Cobalt in alluvial Egyptian soils as affected by industrial activities

Twenty five surface (0—20 cm) soil samples were collected from different locations in Egypt representing non polluted, moderately and highly polluted soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate total Co content in alluvial soils of Delta in Egypt using the delayed neturen activation analysis technique (DNAA). The two prominent gamma ray lines at 1173 2 and 1332 5 keV was efficiently used for 60 Co determination. Co content in non polluted soil samples ranged between 13 12 to 23 20 ppm Co with an average of 18 16±4.38 ppm. Cobalt content in moderately polluted soils ranged between 26 5 to 30 00 ppm with an average of 28 3±1.3 ppm. The highest Co levels (ranged from 36 to 64 69 ppm with an average of 51 9±9.5); were observed in soil samples collected from, either highly polluted agricultural soils due to prolonged irrigation with industrial wastewater or surface soil samples from industrial sites.

Development of Empirical Models for the Estimation of CBR Value of Soil from Their Index Properties: A Case Study of the Ogbia-Nembe Road in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

This study developed empirical-mathematical models to predict the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) using soil index properties in Ogbia-Nembe road in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The determination of CBR of soil is a laborious operation that requires a longer time and materials leading to increased cost and schedule;this can be reduced by adopting an empirical-mathematical model that can predict the CBR using other simpler soil index properties such as Plastic Limit (PL), the Liquid Limit (LL), the Plasticity Index (PI) and the Moisture Content (MC), which are less laborious and take lesser time to obtain. Thirteen models were developed to understand the relationship between these soil index properties: the independent variable and the California Bearing Ratio (CBR): the dependent variable;Six linear, Six quadratic and One multiple linear regression models were developed for this relationship. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the thirteen models showed that the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) are better independent variables for the prediction of the CBR value of Ogbia-Nembe soil generating a quadratic model and a multiple linear regression model having a better coefficient of determination R2 = 0.96 and 0.94 respectively, mean square error (MSE) of 0.74 and 1.152 respectively with Root mean square errors of 0.861 and 1.073 accordingly. These models were used to predict the CBR of the soil. The CBR values predicted by the model were further compared with those of the actual experimental test and found to be relatively consistent with minimal variance. This establishes that CBR of any soil can be predicted from the Index Property of the soil and this is more economical and takes lesser time and can be universally adopted for soil investigation.

Phosphorus and potassium fertilization in no till southern Brazilian soils

Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) levels in southern Brazilian (Rio Grande do Sul, RS) soils are largely below the critical concentrations more than four decades after implementation of the officially recommended system. This study aims to evaluate the increase in P and K levels in 0-10 and 0-20 cm deep samples from no-till soils using the Mehlich-1 (M1) and Mehlich-3 (M3) extractants as well as resin methods and to estimate the amount of P2O5 and K2O fertilizers necessary to increase the P and K soil levels by 1 mg·kg-1. The study was conducted in fields cultivated using a no-till system (direct planting) to grow soybeans, wheat, maize, pasture, and cover crops and fertilized with P2O5 and K2O. Soil samples were collected from the 0-10 and 0-20 cm soil layers and analyzed by the M1, M3, and resin methods. The results demonstrated that the P and K levels increased in the 0-10 and 0-20 cm layers. However, the amount of these levels increased depending on the source of phosphate fertilization and on the P and K extraction methods used. The amount of P2O5 fertilization needed to raise the P level by 1 mg·kg-1 was greater in the 0-20 cm layer than in the 0-10 cm layer, and the amount of K2O fertilization needed to raise the K level by 1 mg·kg-1 was higher in the 0-10 cm layer than in the 0-20 cm layer.

阿拉尔耕地沙土与65Mn摩擦行为的研究

目的探究阿拉尔耕地沙土与65Mn的摩擦学行为,为高速犁结构设计、优化和材料选择提供理论基础。方法采用摩擦磨损试验机,选择土壤含水率、平均粒径、载荷、转速和摩擦时间等5个参数进行单因素多水平试验,研究沙土对65Mn的摩擦行为,并对各因素水平下金属磨损形貌进行分析。结果随着含水率的增加,土壤黏附力和润滑水膜的厚度增大,摩擦因数减小,磨损量呈二阶抛物线规律;随着平均粒径的增加,微观接触面积减小,摩擦因数、磨损量与粒径呈负相关;随着载荷的增加,磨料挤压嵌入金属表面,使得微观切削量增加,摩擦因数呈小幅上升趋势,磨损量呈大幅上升趋势;随着转速的增加,摩擦因数、磨损量变化较缓和;随着摩擦时间的增加,因热量的累积,摩擦因数和磨损量呈上升趋势,土壤与金属的摩擦逐渐演变为土壤之间的摩擦。分析磨损形貌发现,65Mn金属磨损表面始终伴随着磨料磨损造成的犁沟、疲劳和剥落,还发现了腐蚀磨损造成的裂纹,表面金属材料被腐蚀成金属盐结晶体,2种形式的磨损交互影响,加剧了65Mn的磨损。结论方差分析表明,与土壤含水率、载荷、转速相比,平均粒径和摩擦时间对沙土与65Mn的摩擦因数的影响较大,平均粒径对65Mn的磨损的影响最大。

Do model choice and sample ratios separately or simultaneously influence soil organic matter prediction?

