation of Solid Desiccant Dehumidification for Air-Conditioning System in a Tropical Humid Climate

The aim of this research was to study and design a solid desiccant dehumidification system suitable for tropical climate to reduce the latent load of air-conditioning system and improve the thermal comfort. Different dehumidifiers such as desiccant column and desiccant wheel were investigated. The ANSYS and TRASYS software were used to predict the results of dehumidifiers and the desiccant cooling systems, respectively. The desiccant bed contained approximately 15 kg of silica-gel, with 3 mm average diameter. Results indicated that the pressure drop and the adsorption rate of desiccant column are usually higher than those of the desiccant wheel. The feasible and practical adsorption rate of desiccant wheel was 0.102 kgw/h at air flow rate 1.0 kg/min, regenerated air temperature of 55?C and at a wheel speed of 2.5 rpm. The humidity ratio of conditioning space and cooling load of split-type air conditioner was decreased to 0.002 kgw/kgda (14%) and 0.71 kWth (19.26%), respectively. Consequently, the thermal comfort was improved from 0.5 PMV (10.12% PPD) to 0.3 PMV (7.04% PPD).

An Energy-Saving Control Strategy on Central Air-Conditioning System

An energy-saving control strategy based on predictive control for central air-conditioning systems is proposed in this paper. The cold load model is developed to describe the dynamic characteristics of temperature control systems, and then parameters in the cold load model and in the central air-conditioning system model are estimated. Generalized predictive control (GPC) is used to establish an optimization model to minimize the consumption of energy and the control error of temperature. The simulated annealing (SA) algorithm, combined with quadratic programming, is adopted to solve the optimal problem. Contrasted with the simulation of traditional PID control, the results prove the effectiveness of this proposed strategy.

Evaporative Condensers in Comfortable Air Conditioning System

The operating theory of an evaporative condenser was expatiated.The difference between an evaporative condensing refrigeration system and a general refrigeration system was analyzed.Compared with the air-cooled and the water-cooled,the virtues of energy-conservation and water-conservation of evaporative condensers were analyzed.Some questions existing in the application of evaporative condensers were pointed out,the corresponding solving methods were analyzed accordingly,and the development trend of evaporative condensing technique in mechanical refrigeration system field and the applied foreground of evaporative condensers in comfortable air conditioning were prospected.

Method for acquiring part load distribution coefficient of air conditioning system

This paper presents a method to acquire runtime distribution ratio of building air conditioning system under part load condition (part load coefficient of system) through practical energy consumption data. By utilizing monthly energy consumption data of the entire year as the analysis object,this paper identifies data distribution,verifies distribution characteristics and analyzes distribution probability density for the issue of running time distribution ratio of air conditioning system in part load zones in the whole operation period,thus providing a basic calculation basis for an overall analysis of energy efficiency of air conditioning system. In view of the general survey of public building energy consumption carried by the government of Chongqing,this paper takes the governmental office building as an example,the part load ratio coefficient corresponding to practical running of air conditioning system of governmental office building in Chongqing is obtained by utilizing the above probability analysis and the solving method of probability density function. By utilizing the ratio coefficient obtained using this method,the part load coefficient with any running ratio of air conditioning system can be obtained according to the requirement of analysis,which can be used in any load ratio for analyzing running energy efficiency of air conditioning system.

Applicability of sewage heat pump air-conditioning system

A sewage heat pump system and its application based on a project in Chongqing,China,were discussed. Based on the sewage conditions,a feasibility analysis of the sewage heat pump air conditioning system was conducted. The theoretical and quantitative calculations indicate that sewage flux in the city sewage main pipe in the project can satisfy heat exchange requirements,and taking water from the pipes has relatively small influence on the pipe net in summer and winter. The sewage heat pump air-conditioning system can save 21.5% operating cost in one year,which is energy efficient and environmentally friendly.

Simulation of Artificial Intelligence for Automotive Air-conditioning System

The artificial intelligence is applied to the simulation of the automotive air-conditioning system ( AACS )According to the system's characteristics a model of AACS, based on neural network, is developed. Different control methods of AACS are discussed through simulation based on this model. The result shows that the neural- fuzzy control is the best one compared with the on-off control and conventional fuzzy control method.It can make the compartment's temperature descend rapidly to the designed temperature and the fluctuation is small.

