Research on a Monte Carlo global variance reduction method based on an automatic importance sampling method

Global variance reduction is a bottleneck in Monte Carlo shielding calculations.The global variance reduction problem requires that the statistical error of the entire space is uniform.This study proposed a grid-AIS method for the global variance reduction problem based on the AIS method,which was implemented in the Monte Carlo program MCShield.The proposed method was validated using the VENUS-Ⅲ international benchmark problem and a self-shielding calculation example.The results from the VENUS-Ⅲ benchmark problem showed that the grid-AIS method achieved a significant reduction in the variance of the statistical errors of the MESH grids,decreasing from 1.08×10^(-2) to 3.84×10^(-3),representing a 64.00% reduction.This demonstrates that the grid-AIS method is effective in addressing global issues.The results of the selfshielding calculation demonstrate that the grid-AIS method produced accurate computational results.Moreover,the grid-AIS method exhibited a computational efficiency approximately one order of magnitude higher than that of the AIS method and approximately two orders of magnitude higher than that of the conventional Monte Carlo method.

远隔缺血后适应治疗对急性缺血性卒中超时间窗患者临床预后的影响:一项随机对照试验

背景急性缺血性卒中(AIS)高发,及时恢复脑血流是治疗的关键,超时间窗就诊患者无更多促进脑血流恢复的治疗手段。研究远隔缺血后适应(RIPostC)治疗对AIS超时间窗就诊患者的临床疗效、并发症和预后,具有重要的临床意义。目的探究RIPostC治疗对AIS超时间窗患者干预的影响,为超时间窗就诊的AIS患者寻求安全、有效的脑血流恢复治疗方式。方法本研究采用随机、分组、安慰剂对照法进行试验。选取2021-09-02—2022-08-31于北京航天总医院神经内科病房住院治疗的超溶栓时间窗(发病时间>6 h)的AIS患者为研究对象。依据随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和试验组。试验期+随访期共90 d,均使用同等的一般治疗、脑血管病常规治疗,试验组在此基础上给予RIPostC治疗14 d(28次),对照组给予模拟的RIPostC治疗14 d(28次)。在干预前和干预后30 d、干预后90 d,采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评估两组患者神经功能,简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评估患者认知功能,工具性日常生活能力量表(IADL)评估日常生活能力,焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)评估精神状态,经颅多普勒超声(TCD)评估脑血流速度,以白介素(IL)-6反映炎症情况。结果122例患者中,最终完成试验及随访99例,其中试验组49例,对照组50例。两组患者性别、年龄、基础疾病(高血压、糖尿病、冠心病)及基线NIHSS评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。重复测量方差分析结果示,时间与组别对MMSE、MoCA、mRS、NIHSS、脑血流速度、IL-6存在交互作用(P<0.05),时间和组别对MMSE、MoCA、NIHSS、脑血流速度、IL-6主效应显著(P<0.05),时间对mRS、SAS、SDS、IADL主效应显著(P<0.05)。试验组干预后30、90 d MMSE、MoCA评分及脑血流速度均高于对照组,mRS、NIHSS评分均低于对照组(P<0.05);试验组干预后30、90 d SDS、IADL评分低于对照组(P<0.05);试验组干预后30 d SAS评分高于对照组,IL-6低于对照组(P<0.05)。99例患者中共有23例患者发生不良反应,其中试验组17例,对照组6例,两组皮肤瘀点、头晕、心慌、胸闷发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对照组患者皮肤瘀斑发生率[4.00%(2/50)与12.24%(6/49)]、总不良反应发生率[12.00%(6/50)与34.69%(17/49)]低于试验组(P<0.05)。结论RIPostC治疗可降低AIS患者的炎症反应,对神经功能、认知功能抑郁情绪及颅内血流速度可起到积极的改善效果。

Variance Type of Capsule Morphological Characters in Platycodon grandiflorum Population

[ Objective] The aim was to study variance type of capsule morphological characters in Platycodon grandiflorum population, and provide some theoretical basis for seeking to genetic markers which can differentiate different P. grandiflorum and breeding new varieties. [ Method] According to shape morphological characters of capsule from the same population of perennial purple P. gandiflorum, seven types of distinct di- versity capsule were selected, variance analysis and multiple comparison on the length, diameter, length/diameter of the different types of capsule were carried out. [ Result] There is unicolor and bicolor, even trichrome, among main color was brown and purple. Capsule shape was main cone, furthermore, containing long roller type, spheroidicity and sphericity. [ Conclusion] P. gandiflorum capsule was divided into long form, short form and middle type from length/diameter size in perennial culture P. gandiflorum population.

