Major Physiological Characters of Different Double Cropping Rice Varieties by Different Mechanical Transplanting Methods

The research selected 16 rice varieties（8 early and 8 late double-cropping rice） by mechanical transplanting modes as per equivalent row and wide-narrow row to explore yield and physiological traits in order to provide references for selection of rice variety suitable for mechanical transplanting. The results showed that yields of early and late rice improved by 2.90% and 2.73% by mechanical transplanting as per equivalent row and wide-narrow row respectively. Besides, leaf area index in the treatment as per wide-narrow row was higher compared with the treatment as per equivalent row, as well as average photosynthetic potential which grew by 0.92%,3.99% and 5.64% of early from tillering-peak stage to mature stage and 3.46%,7.09% and 6.79% of late rice. Furthermore, by mechanical transplanting as per wide-narrow row, SPAD value, and root activity performer higher, as well as the number of differentiated branch and glumous flowers, but degradation rate showed lower. In addition, with mechanical transplanting the same, early rice Zhuliangyou819 and late rice Fengyuanyou 299 took advantages in yield, which can be priorities for mechanical transplanting in double-cropping areas in Jiangxi Province.

Physiological Mechanism on the Difference of Sugar Accumulation in Four Citrus Varieties

The concentration of sucrose, glucose, fructose, titratable acid, ABA and the activity of acid invertase (AI) were measured in juice sacs of Bendizao mandarin (Citrus succosa Hort), Ponkan (Citrus reticulata Blanco), Miyagawa wase (Citrus unshiu Marc) and Meyer lemon (Citrus meyeri Y). The acid hydrolysis of sucrose in vitro was also studied. The results showed that the sugar content, the ratio of different sugars, titratable acidity, ABA content and the activity of AI were obviously different in four citrus varieties. The sugar content in juice sacs of citrus fruit was related to that of ABA at the late stage of fruit development. The result suggested that ABA played an important role in sugar accumulation in juice sacs of citrus fruit. Bendizao mandarin and Miyagawa wase mainly accumulated sucrose in juice sacs of citrus fruit. Meyer lemon accumulated hexose, and Ponkan citrus was the sucrose-hexose accumulating type variety. In Meyer lemon with high acid degree, the composition of sugar in juice sacs was determined by acid-hydrolysis of sucrose. In Bendizao mandarin, Ponkan citrus and Miyagawa wase with low acid degree, the composition of sugars at the late stage of fruit development was obviously affected by the AI activity.

Mechanical Properties of Sunflower Seed and Its Kernel, Azargol Variety as a Case Study, under Compressive Loading

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of moisture content, size and loading orientation on mechanical properties such as force, deformation and energy absorbed per unit volume for fracturing Iranian sunflower seed and its kernel （Azargol as a case study） under quasi-static loading. Sunflower seeds and their kernels were quasi-statically loaded in horizontal and vertical orientations with moisture content in three levels： 3%, 7% and 14%, and size category in three levels： small, medium and large. The obtained results showed that rupture force for both sunflower seed and its kernel decreased with increasing moisture content while the absorbed energy and deformation at rupture point increased for all size categories in both horizontal and vertical loading orientations. Also, seeds in the vertical orientation developed hull cracks at a higher level of force than those loaded in the horizontal orientation. However, for the kernels it was the opposite. In addition, the average forces required to cause kernel rupture were lower （11.64-39.9 N） than those required to rupture the seed （30.06-117.46 N） in both orientations. Seeds loaded in a vertical orientation absorbed more energy （87.67 mJ） prior to rupture than those loaded in the horizontal （46.60 mJ） orientation. However, for the kernels it was the opposite.

Strategies and Suggestions for the Development of Mechanized Rapeseed Production in Sichuan

Mechanization is the future direction of rapeseed production in Sichuan. A series of technology tests for rapeseed mechanized production have been carried out in terms of variety selection, key agronomic measures and machinery in the main production area of Sichuan in recent years. In the research, the agronomic techniques, including variety selection for mechanical production, key agronomic measures and mechanical harvesting were analyzed. Based on the present condi- tions, strategy and suggestions for the development of mechanized rapeseed produc- tion in Sichuan also were presented.