This study was performed to examine the separate and simultaneous influence of predictive models’choice alongside sample ratios selection in soil organic matter(SOM).The research was carried out in northern Morocco,characterized by relatively cold weather and diverse geological conditions.The dataset herein used accounted for 1591 soil samples,which were randomly split into the following ratios:10%(∼150 sample ratio),20%(∼250 sample ratio),35%(∼450 sample ratio),50%(∼600 sample ratio)and 95%(∼1200 sample ratio).Models herein involved were ordinary kriging(OK),regression kriging(RK),multiple linear regression(MLR),random forest(RF),quantile regression forest(QRF),Gaussian process regression(GPR)and an ensemble model.The findings in the study showed that the accuracy of SOM prediction is sensitive to both predictive models and sample ratios.OK combined with 95%sample ratio performed equally to RF in conjunction with all the sample ratios,as the latter did not show much sensitivity to sample ratios.ANOVA results revealed that RF with a∼10%sample ratio could also be optimum for predicting SOM in the study area.In conclusion,the findings herein reported could be instrumental for producing cost-effective detailed and accurate spatial estimation of SOM in other sites.Furthermore,they could serve as a baseline study for future research in the region or elsewhere.Therefore,we recommend conducting series of simulation of all possible combinations between various predictive models and sample ratios as a preliminary step in soil organic matter prediction.

磁性固相萃取技术在土壤污染物检测中的应用研究进展

近年来,各种污染物通过多种途径进入土壤环境中并积累,对土壤环境质量、食品安全和人体健康产生极大的危害。土壤基质较为复杂,采用高效、选择性好、灵敏度高、便捷简单的前处理技术对土壤中的污染物进行分析检测尤为重要。磁性固相萃取技术作为一种新型的前处理方法,与传统前处理技术相比具有多种优势。随着磁性纳米材料的兴起,根据土壤中污染物的不同,通过对磁性纳米粒子进行功能化修饰可以得到不同吸附性能的吸附材料,从而对土壤中的各种污染物进行选择性吸附。梳理了土壤中存在的主要污染物、传统的前处理技术、磁性固相萃取技术简介及优势,详细阐述了磁性固相萃取技术在土壤污染物分析检测中的应用研究进展,为磁性固相萃取技术在土壤污染物实际检测应用中提供参考。

Effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil physicochemical properties in Gumara watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia

Background:Soil erosion is among the foremost causes of declining soil resources in Ethiopia,which in turn affect agricultural productivity.To limit this problem,for the last two decades in Gumara watershed,soil and water conservation measures have been practiced through free labor community mass-mobilization.However,their effect on soil fertility has not been evaluated.This study investigated the impact of implemented soil and water conservation measures on fertility improvement in the Gumara watershed.Both composite and core soil samples were taken from upstream,midstream,and downstream adjacent conserved and non-conserved cultivated and grazing plots.Selected soil fertility indicators were analyzed using standard laboratory procedures.Results:Soil and water conservation practices have resulted in a statistically significantly higher mean values of total nitrogen,exchangeable Na+and Mg2+at p<0.01,and of soil organic carbon and organic matter at p<0.05 in the watershed.The clay content,soil reaction,cation exchange capacity,and exchangeable K+showed nonsignificant,but higher mean values in conserved plots.Furthermore,the effects of conservation practices on soil properties were found more effective in cultivated land uses as compared to that of grazing land uses.This is because conservation treatments had significant effects on organic carbon,total nitrogen,exchangeable Na+and Mg2+in cultivated land uses but only on exchangeable Na+in grazing land uses.The interaction effect of treatments and land uses did not reach a statistically significant result for any of the soil properties considered in this study.Conclusion:Conservation measures have important implications for improving soil fertility in the Gumara watershed.Therefore,proper guidance and follow-up,use of agro-forestry and grass strips,and maintenance are required for the watershed’s sustainability and good soil conditions.

Generic Issues on Broad-Scale Soil Monitoring Schemes: A Review

Numerous scientific challenges arise when designing a soil monitoring network (SMN), especially when assessing large areas and several properties that are driven by numerous controlling factors of various origins and scales. Different broad approaches to the establishment of SMNs are distinguished. It is essential to establish an adequate sampling protocol that can be applied rigorously at each sampling location and time. We make recommendations regarding the within-site sampling of soil. Different statistical methods should be associated with the different types of sampling design. We review new statistical methods that account for different sources of uncertainty. Except for those parameters for which a consensus exists, the question of testing method harmonisation remains a very difficult issue. The establishment of benchmark sites devoted to harmonisation and inter-calibration is advocated as a technical solution. However, to our present knowledge, no study has addressed crucial scientific issues such as how many calibration sites are necessary and how to locate them.