免疫细胞与膝骨关节炎之间因果作用:一项两样本双向孟德尔随机化分析

背景:膝骨关节炎是一种常见的关节软骨及周围组织损伤的慢性炎症性疾病,而免疫细胞在膝骨关节炎免疫炎症反应中起到重要作用,但其中的具体机制仍有待深入研究。目的:采用孟德尔随机化方法来评估731种免疫细胞表型与膝骨关节炎风险之间的潜在因果关系。方法:使用全基因组关联分析(GWAS)目录中公开获取731种免疫细胞表型的全基因组关联分析统计数据(从GCST0001391到GCST0002121)和IEUGWAS数据库中膝骨关节炎的全基因组关联分析数据(ebi-a-GCST007090)。采用逆方差加权法、MR-Egger回归法、加权中位数法、加权模型法和简单模型法来研究免疫细胞与膝骨关节炎之间的因果关系。敏感性分析用于检验孟德尔随机化分析结果是否可靠,然后以同样方法进行反向孟德尔随机化分析。结果与结论:①正向分析结果表明,共有4种免疫细胞表型与膝骨关节炎有显著的因果关系(FDR<0.20),其中B细胞中的CD27 on CD24+CD27+(OR=1.026,P=0.00026,Pfdr=0.18)、髓系细胞中的CD33 on CD33dim HLA DR-(OR=1.014,P=0.00050,Pfdr=0.18)以及Treg细胞中的CD45RA+CD28-CD8br%CD8br(OR=1.001,P=0.00078,Pfdr=0.18)与膝骨关节炎风险呈直接的正向因果关联;单核细胞中PDL-1 on monocyte(OR=0.952,P=0.00098,Pfdr=0.18)与膝骨关节炎风险呈直接的负向因果关联。②反向分析结果表明,当膝骨关节炎作为暴露数据时,与731种免疫细胞表型均不具有显著因果关系(FDR<0.20)。③敏感性分析结果显示:双向孟德尔随机化的Cochran’s Q检验和MR-Egger回归法结果P值均大于0.05,表明免疫细胞表型与膝骨关节炎之间的因果效应分析不存在显著的异质性和多效性。④上述结果证实,CD27 on CD24+CD27+,CD33 on CD33dim HLA DR-,CD45RA+CD28-CD8br%CD8br以及PDL-1 on monocyte免疫细胞表型与膝骨关节炎之间可能具有较为显著的潜在因果关系,这为研究膝骨关节炎的生物学机制及探索膝骨关节炎的早期防治提供有价值的线索,也为干预性药物的开发提供了新的方向。

基于mean-variance的服务集群负载均衡方法

大量并发请求任务进行分配时,负载调度机制是通过最小化响应时间及最大化节点利用率实现网络中节点的负载均衡,在基于遗传算法的负载均衡算法中,适应度函数设计对服务集群负载均衡效率产生重要的影响。对此提出了一种基于mean-variance的服务集群负载均衡方法对适应度函数进行优化,采用投资组合选择模型mean-variance进行最小化响应时间,以得到每个服务器资源利用率的权重,从而获得最优的分配组合,进而提高适应度函数的准确性和有效性。在不同服务环境下与其他模型进行比较,仿真结果表明,本文的负载均衡算法在节点利用率和响应时间方面使服务集群得到了更好的均衡。