Mechanism of Salt Tolerance in Rice

Shaheen Basma ti was evolved as a salt tolerant fine rice va riety by the Soil Salinity Research Institute,Pindi Bhattian, Pakistan. Water culture studies were conducted to investigate the physiological mechanismexercised by this variety in particular and rice plant in general to face the saline environment. Performanceof this rice variety and the concentration and uptake of ions were studied under stress of three salinity levels(30, 60 and 90 mmol L-1) created with NaCl. Recorded data indicated that shoot dry matter was notsignificantly affected by all the three levels of salinity. However, NaCl levels of 60 and 90 mmol L-1 affectedthe root dry matter significantly. Sodium concentration and uptake was enhanced significantly in root andshoot at the first level of salinity (30 mmol L-1) but thereafter the differences were non-significant, indicatingthe preferential absorption of this cation. The K concentration decreased significantly in shoots at all thelevels. The impact was less pronounced in roots as far as K absorption was concerned. The effect on Ca andMg concentrations was not significant. The values of K:Na, Ca:Na and (Ca+Mg):Na ratios in shoot and rootwere comparatively low under stress conditions, indicating that selective ion absorption may be the principalsalt tolerance mechanism of variety Shaheen Basmati when grown in a saline medium.

Evaluation of grain breakage sensitivity of maize varieties mechanically-harvested by combine harvester

A high grain breakage rate is the main problem that occurs during mechanical maize harvest in China.The breakage sensitivity of different varieties was significantly different,and the breakage resistance is heritable.Therefore,breakage resistant variety screening can help improve the field production efficiency and provide references for breeding work.In this study,42 varieties of maize were harvested with the same mechanical parameters and the same manipulator on a range of harvest dates at experimental stations in Xinxiang,Henan Province,in 2017 and Changji,Xinjiang Province,in 2018 to determine the sensitivity of grain moisture content on grain breakage rate during machine harvest for different varieties.The integral value of the grain breakage rate curve corresponding to the range of 15%to 30%grain moisture content was used as an index that expressed the sensitivity of maize grains to breakage depending on grain moisture content(BSW).Forty-two varieties were categorized as having weak,intermediate,or strong BSW.Among the same four varieties in the two stations,Lianchuang 825 and Lianchuang 808 were classified as sensitive and fragile varieties,Shandan 650 was classified as an intermediate variety,Zeyu 8911 was divided into weak sensitive and breakage-resistance varieties in Xinxiang and intermediate varieties in Changji.The BSW classification results at the two experimental sites were generally consistent,indicating that breakage sensitivity due to moisture content may be a relatively stable genetic characteristic.This study suggested that the integral method for determining BSW can be used to assess the resistance of different maize varieties to grain breakage during mechanical harvesting.The integral method was used to identify twelve breakage-resistant varieties in Xinxiang Station,and six breakage-resistant varieties in Changji Station.This study provides a method for screening maize varieties that are suited to mechanical grain harvesting and for studying the mechanisms of grain breakage resistance.

Breeding of Yuetang 08776,a New Sugarcane Variety Suitable for Mechanized Production