基于特征参数仿真的引线键合强度测量系统分析

引线键合强度测量具有破坏性和不可重复测试的特性,无法采用传统的测量系统分析方法对其进行分析。采用对工艺参数总体分布的特征参数的均值和标准偏差仿真的方法,选择服从相同正态分布的标准砝码作为替代样本。利用方差分析法计算引线键合强度测量系统的重复性和再现性,分析替代样本与操作者的交互作用。基于特征参数仿真的测量系统分析方法可以反映引线键合强度测量系统的精密度,降低了产线统计过程控制的成本。

高效液相色谱-质谱法测定土壤中乙草胺残留

本研究采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪,建立了土壤中乙草胺的分析方法。以乙腈和0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相进行液相分离,ESI+模式下进行多重反应监测扫描。结果表明,在浓度为1~50μg/L范围线性关系良好,乙草胺、线性相关系数分别为0.9979,在土壤中0.01、0.1和1 mg/kg 3个添加浓度的平均回收率在102.0%~112.0%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)均<10%。方法最小检出限为0.0002 mg/kg。

基于有限样点的农用地土壤污染状况分析探讨

基于有限样点的土壤数据,运用正态分布检验、地质累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法及相关性分析等方法,对研究区域内农用地土壤污染状况进行研究.结果表明:该数据呈现明显偏态分布,镉是样本区域内农用地土壤污染最突出的重金属,镉和锌存在较强的相关性.研究存在两点不足,一是计算评价指数时省级背景值适用性较低,二是仅计算相关系数并无法确定重金属污染的真正来源.因此建议在后续工作中应尽快开展市级土壤背景值调查,并进行因果关系研究.

流态固化开挖砂质土回填基坑侧壁的应用研究

随着我国道路建设的发展,如何处理废弃开挖砂质土成为亟需解决的问题,将砂质土流动化后回填便是解决方法之一。通过室内试验研究了水灰比、灰土比对流态固化土的流动度以及无侧限抗压强度的影响,并结合现场试验确定水灰比和灰土比的最优配比。结果表明:流态固化土的流动度随水灰比增加而增加,随灰土比的增加而减小,其中灰土比对流动度的影响较大;强度随水灰比增加而减小,随灰土比增大而增大,其中灰土比对强度的影响较大;现场实测强度相对室内强度较低,灰土比0.16、水灰比2∶1为最佳质量配比,满足流动度介于200~250 mm和回填土强度大于0.5 MPa的要求。

考虑土体参数不确定性的供水管道地震响应分析

埋地管道周围土体性质沿管道纵向存在不确定性,直接影响到埋地管道的地震响应规律和抗震性能。为此,基于设计反应谱合成不同抗震设防烈度下的人工地震动,采用简化弹性地基梁模型,分析地震行波作用下的管道接口动力响应。考虑因安装环境差异、管道老化等因素引起的球墨铸铁管道接口强度的折减,分析土体重度、内摩擦角、黏聚力和土弹簧屈服位移4个不确定性参数对埋地球墨铸铁供水管道地震响应的影响规律,并对不同地震烈度、不同薄弱接口抗拉强度折减系数土参数不确定性规律进行总结归纳。算例分析表明:与确定性参数模型计算结果相比,4个不确定性参数对接口峰值动力响应的影响程度依次为黏聚力、内摩擦角、土体重度、土弹簧屈服位移,同时考虑4个不确定性参数的模型对结果影响最大,最大接口张开量的变异系数可高达9.54%;考虑土体参数不确定性的均值与确定性工况基本一致,最不利值为确定性工况的1.09~1.31倍;管道局部接口抗拉强度的折减对管道接口位移的响应影响显著。基于计算结果给出了不同地震动强度下接口薄弱系数与接口最大张开量的预测公式。

校准用棉花标准样品的制备与均匀性检验

为了实现棉花检验校准用马克隆值标准样品、长度/强度标准样品的国产化,介绍了棉花检验校准用马克隆值标准样品、长度/强度标准样品的制作,制备了A级、B1级、B2级3种马克隆值等级的标准样品,以及25 mm级、26 mm级、28 mm级的3种长度/强度等级的标准样品;采用单因素方差分析法对标准样品均匀性进行检验,计算出由均匀性引入的不确定度分量。结果表明:所制备的标准样品的扩展不确定度均在给定的范围以内;均匀性与进口标样的均匀性相当。