COMPUTER DECOUPLE CONTROL OF TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY IN PREPROCESSING CHAMBER OF AIR-CONDITIONING TEST EQUIPMENT

This paper deals with the application of decouple Control theory to temperature and humidi-ty control in air-conditioning system. The decouple control algorithm for bivariable systems isderived applicablly for air-conditioning system. The algorithm is used to design a temperatureand humidity computer control system for the preprocessing chamber of air-conditioning testequipment. The results of the real-time control experiments indicate that the decouple controlalgorithm is feasible, the control quality is improved and high control precision is achieved.

Study on the Elman Neural Network Operation Control Strategy of the Central Air Conditioning Chilled Water System

The stable operation of the central air conditioning water system always is a major difficulty for the control profession. Paper focus on the water system with multi variable, strong coupling, nonlinear, large time delay characteristics, presented use feed forward coupling compensation method, to eliminate the coupling effect between temperature and pressure. In this paper, the Elman neural network controller is designed for the first time, and the simulation results show that the response time of Elman neural network controller is shorter, the system is more stable and the overshoot is small.

Experimental Study of Energy-Saving Air-Conditioner with Hot Water

Energy-saving air-conditioner with hot water is an air source heat pump air-conditioner,which can also supply hot water.The hot water is heated by a double pipe condenser connected with an air-cooled condenser in series in the system.This experiment of the energy-saving air-conditioner was carried out in the enthalpy-difference air-conditioner laboratory.The hot water temperature and the compressor's discharge and suction pressure were recorded in the working condition,where the ambient temperature was at 43 ℃,35 ℃,21 ℃,7 ℃,and 2 ℃ separately.The results showed that the system operated stably and reliably.This system can supply 240 L hot water at 50 ℃ in the whole year,and its coefficience of performance(COP)is much higher than the conventional air source heat pump system.Its energy conservation was proved by comparing the thermal efficiency with other sourece water heaters.

On the Relationship between Climatic Variables and Pressure Systems over Saudi Arabia in the Winter Season

The synoptic circulation over Saudi Arabia is complicated and frequently governed by the effect of large-scale pressure systems. In this work, we used NCEP–NCAR global data to illustrate the relationship between climatic variables and the main pressure systems that affect the weather and climate of Saudi Arabia, and also to investigate the influence of these pressure systems on surface air temperature（SAT） and rainfall over the region in the winter season. It was found that there are two primary patterns of pressure that influence the weather and climate of Saudi Arabia. The first occurs in cases of a strengthening Subtropical High（Sub H）, a weakening Siberian High（Sib H）, a deepening of the Icelandic Low（Ice L）, or a weakening of the Sudanese Low（Sud L）. During this pattern, the Sub H combines with the Sib H and an obvious increase of sea level pressure（SLP） occurs over southern European, the Mediterranean, North Africa, and the Middle East. This belt of high pressure prevents interaction between midlatitude and extratropical systems, which leads to a decrease in the SAT,relative humidity（RH） and rainfall over Saudi Arabia. The second pattern occurs in association with a weakening of the Sub H, a strengthening of the Sib H, a weakening of the Ice L, or a deepening of the Sud L. The pattern arising in this case leads to an interaction between two different air masses： the first（cold moist） air mass is associated with the Mediterranean depression travelling from west to east, while the second（warm moist） air mass is associated with the northward oscillation of the Sud L and its inverted V-shape trough. The interaction between these two air masses increases the SAT, RH and the probability of rainfall over Saudi Arabia, especially over the northwest and northeast regions.

Design of Fuzzy Controller for Central Air Conditioner

A structure of central air conditioning system in building and its running pattern are proposed in order to perform optimum energy saving strategy. The design of room temperature controller is taken as an example to discuss the design of fuzzy controller using common microprogrammed control unit (MCU) in detail. Based on fuzzy theory the query control tables fixed in read only memory (ROM) of MCU are established to realize the energy saving in the room temperature controller and the reasoning procedure is analyzed. The diagram of hardware design and the flow chart of software of room temperature controller are presented. The results show that the proposed method is practical and effective to achieve the energy saving goal.