[Objectives]To study the breeding of a new sugarcane variety Yuetang 08776 suitable for mechanized production.[Methods]With Yuetang 96-86 as the female parent and Yuetang 99-66 as the male parent,Yuetang 08776 was bred by the Bioengineering Institute of Guangdong Academy of Sciences.It was approved as a non-major crop variety by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in December,2019.Through many years of multi-pilot trials,the characters,traits and disease resistance of Yuetang 08776 were investigated,and the key points of its cultivation technique were summarized.[Results]Yuetang 08776 is characterized by medium maturity,high sugar content,high and stable yield,strong cold and drought resistance,large number of effective stems,strong ratooning ability and lodging resistance.Yuetang 08776 has excellent agronomic traits,and has been identified as moderately resistant to smut and mosaic disease.The average cane yield of Yuetang 08776 was 119.89 t/ha,18.50 t/ha higher than that of CK,an increase of 18.25%.The average sugar yield was 17.15,2.11 t/ha higher than that of CK,an increase of 14.03%.The average sucrose content of Yuetang 08776 in the early period(November to December)was 13.20%,0.71 percentage points lower than that of CK;in the middle and late period(January to March of the following year),the average sucrose content was 15.23%,0.22 percentage points lower than that of CK;and the average sucrose content of the whole period was 14.21%,0.47 percentage points lower than that of CK.[Conclusions]Yuetang 08776 is a sugarcane variety with medium maturity,high sugar,high and stable yield,strong resistance and good ratooning.It is suitable for mechanized seeding,management and harvesting,and suitable for planting and popularizing in most sugarcane production areas of Guangdong,Guangxi and Yunnan.

混合卷积神经网络用于高光谱小麦品种鉴别

不同品种的小麦满足了市场的不同需求,同时也会带来小麦品种混杂的风险。为了提高小麦品种的纯度进而提高选种、育种、加工等环节的经济价值,小麦种子的鉴别起到关键作用。传统的小麦品种纯度理化分析鉴别方法,鉴定时间长且破坏种子,已不能满足现代农业的迫切需要。高光谱成像作为近年来发展迅速的一种快速、高效、无损的新型鉴别技术,在种子品种鉴别领域取得了显著成效。然而,已有的大多数高光谱分类方法仅利用光谱信息,没有充分考虑空间信息,分类效果较差。为了解决上述问题,利用高光谱成像设备采集8个品种的小麦种子正背面的高光谱图像,基于这些高光谱数据集,提出一种基于注意力机制的混合卷积神经网络的高光谱小麦品种鉴别方法,主要利用三维卷积和二维卷积的互补优势特性提取小麦的有价值特征,进而提高小麦品种的鉴别效果。具体而言,首先提取小麦品种的感兴趣区域,并利用多元散射校正方法削弱由于散射水平差异带来的同一品种的光谱差异。同时,利用主成分分析方法减少三维数据的无用光谱波段,进而保留并压缩对鉴别小麦品种有价值的特征。随后,利用三维卷积获取空间维度和不同光谱间的特征信息,二维卷积获取空间信息和图像的自身固有的特征信息,并在二维卷积模型中引入注意力机制进一步增强图像的特征信息的提取。最后在全连接层实现同一区域不同小麦品种的鉴别。实验表明,所提出的方法比其他方法具有较好的分类性能,分类准确率达97.92%。此外,所提出的方法对小样本数据也具有较好的分类性能。总的来说,提出的方法对于高光谱小麦种子鉴别具有较好的有效性和鲁棒性,为小麦种子的在线鉴别提供了一种新的方法。

高产高抗宜机收玉米新品种陇单639的选育及栽培

培育高产、稳产籽粒直收玉米品种是玉米产业机械化发展的基本保障。为解决甘肃近年来玉米产业发展中存在的农业劳动力紧缺、玉米生产机械化程度低、宜机械收获籽粒品种缺少等问题,甘肃省农业科学院作物研究所玉米遗传育种团队通过种质资源改良、双单倍体诱导加倍、多环境胁迫选育、多生态区联合鉴定等技术,以自育自交系Z39-1为母本、DH系DHZ62-53为父本选育出了高产高抗宜机收玉米新品种陇单639。在2020-2021年进行的甘肃省玉米机收组区域试验中,陇单6392a10点(次)收获时籽粒平均水分含量为237.5g/kg,平均破损率为4.0%,平均折合产量为16095.0kg/hm^(2),较对照品种先玉335增产5.9%。在2022年进行的甘肃省玉米机收组生产试验中,5试点平均籽粒水分含量为209.0g/kg,籽粒破损率为4.0%,平均折合产量为15012.0kg/hm^(2),较对照品种先玉335增产6.4%。陇单639生育期平均为140d,株型半紧凑,株高290cm,筒型果穗,半马齿型籽粒,穗长19.6cm,穗行数16行,穗轴红色,籽粒黄色,千粒重419g左右。高抗禾谷镰孢茎腐病,中抗丝黑穗病、大斑病,感禾谷镰孢穗腐病。陇单639籽粒含粗蛋白为87.10g/kg、粗脂肪为369.0g/kg、粗淀粉为766.70g/kg、赖氨酸为2.97g/kg,容重为728g/L。同时该品种表现出高产、稳产、抗倒伏、脱水快等特点,在成熟后田间可站秆20d以上,具备机械收获籽粒品种的主要特征。适宜在甘肃省中晚熟春玉米类型区机收种植。

