V.PhyloMaker2:An updated and enlarged R package that can generate very large phylogenies for vascular plants

An earlier version of V.PhyloMaker has been broadly used to generate phylogenetic trees of vascular plants for botanical,biogeographical and ecological studies.Here,we update and enlarge this package,which is now called‘V.PhyloMaker2’.With V.PhyloMaker2,one can generate a phylogenetic tree for vascular plants based on one of three different botanical nomenclature systems.V.PhyloMaker2 can generate phylogenies for very large species lists(the largest species list that we tested included 365,198 species).V.PhyloMaker2 generates phylogenies at a fast speed.We provide an example(including a sample species list and an R script to run it)in this paper to show how to use V.PhyloMaker2 to generate phylogenetic trees.

Twenty years of Chinese vascular plant novelties,2000 through 2019

From 2000 to 2019,11,895 new names or new additions to the Chinese vascular flora were proposed by 4226 individuals(4086 articles and 140 books),as documented in the Chinese Plant Names Index(CPNI).During those 20 years,4407 new taxa of vascular plants were described from China,including 7 new families,132 new genera,3543 new species,68 new subspecies,497 new varieties and 160 new forms.Additionally,3562 new combinations and names at new rank and 306 new replacement names were also proposed.Among these various new names were 150 invalid names and 108 illegitimate names,including some that have not been resolved.Six hundred and forty three vascular plants were reported as new to China,while 2349 names were reduced to synonyms of 1406 taxa.The data show that the Chinese flora increased in size at the rate of about 200 taxa annually during those years.Despite the increased attention given to biodiversity in recent years,the evidence indicates that a large number of species in China have yet to be discovered.Further basic investigation of the Chinese flora is needed.Additionally,in the past two decades only 8.5%of the newly published species have been based on molecular evidence,but in the past five years such data have increased significantly,reaching about 20%.Molecular data will undoubtedly become increasingly significant in the discovery of new species in the coming years.Yunnan,Guangxi,Sichuan,Xizang and Taiwan were important sources of new discoveries,with more than 3300 new taxa and records from these five provinces.By area,Taiwan and Hainan,two islands in southern China,have the highest density of newly discovered species.Regional plant surveys are still needed,especially in areas in the southwest and on the southern islands.

Latitudinal trends in genus richness of vascular plants in the Eocene and Oligocene of North America

The latitudinal richness gradient is a frequent topic of study on the modern landscape,but its history in deep time is much less well known.Here,we preliminarily evaluated the paleolatitudinal richness gradient of vascular plants for the Eocene(56-33.9 million years ago) and Oligocene(33.9-23 million years ago) epochs of North America north of IVlexico using 201 fossil floras.We calculated the direction and shape of the gradient using quadratic regression to detect linear and curvilinear trends.We performed regressions for the Eocene and Oligocene as well as for informal time intervals within the Eocene:early,middle,and middle + late.We found that quadratic models better explain the data than linear models for both epochs as well as for the early Eocene.A roughly linear trend in the middle and middle + late intervals may reflect limited sampling of high latitude floras for those times.The curvilinear relationship was weak for the Eocene and the model showed a peak in richness at 45.5°N.The curvilinear relationship was much stronger for the Oligocene and the peak occurred at 48.5°N.In the Eocene,the mid-latitude peak in richness may be explained by mean annual temperature,which was probably higher at some mid-latitudes than at lower ones.For the Oligocene,the peak in richness at midlatitudes may be explained by evolutionary diversification within the temperate zone or by increased aridity at low latitudes.We also assessed the latitudinal richness gradient of genera within modern floras in North America north of Mexico and we found a weak,curvilinear trend with a peak in richness at 31.5°N.Our results suggest that the latitudinal genus richness gradient of vascular plants in North America continued to develop into its modern structure following the Oligocene.