汽车空调制冷系统故障分析

以汽车空调系统为研究对象,针对汽车空调制冷系统故障进行分析研究。首先,对汽车空调系统及制冷原理进行了简要介绍;其次,结合汽车空调系统维修工作实际,对制冷故障的原因及表现,从机械故障、系统故障两个不同的方面,进行了分析与总结;最后,在上述研究的基础上,从几个不同的方面详细介绍了汽车空调制冷系统故障诊断方法。

夏热冬冷地区多能互补溶液除湿空调系统优化

为缓解基于太阳能-地热能(太-地)互补利用的溶液除湿空调系统在夏热冬冷地区中长期运行后土壤温度产生较大波动导致系统能效降低的问题。提出一种太阳能-地热能-空气能(太-地-空)多能互补的溶液除湿空调系统,针对该系统采用的过渡季节和制热季节补热方式对土壤温升及系统能效进行研究。结果表明:太-地互补系统运行20 a后土壤温度上升18.3℃,新系统在过渡补热和制热季节补热2种方式下运行20 a期间土壤温度无大幅波动;太-地系统运行20 a后机组制冷和系统全年性能系数C_(OP)分别下降30.5%和24.5%,太-地-空系统则在20 a的运行期间内均稳定在额定值。由研究结果可知,太-地-空多能互补的溶液除湿空调系统采用过渡季节补热的方式不会出现土壤热不平衡性问题,系统更能够长期稳定运行。

新型智能化纺纱车间环境的优化措施

针对智能化纺纱车间规模大、自动化程度高、生产集约化、发热强度高的特点,提出了优化新型智能化纺纱车间环境的系列策略和措施。分析了影响车间温湿度、气流组织、空气清洁度的因素。通过采取稳定各工序半成品回潮率,提高空调除尘设备能效,强化均匀送吸风等,采用细纱车间热分流、热转移、除尘空调系统低能耗联动等方法,实现了对纺纱车间环境的优化,并配备完善的火灾自动报警和自动灭火系统,保持了车间环境的安全。认为:纺纱车间环境优化的实施可以满足新型智能化纺纱生产线的高效、绿色生产。

混合工质电动汽车空调全生命周期气候性能分析

空调作为整车系统中环境调控的关键子系统,其全生命周期的碳排放对于电动汽车的环保和排放要求至关重要。本文结合汽车空调系统全生命周期气候性能LCCP模型及相关数据,对全国各省份电动汽车空调系统的LCCP情况进行分析,同时对两种不同制热方案以及不同电力碳强度下的LCCP进行了比较分析。结果表明,RE170/R134a低GWP混合工质(二甲醚与R134a质量分数比90∶10)替换后电动汽车空调LCCP值降低了11.2%~28.1%,而采用热泵替换PTC电加热器后电动汽车空调LCCP值降低了0~33.1%,此外,随着未来我国电力碳强度与电动汽车保有量的变化,至2035年单辆车的LCCP值将会下降31.7%~39.3%,而全国整体电动汽车LCCP值将大幅上升。

超高层办公建筑暖通空调系统噪声控制分析

营造良好的室内声环境对人员身心健康至关重要。本文以某超高层办公楼为研究对象,分析了超高层办公建筑声学方面的特点、典型暖通空调系统的噪声传递途径;针对办公楼层剖析了声源降噪、隔绝机房噪声、办公区内空调末端及管道的噪声控制措施,并针对机电层的不同设备区域提出了相应的隔振、隔声、降噪做法。

水冷式集中空调冷源系统多变量耦合物理模型

水冷式集中空调系统是一个多变量耦合的非线性系统,运行数据稀疏程度大,导致基于数据驱动的机器学习模型泛化能力差,全面反映水力与传热机理的物理模型成为当前研究的关键。然而,系统变量耦合复杂,迭代嵌套导致整体计算量消耗巨大,设备启停又导致管路水力结构变化而不得不频繁重构模型等技术难点亟待解决。利用离散变量连续化及模式搜索法,以阻力系数关联支路开度与设备启停,以水泵运行频率关联水泵启停与运行状态,实现将离散变量整合至连续变量,减少迭代嵌套,可实现流量动态分配、水力热力全局耦合计算。该研究构建了冷负荷、冷冻水流量、冷冻水供水温度、冷冻水供回水压差及环境温湿度为外部约束的水冷式集中空调冷源系统多变量耦合物理模型,实现对冷水机组台数、冷冻水泵台数与频率、冷却水泵台数与频率、冷却塔台数与频率等多个独立变量的异步调节。通过综合实验平台验证模型的可靠性,探究了不同工况下的机塔泵运行特性与群控策略。研究表明,冷源系统物理模型仿真结果平均相对误差小于10%,少部分在15%内,单次迭代计算耗时约0.32 s,多变量组合调节可综合权衡各子系统的能效,系统全局优化可最大限度挖掘节能空间,解决传统主观经验控制难以维持稳定节能效果的缺陷,为智能诊断提供理论基础。