Mechanism of rice variety resistance to the yellow stem borer,Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)

Yellow stem borer(YSB),Scir-pophaga incertulas(Walker)has be-come the main rice insect pest onceagain along the Changjiang Riversince 1990s.Unfortunately,no ricevariety with resistance to YSB hasbeen reported so far.Japonica Zhen-dao 2 with moderate resistance toYSB was found.In 10 rice vari-eties with different resistance levels,YSB individuals showed distinct de-velopmental rates,and the asyn-chronous development even occurredin the same rice variety.In this

适合机械化收获的油菜新品种秦优1618的选育

为选育高油高产强优势适宜机械化栽培的杂交油菜,为生产提供优良油菜品种及创新强优品种的推广模式,通过多年多点试验和定向选择,以化学杀雄不育系“H04A”为母本,综合抗性较好的优质种质资源“DC2R”为父本,育成了适宜机械化收获的强优势甘蓝型双低杂交油菜新品种秦优1618。该品种在国家黄淮区域试验中平均产量3 468.75 kg/hm^(2),比对照秦优7号增产8.5%,含油量46.76%;长江下游区域试验中平均产量2 854.05 kg/hm^(2),比对照秦优10号增产10.67%,含油量49.68%;在大田生产中表现出发育快长势强、耐迟播、耐密植、抗病性好、株高适中(160 cm)、抗倒性强、适合机械化收获的特点。秦优1618适宜在黄淮和长江下游区冬播种植。

中国莲藕产业发展现状与对策建议

2018年以来莲藕价格波动对农户收益产生巨大影响,产业转型升级面临瓶颈,急需对我国莲藕产业现状进行系统梳理。为了解莲藕产业发展的基本情况,本文基于国家特色蔬菜产业技术体系调研数据,对我国近6年莲藕产业发展现状进行分析。研究发现:近年来莲藕种植面积处于下降态势;莲藕种植区域主要分布于华中、华南、西南和华北地区,其中湖北省种植面积及产量均保持稳定且居全国第1;主栽品种均为我国自主选育品种;莲藕生产成本呈波动上升趋势,收益呈先上升后下降的趋势,且不同省份及经营主体的生产收益差距明显;土地产出率下降、投入产出率提高。针对目前莲藕产业存在的品种退化,连作障碍问题日益突出;机械化水平严重滞后,难以实现机械对人工的替代;产业风险加剧,急需提升基础设施水平;比较收益下降、生产者收入不稳定;产业融合深度不够,产业链增值有限等问题,提出了加强莲藕种质资源收集、鉴定与挖掘利用,加强莲藕专用机械研发以进一步推动农机—农艺相结合的栽培新模式,建立全产业链标准规范以驱动莲藕产业绿色高质量发展等对策建议,以期进一步促进莲藕产业的高质量发展。

陇东旱塬区宜机收玉米品种的性状指标综合评价

目前玉米生产机械化程度越来越高,玉米籽粒机收将是大势所趋,因此人们对玉米品种的选择也趋向于耐密植、抗倒伏和籽粒脱水快等优良性状。为了筛选出陇东旱塬区适宜的籽粒机收玉米品种,通过灰色关联度分析法对引进的17个玉米品种表型性状和籽粒机收适宜性进行综合评价。结果表明,和恒5266产量高,但是机收表现不理想;迪卡159、先丰9号、先玉1483、五谷737和新农育6003等5个品种综合表现良好,可以作为陇东旱塬区籽粒机收玉米品种贮备品种加以推广,尤其是五谷737产量高、抗性好、机收表现好,宜大力推广种植。