Species Richness of Vascular Plants along the Climatic Gradient of Mountain Shennongjia in Central China

A case study on the richness variation of vascular plant species along the climatic gradient from mountain foot (400 m asl) up to the summit (3,100 m) was carried out in Mt. Shennongjia of central China. The results show that climatic features such as mean annual temperature ( Y =16.26-0.506 X, R 2 =0.995), mean annual precipitation ( Y=235.48+82.663X, R 2 =0.951) and frost free day ( Y=283.54-7.148X, R 2 =0.964) are linearly responding to the elevational increase. However the variation of species richness is not uniformly linearly correlated to the climatic gradients. From 400 m up to 1,000 m, the species number increases from 933 to 1718, with a increase rate of 126.18 species/100 m ( R 2=0.951, P <0.001). From 1,000 m up to the highest peak of 3,100 m, species richness gradually declines with a rate of 94.36 species/100 m ( R 2=0.961, P <0.001). This variation can be described by a cubic model, y =-458.22+463.93 x -30.64 x 2+0.53 x 3 ( R 2=0.989, P <0.0001). Analysis calls for further study for better understanding of the relationship between biodiversity and environmental variation in this key area.

The role of glacial gravel in community development of vascular plants on the glacier forelands of the Third Pole

On a deglaciated terrain,glacial gravel is the primary component of the natural habitat for vascular plant colonization and succession.Knowledge regarding the role of glacial gravel in vascular plant growth,however,remains limited.In this study,an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)was used to investigate plant family composition,species richness,fractional vegetation cover(FVC),and gravel cover(GC)along elevational gradients on the three glacier forelands(Kekesayi,Jiangmanjiaer,and Koxkar Baxi)of the Third Pole(including the eastern Pamir Plateau and western Tianshan Mountains)in China.We then analyzed the spatial characteristics of vascular plants followed by exploring the effect of glacial gravel on vascular plants.Findings indicated that FVC on these glacier forelands generally decreased as the elevation increased or distance from the current glacier terminus decreased.The shady slope(Kekesayi)was more vegetated in comparison to the sunny slope(Jiangmanjiaer)at the glacier basin scale,and the warm and humid deglaciated terrain(Koxkar Baxi)had the highest FVC at the regional scale.Plant family composition and species richness on the glacier forelands decreased with rising elevation,with the exception of those on the Jiangmanjiaer glacier foreland.The relationships between FVC and GC presented negative correlations;particularly,they exhibited variations in power functions on the Kekesayi and Jiangmanjiaer glacier forelands of the eastern Pamir Plateau and a linear function on the Koxkar Baxi glacier foreland of the western Tianshan Mountains.Glacial gravel was found to be conducive to vegetation colonization and development in the early succession stage up until vascular plants adapted to the cold and arid climatic condition,whereas it is unfavorable to the expansion of vascular plants in the later succession stage.These findings suggested that the spatial difference of plant characteristics had close connections with regional climatic and topographic conditions,as well as glacial gravel distribution.In addition,we concluded that aerial photographs can be an asset for studying the functions of micro-environment in vegetation colonization as well as succession on the glacier forelands.

Area-corrected species richness patterns of vascular plants along a tropical elevational gradient

The relationship between species richness and elevation is a hot issue in ecology and has been documented extensively.It is widely accepted that area size can significantly affect this relationship and thus mask the effects of other predictors.Despite the importance of the relationship between species richness and elevation while accounting for the area effect,it is insufficiently studied.Here,we evaluated area-corrected species richness patterns of all vascular plants as well as six vascular plant subgroups(seed plants,ferns,trees,shrubs,herbsand vines)along a tropical elevational gradient(Hainan Island,China).If assessed in equal-elevation bands,uncorrected species richness showed bell-shaped curves,while area-corrected species richness assessed in equal-area bands appeared to increase monotonically due to the small proportion of highlands on Hainan Island.The mid-domain effect(MDE) was significantly correlated with both uncorrected and area-corrected species richness.On Hainan Island,the use of equal-area elevational bands increased the explanatory power of MDE.These findings provide useful insights to adjust for the area effect and highlight the need to use equalarea bands along the elevational gradient.

Floristic Study of Vascular Plants in Typical Plant Communities in the Middle and Upper Reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River