肥胖与普通男性跨越不同高度障碍动态稳定性的差异

背景:肥胖对步行时的动态平衡产生负面影响,而跨越障碍是较为日常的功能活动,对控制身体姿势的稳定性要求更高。目的:探讨肥胖男性与普通男性动态稳定性的差异,采用相对更具挑战性的跨越障碍对肥胖男性的平衡能力进行评估。方法:招募24名男性青年,肥胖组与普通组(非肥胖组)各12名,分别以随机顺序完成平地行走和不同高度(4,11,15 cm)障碍物的跨越测试。使用Qualisys运动捕捉系统与Kistler测力台采集运动学与动力学数据。采用双因素(2组别*4动作类型)重复测量方差分析,对各指标进行统计分析。结果与结论:①肥胖组比普通组步速更低(P<0.05),跨越11 cm与15 cm障碍时第一单支撑期占比减小,第二双支撑期占比增加(P<0.05);②在平地行走时,普通组的内外方向动态稳度大于肥胖组(P<0.05);③在跨越4 cm障碍时,肥胖组前后方向动态稳度低于普通组(P<0.05);④在跨越11 cm障碍时,两组前后方向动态稳度无显著性差异(P>0.05),而内外方向差异有显著性意义(P<0.05);⑤在跨越15 cm障碍时,肥胖组动态稳度低于普通组(P<0.05);⑥提示肥胖使人体在跨越障碍过程中对身体的控制能力下降,动态稳定性降低,发生跌倒的风险较普通人群更高;此外,相较于平地行走,跨越障碍时肥胖组稳定性下降较普通人群更为显著。

关节镜下Wafer术治疗尺骨撞击综合征20例临床疗效

目的探讨关节镜下Wafer术治疗腕关节尺骨撞击综合征(UIS)的早期疗效。方法回顾性分析2019年8月至2022年9月遂宁市中心医院收治20例尺骨阳性变异(UV)≤4 mm的UIS病人,均行关节镜下Wafer术治疗,术后行规范的康复性锻炼。男9例,女11例,年龄范围18~76岁,病程范围6~24个月。术前尺骨撞击试验、尺腕压力试验及Press test均为阳性。术前腕关节掌屈、背伸、尺偏、桡偏角度分别为(54.2±3.8)°、(61.1±4.3)°、(15.8±4.6)°、(13.0±2.7)°,疼痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS)、Mayo腕关节评分、上肢功能评分表(DASH)评分、握力、UV程度分别为(6.2±1.1)分、(53.5±9.1)分、(45.9±5.8)分、(60.5±9.3)N,(3.5±1.5)mm。结果病人切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无腕关节僵硬及感染等并发症发生。病人均获随访,随访时间范围为12~24个月。末次随访时腕关节掌屈、背伸分别为(54.7±4.1)°、(61.7±4.6)°,与术前比较均差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);尺偏、桡偏角度分别为(34.4±5.3)°、(15.6±3.5)°,与术前比较均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);VAS、Mayo腕关节评分、DASH评分、握力、UI分别为(1.6±0.6)分、(81.0±8.3)分、(15.7±4.2)分、(80.8±8.7)N,(0.8±0.8)mm,上述指标与术前比较均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论关节镜下Wafer手术治疗UV≤4 mm的UIS病人疗效确切,可有效缓解疼痛,改善腕关节功能,值得临床应用及推广。

Variance Gamma过程与股票期权定价中的波动率偏度的纠正

针对 Black- Scholes期权定价模型在股票期权定价中的波动率偏度的定价偏差 ,介绍一种新的改进模型来纠正波动率偏度 ,这种改进模型是通过将 Black- Scholes期权定价模型中的布朗运动过程替换为 variance gamma过程来实现的。在给出相应欧式看涨期权价格的解析解的基础上 ,对改进模型的定价性能进行实证检验。

摩擦市场条件下的Mean-Variance-Skewness模型

在投资组合选择模型中考虑了资产收益率分布中正的偏度水平,并通过引入一些市场摩擦因素建立了摩擦市场条件下的Mean-Variance-Skewness模型.提出了一个新的遗传算法加速其搜索收敛过程,解决了该模型的计算复杂性问题.在该模型框架内对交易费用和税收等市场摩擦因素进行了敏感性分析.研究证明资产收益率分布的偏度水平是与投资者的决策相关的,市场摩擦因素对投资者的决策行为也有直接的影响.因此,考虑摩擦市场条件下基于正偏度水平偏好的最优投资组合模型对投资者有很强的实践指导价值.