桑根达来不同林龄榆树林土壤养分特征

[目的]研究正蓝旗桑根达来镇榆树林土壤养分随林龄增加的变化趋势及其规律。[方法]选择桑根达来镇3种不同林龄(10、25、40 a)榆树林为研究对象,测定了0~10、10~20、20~40 cm土层土壤pH、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量共5个指标。采用双因素分析法、相关性分析研究不同林龄榆树土壤养分在不同垂直深度土层中的含量特征及其相互关系。[结果]林龄对榆树根系土壤的速效氮、速效磷、速效钾含量及pH有显著或极显著影响;土层对土壤的速效磷、有机质含量及pH有显著影响;二者的协同作用对速效磷有极显著影响。随林龄增加,榆树林土壤有机质和速效氮、速效钾含量呈上升趋势;速效磷在表层及深层土壤中先降低后升高,在中层土壤中先升高后降低。随着土壤深度的加深,土壤有机质、速效氮、速效钾含量均呈现较明显的表聚现象。土壤pH随林龄增加逐渐降低,且与速效氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量呈显著负相关,土壤酸性越高,土壤养分含量越高。[结论]该研究可为该地区榆树林的养分管理、提质增效及近自然改造提供重要的理论依据。

论标准样品均匀性检验方法之适用条件

假设检验中的方差分析法是目前检验标准样品均匀性所用到最广泛的统计分析方法。在实际工作中发现,部分研究者是用测试数据直接套用方差分析步骤进行F值的计算,并未考虑方差分析的适用条件限制。为进一步增强标准研制工作的严谨性和准确性,本文主要从统计学角度简述方差分析模型构造过程,从模型角度细致分析方差分析适用条件,并给出不满足条件时的处理办法,以供参考。

生物炭基磷肥和补播对荒漠草原土壤呼吸的影响

我国90%以上的草地存在不同程度的退化,修复退化草原是当前“双碳”背景下提升草原碳储量的重要途径,探究不同草地修复措施对土壤碳排放的影响十分重要。因此,本研究在内蒙古四子王旗荒漠草原样地设4个处理:对照(CK)、生物炭基磷肥(CB)、补播(CP)和生物炭基磷肥加补播(CPB),于2021年生长季(6月-10月)测量土壤呼吸速率,并测量0-20 cm的土壤物理性质(土壤温度和含水量)和土壤化学性质(土壤有机碳和速效磷含量),同时调查植被地上生物量。结果表明:与对照相比,CP和CPB处理下土壤含水量和土壤呼吸速率分别增加了12%、15%和27%、30%,土壤温度降低了2.5%和4.6%,CB处理提高了土壤化学性质但并未对土壤呼吸产生影响。研究发现,补播和施肥+补播措施能够在短期内促进土壤呼吸。综合植被和土壤的变化情况,生物炭基磷肥对于荒漠草原的修复有促进作用,但施肥和补播措施时,早期要注意控制开沟的规模,尽可能减少对土壤的扰动。

SHAW模型模拟积雪覆盖下土壤热过程的不确定性分析

为探究SHAW(Simultaneous heat and water)模型中输入参数不确定性在模拟积雪覆盖条件下土壤热过程中对输出结果造成的影响以及关键影响因素,以松嫩平原黑土区东北农业大学试验场为研究区域,运用SHAW模型模拟积雪覆盖条件下6个不同深度土层热过程动态变化情况,并结合拉丁超立方取样(Latin hypercube sampling,LHS)方法,采用标准秩逐步回归探究参数不确定性对土壤冻结深度和温度输出不确定性的影响。结果表明:SHAW模型能够反映土壤冻融规律,6个深度土层温度的模拟值与实测值平均绝对误差小于2℃,选取的参数对土壤温度的输出敏感性较弱,而初始积雪厚度对土壤冻结深度的输出起主导作用。总体而言,SHAW模型基于LHS抽样和标准秩逐步回归方法可用于模拟积雪覆盖条件下土壤热过程模拟研究。

基于CatBoost的玻璃成分与风化关系实证探究

高钾玻璃和铅钡玻璃的化学成分含量和物理属性不同,研究玻璃文物样品的类型对文物的保存和探索有着重要价值。为了精确分类玻璃文物样品类型,通过综合相关性分析研究两种玻璃的分类规律,发现玻璃类型和二氧化硅、氧化钾、氧化铅和氧化钡的相关系数可达到0.7,得知高钾玻璃中氧化硅和氧化钾含量较高,铅钡玻璃中氧化钡和氧化铅含量较高。结合样品的分类规律,以玻璃文物样品的化学成分以及表面风化情况作为特征参数建立CatBoost分类模型,并得到准确率为97%,召回率为95.9%,F1值为92.4%的模型效果,同时利用关联性和差异性分析进行模型验证,为考古工作者快速区分玻璃文物样品类型提供理论指导依据。

现场采样与实验室分析在土壤环境监测中的应用

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