[Objective] Species composition and flora of vascular plants in the middle and upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River were analyzed,to provide scientific basis for the estimation and protection of plant diversity,construction of ecological security shelter for the Tibetan Plateau.[Methods] In the middle and upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River,quadrat (line transect) method was applied to investigate the phytocoenoses in sample plots,and relative literature was used to analyze the floristic composition and floristic element of vascular plants in the middle and upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River.[Results]① There are 96 species (including subspecies and variations),69 genera of 35 vascular plant families,accounting for 16.83%,5.48%,1.66% and 11.63%,2.02%,0.31% of total vascular plant families,genera and species in Tibet and China.② There are 24 monotypic-genus families,accounting for 68.57% of the total family number in the local area;22 monotypic-species families,accounting for 62.86% of the total family number in the local area.Local flora shows the characteristics of ancient relict,such as Euphorbiaceae,Rubiaceae,Liliaceae and Ranunculaceae,they are all ancient primitive groups of the third flora and the fourth flora.③ Local vascular plant genera fall into 10 areal types and 8 variations.④ Temperate elements are much more than tropical elements,R/T is 0.19,indicating that vascular plants have typical temperate nature and residual tropical nature.There are only a few endemic genera,but more endemic species to the local area,and these species are closely related,of which there are some transitional species,indicating that local flora is too young to experience more differentiation and specialization.⑤ There are 24 Chinese endemic species,accounting for 25% of total number of species in the local area;among which there are 12 endemic species to Tibet,accounting for 50% of endemic species to China,12.5% of total number of species in the local area.Four key wild plant species are included in the second batch of national key protection.[Conclusions]① There are scarce plant groups in the local area.② Among the obvious advantages,single-genus (species) families possess the absolute advantage,and the flora has ancient origins.③ The local flora has diversified distribution types,and the complicated geographical elements.④ Temperate species possess obvious advantages,and the flora is young.⑤ Rich unique and rare species have high species diversity protection and research value.

Distribution of Vascular Plants along Altitudinal Gradients in Hoang Lien National Park, Vietnam

The present study was conducted to examine the distributional characteristics of floral communities along the altitudinal gradients in Hoang Lien National Park (HLNP), located in Lao Cai province, Vietnam. We recorded the relatively abundant flora system with 3252 species (including 361 endemic species and 237 endangered species), belonging to 1126 genera, 230 families and 6 different phyla. Methodology of sampling, specimen collection and identification, statistical analysis are simultaneously used for investigating the complex changes of composition and richness of plant assemblages. The study results indicated the divisions in quantity and composition, especially differentiation of endemic and rare species in accordance with altitudinal gradients.

BIOMASS AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF VASCULAR PLANTS UNDER ICE

This paper reports a vascular plant study which showed that :1. Five species of vascular plants Potemogeton crispus L., Batrachium bungei L ., Myriophyllum spicatum L., Potemogeton maackianus A. Bennet and Ceratophyllum demersum L . lived under ice during winter in northern China . The freshweight biomass varied from 8 3087 g/m2 in the order P . crispus >P. maackianus>M. spicatum > C. demersum > B. burngei . 2. The oxygen produced by these plants through photosynthesis vaned from 0.11 t0 1.91 mg/(h·g)(plant) in the ordered P. crispus > B. bungei >M. spicatum >C. demersum . 3. The light compensation point of P. crispus at 2.5℃ was 99 lx, that of B. bungei was 168 lx;that of M. Spicatum was 207 lx; and that of C . demersum was 176 lx. The light saturation point of P . crispus was 13749 lx, that of B. bungei was 27697 lx. 4. Special biological characteristics enable certain vascular plants to survive and have high photosynthetic productivity in waterbodies covered with ice tens of centimeters thick .

Seasonal variations of leaf wax n-alkane distributions and δ^(2) H values in peat-forming vascular plants from the Dajiuhu peatland, central China

Leaf wax n-alkane compositions have been widely applied to reconstruct paleoclimate histories in peat deposits,yet understanding of how the n-alkanes vary during seasonal plant growth remains limited.Here we report variations in the molecular and wax-derived nalkane hydrogen isotope(δ^(2) Halk)in the three dominant vascular plant species(Sanguisorba officinalis,Carex argyi,Euphorbia esula)and surface peat deposits nearby from the Dajiuhu peatland over a growing season.All three species show a relatively high carbon preference index(CPI)in the beginning of the growing season,with the CPI values reaching as high as 50 in two of the three species.Two species(S.officinalis,E.esula)display relatively stable average chain length(ACL)values over the four sampling intervals,with standard derivations of 0.2-0.3.In contrast,C.argyi exhibits a significant fluctuation of ACL values(averaging 28.11.4)over the growing season.Theδ^(2) Halk in all three species decreased during leaf growth.In the final stage of growth,theδ^(2) Halk values of the three species are similar to those in the surface peats collected from the peatland.Combining the results of our measurements of alkane concentration andδ^(2) H values,it is likely that de novo synthesis of leaf wax n-alkanes in the peatforming plant species is mainly at the early stage of leaf development.In the following months,the removal process exceeds renewal,resulting in a general decrease of the concentration of the total n-alkanes and the integratedδ^(2) Halk values.Thus theδ^(2) Halk values probably integrate the environmental variations at the end of the plant growth period rather than the whole period or the early growth period.These results are significant and have the potential to improve the utility ofδ^(2) Halk values in paleoenvironmental reconstructions.