椎间盘退行性变与473种肠道菌群的关系:芬兰数据库大数据信息可借鉴的意义

背景:有研究表明,调节肠道菌群可能会影响椎间盘退变的进程。然而,肠道菌群与椎间盘退变的因果关系尚不清楚。目的:采用孟德尔随机化方法来评估肠道菌群与椎间盘退变之间的潜在因果关系。方法:应用公开发表最新的473种肠道菌群的全基因组关联分析汇总统计数据和芬兰数据库R11中的椎间盘退变的全基因组关联分析汇总数据(椎间盘退变病例46 205例和对照组322 314例)。采用逆方差加权法、MR-Egger回归法、加权中位数法、加权模型法和简单模型法来研究肠道菌群与椎间盘退变之间的因果关系。敏感性分析用于检验孟德尔随机化分析结果是否可靠。反向孟德尔随机化以全部肠道菌群作为结局进行效应分析和敏感性分析。结果与结论:(1)正向孟德尔随机化的逆方差加权法结果显示,毛螺菌目,UBA-6960科、嗜热厌氧杆菌科、盐单胞菌科、丛毛单菌属、戈登氏菌属和欧陆森氏菌属与椎间盘退变呈现正相关。短螺旋体目、假单胞菌目、短螺旋菌科、CAG-776属、螺杆菌属、CAG-448种sp003150135、CAG-776种sp000438195、布劳特氏菌种-A sp000285855和汉逊布劳氏菌种与椎间盘退变呈现负相关。(2)反向孟德尔随机化结果显示,椎间盘退变与玫瑰巴氏菌属、地电细菌属C、弗氏埃希菌种、弗氏丙酸杆菌种、UBA-1777种sp900319835、铜绿假单胞菌种和韦氏芽孢杆菌种呈正相关,与明串珠菌属、普雷沃氏菌种sp000434975、布劳特氏菌种-A sp000285855、CAG-194种sp002441865和CAG-590种sp000431135呈负相关。(3)双向敏感性分析均未发现存在异质性或水平多效性。(4)上述结果说明,基于芬兰数据库探究肠道菌群与椎间盘退变的因果关系,为临床上椎间盘退变的早期预测及治疗探索了新的生物标志物。另外,对于中国生物医学研究,可以借鉴建立大型数据库,整合多中心的医疗数据,为肠道菌群与椎间盘退变关系的研究提供坚实基础,与其他国家的科研团队加强交流与合作,共同推动肠道菌群与疾病关系的研究,为全球医学发展作出贡献。

肠道菌群与骨质疏松症的遗传关系:来自英国数据库211个肠道微生物群分析

背景:骨质疏松症被定义为一种慢性代谢性骨病,大量的证据表明肠道菌群与骨质疏松症有关。然而,肠道菌群对骨质疏松症的因果关系尚不清楚。目的:采用双样本孟德尔随机化方法来评估肠道菌群与骨质疏松症之间的潜在因果关系。方法:使用MiBioGen联盟肠道菌群的全基因组关联分析汇总统计数据和英国生物样本数据库中骨质疏松症的全基因组关联分析数据。采用逆方差加权法(Inverse variance weighting,IVW)、MR-Egger回归法、加权中位数法、加权模型法和简单模型法来研究肠道菌群与骨质疏松症之间的因果关系。敏感性分析用于检验孟德尔随机化分析结果是否可靠。结果与结论:逆方差加权法结果表明,肠道菌群与骨质疏松症之间存在因果关系。克里斯滕森菌科R7属(MR Egger:β=-0.007;IVW:β=-0.004,P=0.028)、粪球菌3属(MR Egger:β=-0.008;IVW:β=-0.003,P=0.046)和毛螺菌属(MR Egger:β=-0.009;IVW:β=-0.004,P=0.003),可能是骨质疏松的保护性因素,而霍氏菌属(MREgger:β=0.006;IVW:β=0.002,P=0.033)和氧化真杆菌属(MREgger:β=0.001;IVW:β=0.003,P=0.046),可能为骨质疏松症潜在危险性因素。数据分析结果显示,氧化真杆菌属和霍氏菌属可增加骨质疏松风险,克里斯滕森菌科R7属、粪球菌3属和毛螺菌属可降低骨质疏松风险。此结论是否也适用于非欧洲人群,未来需要不同群体的大样本临床试验来验证。

Turbulent Variance Characteristics of Temperature and Humidity over a Non-uniform Land Surface for an Agricultural Ecosystem in China