进一步提升宁夏玉米生产竞争力的技术途径

针对宁夏玉米生产中存在的突出问题,系统分析了“卡脖子”制约因素,提出了加大玉米抗逆专用种质创制与品种培育力度,推进智能化、全程机械化高质量生产,加快基于改土培肥、提升灌溉质量的高标准农田建设,提高水资源利用效率,大力推广“玉米密植滴灌精准调控技术”“全膜双垄沟播+膜下滴灌技术”“基于‘双30%’青贮玉米高产挖潜技术”等进一步提升宁夏玉米生产竞争力的技术途径。

中国甘蔗单产提升的路径和主要技术措施

我国甘蔗生产面临立地条件差,自然灾害多发,品种更新速度慢和栽培技术落后等现状,制约了农业单产的提高。目前我国甘蔗主产区主要集中在广西、云南和广东等地,各主产区生产潜力不同。本研究综合三大主产蔗区自然生态条件和甘蔗生产现状,从甘蔗新品种选育和推广应用、甘蔗全程机械化应用技术、轻简绿色高效生产技术应用和重大甘蔗病虫系统防治四个方面提出我国甘蔗单产提升的路径。同时研究提出了甘蔗新品种及脱毒健康种苗、甘蔗温水脱毒健康种苗生产繁育、甘蔗节水抗旱轻简生产、甘蔗延长宿根年限丰产管理、甘蔗水肥一体化技术和甘蔗全程机械化生产6个相应配套的农艺栽培技术要点,为我国甘蔗农业单产提升提出见解和同行参考。

基于种植地区及品种的纺纱用大麻纤维综合品质评价

为优选黑龙江地区种植的纺纱用大麻纤维品种,以黑河和讷河2个种植地区的5个大麻品种的纤维为研究对象,通过方差分析和主成分分析方法,深入研究生态种植地区和大麻品种对纤维宏观性能的影响,并对各大麻纤维进行综合品质评价。实验结果表明:种植地区与大麻品种对纤维各性能指标的影响显著程度并不相同,二者对工艺纤维强度、直径,束纤维强度、纤维柔软度影响均显著,但对摩擦因数、回潮率影响并不显著;种植地区与大麻品种二者的交互作用对摩擦因数、回潮率影响显著,对纤维柔软度影响不显著;种植在黑河地区的11号大麻纤维综合评分最高,最终得分为1.045,即性能最优,其各项性能表现为株高269.87cm、穗长53.03cm、工艺长度216.83cm、茎粗6.52mm、纤维产量229.61g/m^(2)、工艺纤维强度633.53MPa、工艺纤维直径59.01μm、束纤维强度580.90MPa、摩擦因数0.23、柔软度36.64、回潮率9.88%。