This paper describes the application of the variance method for flux estimation over a mixed agricultural region in China. Eddy covariance and flux variance measurements were conducted in a near-surface layer over a non-uniform land surface in the central plain of China from 7 June to 20 July 2002. During this period, the mean canopy height was about 0.50 m. The study site consisted of grass （10% of area）, beans （15%）, corn （15%） and rice （60%）. Under unstable conditions, the standard deviations of temperature and water vapor density （normalized by appropriate scaling parameters）, observed by a single instrument, followed the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. The similarity constants for heat （CT） and water vapor （Cq） were 1.09 and 1.49, respectively. In comparison with direct measurements using eddy covariance techniques, the flux variance method, on average, underestimated sensible heat flux by 21% and latent heat flux by 24%, which may be attributed to the fact that the observed slight deviations （20% or 30% at most） of the similarity ＂constants＂ may be within the expected range of variation of a single instrument from the generally-valid relations.

Seismic attenuation relationship with homogeneous and heterogeneous prediction-error variance models

Peak ground acceleration(PGA) estimation is an important task in earthquake engineering practice.One of the most well-known models is the Boore-Joyner-Fumal formula,which estimates the PGA using the moment magnitude,the site-to-fault distance and the site foundation properties.In the present study,the complexity for this formula and the homogeneity assumption for the prediction-error variance are investigated and an effi ciency-robustness balanced formula is proposed.For this purpose,a reduced-order Monte Carlo simulation algorithm for Bayesian model class selection is presented to obtain the most suitable predictive formula and prediction-error model for the seismic attenuation relationship.In this approach,each model class(a predictive formula with a prediction-error model) is evaluated according to its plausibility given the data.The one with the highest plausibility is robust since it possesses the optimal balance between the data fi tting capability and the sensitivity to noise.A database of strong ground motion records in the Tangshan region of China is obtained from the China Earthquake Data Center for the analysis.The optimal predictive formula is proposed based on this database.It is shown that the proposed formula with heterogeneous prediction-error variance is much simpler than the attenuation model suggested by Boore,Joyner and Fumal(1993).

Variance-based fingerprint distance adjustment algorithm for indoor localization

The multipath effect and movements of people in indoor environments lead to inaccurate localization. Through the test, calculation and analysis on the received signal strength indication （RSSI） and the variance of RSSI, we propose a novel variance-based fingerprint distance adjustment algorithm （VFDA）. Based on the rule that variance decreases with the increase of RSSI mean, VFDA calculates RSSI variance with the mean value of received RSSIs. Then, we can get the correction weight. VFDA adjusts the fingerprint distances with the correction weight based on the variance of RSSI, which is used to correct the fingerprint distance. Besides, a threshold value is applied to VFDA to improve its performance further. VFDA and VFDA with the threshold value are applied in two kinds of real typical indoor environments deployed with several Wi-Fi access points. One is a quadrate lab room, and the other is a long and narrow corridor of a building. Experimental results and performance analysis show that in indoor environments, both VFDA and VFDA with the threshold have better positioning accuracy and environmental adaptability than the current typical positioning methods based on the k-nearest neighbor algorithm and the weighted k-nearest neighbor algorithm with similar computational costs.

Multivariable Control Performance Assessment Based on Generalized Minimum Variance Benchmark

This paper is concerned with the control performance assessment based on the multivariable generalized minimum variance benchmark.An explicit expression for the feedback controller-invariant(the generalized minimum variance)term of the multivariable control system is obtained,which is used as a standard benchmark for the assessment of the control performance for multi input multi output(MIMO)process.The proposed approach is based on the multivariable minimum variance benchmark.In comparison with the minimum variance benchmark, the developed method is more reasonable and practical for the control performance assessment of multivariable systems.The approach is illustrated by a simulation example and an industrial application.