机械直播杂交籼稻高产群体共性特征研究

【目的】阐明机械直播杂交籼稻高产群体的共性特征,构建规范化的机直播杂交籼稻品种鉴选方法和指标体系。【方法】以11个杂交籼稻品种为试材,研究机直播对不同杂交水稻品种群体质量及产量的影响,探讨机直播高产群体共性特征及其与产量间的关系。【结果】与中产、低产类型品种相比,高产类型品种的两年平均产量分别显著提高了2.77%~9.63%和11.19%~18.31%。高产类型品种拔节期、齐穗期及成熟期地上部干物质累积量分别显著提高27.78%~58.62%、15.38%~32.35%及18.23%~34.32%,收获指数显著提高了24.25%~34.84%,齐穗期高效叶面积指数(LAI)显著提高了37.92%~85.43%,上三叶片较长(剑叶34.17~42.17 cm、倒2叶46.23~50.30 cm、倒3叶55.17~59.23 cm),倒2叶(1.67~1.93 cm)、倒3叶(1.40~1.53 cm)较宽,N1、N2、N3(基部至穗顶第1、2、3节间)节间长度分别缩短了12.06%~47.34%、14.02%~15.85%、1.97%~14.21%,而N4、N5(基部至穗顶第4、5节间)节间分别增加了6.86%~9.95%、6.68%~7.86%。相关分析表明,机直播条件下,各生育时期地上部干物质量、LAI、剑叶长和宽、倒2叶和倒3叶长,宽以及张角(茎秆和叶片平直部分的夹角)与稻谷产量及其构成因素密切相关。尤其以齐穗期高效LAI、倒2叶宽、剑叶长与产量相关性达极显著水平(r=0.910^(**)~0.927^(**))。【结论】增加齐穗期高效LAI(6.04~7.19),并注重协同提高剑叶长(34.17~42.17 cm)与倒2叶宽(1.67~1.93 cm),是机械直播杂交籼稻高产的共性规律。

适合机械化移栽甘蓝幼苗叶片剪除量研究

为提高甘蓝大苗机械定植时的效率和成活率,以圆球形、高圆形、平头形3种类型甘蓝,品种YR中甘21、佳香、中甘107为试材,研究移栽前对幼苗叶片不同剪除量对剪除后机械化移栽情况和植株生长、产量及品质等方面的影响。结果表明,机械化移栽以幼苗第一片真叶叶柄基部到植株最高处的3/8和1/2剪叶量处理移栽速率最高、投苗率最好。根系活力以不剪叶处理最强,显著大于剪叶处理,其他各剪叶处理之间无显著差异;对后期的产量、品质等方面均无显著差异。综合考虑,以幼苗第一片真叶叶柄基部到植株最高处的3/8和1/2剪除量时,最适合机械化移栽;同时,以幼苗第一片真叶叶柄基部到植株最高处,剪除幼苗的部分叶片对甘蓝的生长发育无不良影响。

中国西南地区鲜食玉米产业发展现状及对策

鲜食玉米产业的发展对促进农业产业化、三产融合及农民增收具有重要意义。中国西南地区的立体气候和光热资源均有利于鲜食玉米生产,且早季产品可以补充北方市场的空档期。对通过学术期刊、公开数据、行业访谈和学术研讨等方式收集的相关数据资料进行分析,从产业规模、区域布局、种质资源、技术创新、品牌建设、市场销售、产后加工等7个方面分析了中国西南地区鲜食玉米产业的发展情况,指出西南地区鲜食玉米产业发展存在的主要问题,如品种瓶颈,季节性、结构性供需失衡,产业链不完善,品牌建设落后等。鉴于此,建议以市场为导向开展品种创新,重点开发甜加糯玉米、甜味糯玉米等优势特色新品种;合理安排种植计划,发展加工及冷链物流企业;加强机械化、深加工和绿色生产技术研究,延伸产业链条;充分挖掘西南地区优势特色糯玉米种质资源和气候资源,发挥“一带一路”优势,培育区域特色品牌,促进西南地区鲜食玉米产业持续、稳定和高质量发展。

不同品种山药的健康功效研究进展

目的:对不同品种山药的功能成分、功效作用及机制的研究进展进行综述,以期为相关功能性产品开发和研究提供科学依据。方法:以山药、品种、功能成分、功效作用机制等为检索词在古籍以及中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、PubMed、Web of Science等数据库查找相关文献进行归纳、整理和分析。结果:山药作为一种具有悠久药用历史的天然的传统中药材,功能活性成分十分丰富,包括多糖类、皂苷类、多酚类、尿囊素等,具有抗衰老、降血糖、降血脂、增强免疫等作用,对功效作用机制以及活性成分之间相互作用机制还不明确。结论:山药在药用和健康食品开发方面具有较好的应用前景,应加大对其结构、功效作用及机制和相关产品的研究。