OPTIMAL PROPORTIONAL REINSURANCE AND INVESTMENT FOR A CONSTANT ELASTICITY OF VARIANCE MODEL UNDER VARIANCE PRINCIPLE

This article studies the optimal proportional reinsurance and investment problem under a constant elasticity of variance （CEV） model. Assume that the insurer＇s surplus process follows a jump-diffusion process, the insurer can purchase proportional reinsurance from the reinsurer via the variance principle and invest in a risk-free asset and a risky asset whose price is modeled by a CEV model. The diffusion term can explain the uncertainty associated with the surplus of the insurer or the additional small claims. The objective of the insurer is to maximize the expected exponential utility of terminal wealth. This optimization problem is studied in two cases depending on the diffusion term＇s explanation. In all cases, by using techniques of stochastic control theory, closed-form expressions for the value functions and optimal strategies are obtained.

A Preliminary Study on the Relationship Between Arctic Oscillation and Daily SLP Variance in the Northern Hemisphere During Wintertime

In the present study, the authors investigated the relationship between the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and the high-frequency variability of daily sea level pressures in the Northern Hemisphere in winter (November through March), using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis datasets for the time period of 1948/49-2000/01. High-frequency signals are defined as those with timescales shorter than three weeks and measured in terms of variance, for each winter for each grid. The correlations between monthly mean AO index and high-frequency variance are conducted. A predominant feature is that several regional centers with high correlation show up in the middle to high latitudes. Significant areas include mid- to high-latitude Asia centered at Siberia, northern Europe and the middle-latitude North Atlantic east of northern Africa. Their strong correlations can also be confirmed by the singular value decomposition analysis of covariance between mean SLP and high-frequency variance. This indicates that the relationship of AO with daily Sea Level Pressure (SLP) is confined to some specific regions in association with the inherent atmospheric dynamics. In middle-latitude Asia, there is a significant (at the 95% level) trend of variance of-2.26% (10 yr)-1. Another region that displays a strong trend is the northwestern Pacific with a significant rate of change of 0.80% (10 yr)-1. If the winter of 1948/49, an apparent outlier, is excluded, a steady linear trend of +1.51% (10 yr)-1 shows up in northern Europe. The variance probability density functions (PDFs) are found to change in association with different AO phases. The changes corresponding to high and low AO phases, however, are asymmetric in these regions. Some regions such as northern Europe display much stronger changes in high AO years, whereas some other regions such as Siberia show a stronger connection to low AO conditions. These features are supported by ECMWF reanalysis data. However, the dynamical mechanisms involved in the AO-high frequency SLP variance connection have not been well understood, and this needs further study.

The low-frequency variance of the ocean surface wave field in the area of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

The low-frequency variance of the surface wave in the area of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current （ACC） and its correlation with the antarctic circumpolar wave （ACW） are focused on. The analysis of the series of 44 a significant wave height （SWH） interannual anomalies reveals that the SWH anomalies have a strong periodicity of about 4-5 a and this signal propagates eastward obviously from 1985 to 1995, which needs about 8 a to complete a mimacircle around the earth. The method of empirical orthogonal function （EOF） is used to analyze the filtered monthly SWH anomalies to study the spatio-temporal distributions and the propagation characteristics of the low-frequency signals in the wave field. Both the dominant wavenumber- 2 pattern in space and the propagation feature in the south Pacific, the south Atlantic and the south Indian ocean show strong consistency with the ACW. So it is reasonable to conclude that the ACW signal also exists in the wave field. The ACW is important for the climate in the Southern Ocean, so it is worth to pay more attention to the large- scale effect of the surface wave, which may also be important for climate studies.

Variance Inflation Factor: As a Condition for the Inclusion of Suppressor Variable(s) in Regression Analysis

Suppression effect in multiple regression analysis may be more common in research than what is currently recognized. We have reviewed several literatures of interest which treats the concept and types of suppressor variables. Also, we have highlighted systematic ways to identify suppression effect in multiple regressions using statistics such as: R2, sum of squares, regression weight and comparing zero-order correlations with Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) respectively. We also establish that suppression effect is a function of multicollinearity;however, a suppressor variable should only be allowed in a regression analysis if its VIF is less than five (5).

EMPIRICAL BAYES TEST PROBLEMS OF VARIANCE COMPONENTS IN RANDOM EFFECTS MODEL

Bayes decision rule of variance components for one-way random effects model is derived and empirical Bayes (EB) decision rules are constructed by kernel estimation method. Under suitable conditions, it is shown that the proposed EB decision rules are asymptotically optimal with convergence rates near O(n-1/2). Finally, an example concerning the main result is given.