金沙江白鹤滩水库巧家淹没区维管植物资源及区系分析

白鹤滩水电站是我国在金沙江修建的世界上在建规模最大的水电站,电站竣工形成水库后,库区内金沙江原有河岸带及河岸带以上至825 m高程区域成为被水库蓄水淹没的淹没区,且在该淹没区内会形成落差达60 m的库岸水位消落区.为掌握白鹤滩水库淹没区内的本底维管植物资源,也为白鹤滩水库成库后形成消落区的生态演变、生态保护和治理修复工作中适宜植物的筛选提供基础数据,在2020年白鹤滩水库还未建成蓄水前对库区巧家段淹没区的本底维管植物资源进行了实地调查,并就其区系成分特征进行了分析.研究表明:①白鹤滩水库建成前金沙江巧家段淹没区本底维管植物有50科160属207种,其中河岸带有18科52属59种,河岸带以上至825 m高程区域有49科154属199种,二者共有17科46属51种;无论是在整个淹没区,还是在河岸带或河岸带以上至825 m高程区域均表现为禾本科(Gramineae)物种数量最多,菊科(Compositae)物种数量次之.②无论是在河岸带还是在河岸带以上至825 m高程区域中,草本植物均为本底维管植物中占绝对优势的生长型;一年生植物和地上芽植物均为本底维管植物中的优势生活型.③金沙江巧家段淹没区本底维管植物区系成分具有明显的热带分布性质,属于热带分布类型的有28科118属,分别占淹没区总科数和总属数的56.0%和73.75%.其中,河岸带本底维管植物有50%的科和67.31%的属为热带区系类型;河岸带以上至825 m高程区域本底维管植物有55.1%的科和72.73%的属为热带区系类型.该研究对掌握白鹤滩水库巧家段淹没区本底维管植物组成和特征,预测白鹤滩水库消落区未来植物物种组成、植被演变、消落区生态保护和治理修复工作中适宜植物的选择具有特别意义.

水稻泛素连接酶D3与抗病相关蛋白VOZ2的互作分析

多蘖矮秆基因dwarf-3(D3)是水稻独脚金内酯信号转导过程中的重要节点基因,拟南芥中的MAX2基因与D3同源,且MAX2参与拟南芥的抗病防卫反应。本研究以水稻泛素连接酶D3为诱饵进行酵母双杂筛库,发现水稻抗病相关蛋白维管植物单锌指蛋白VOZ2与D3存在潜在的相互作用。通过酵母双杂交试验证实,D3与VOZ2存在互作。通过荧光定量PCR证实,接种水稻白叶枯病菌后,VOZ2基因在转录水平上的表达受到显著诱导。利用水稻原生质体开展的亚细胞共定位实验发现,D3与VOZ2共定位于细胞核。双分子荧光互补实验发现,D3与VOZ2在烟草叶肉细胞的细胞核和细胞质均产生较强的荧光,进一步证实了D3与VOZ2的相互作用。研究结果为进一步探究D3和VOZ2在水稻抗病防卫反应中的功能与分子机理奠定了基础。

江西省维管植物新记录9种

通过野外调查和标本查阅,确定了江西省维管植物新记录9种,隶属于7科9属,分别为田玄参〔Bacopa repens(Sw.)Wettst.〕、小果草〔Microcarpaea minima(J.Koenig ex Retz.)Merr.〕、毯粟草(Mollugo verticillata Linn.)、瓦氏节节菜〔Rotala wallichii(J.D.Hook.)Koehne〕、小荇菜〔Nymphoides coreana(H.Lévl.)Hara〕、北美母草〔Lindernia dubia(Linn.)Pennell〕、多齿泥花草(Bonnaya sanpabloensis Y.S.Liang et J.C.Wang)、锐棱荸荠〔Eleocharis acutangula(Roxb.)Schult.〕、有腺泽番椒〔Deinostema adenocaula(Maxim.)T.Yamaz.〕,其中7种为水生或湿生植物。此外,假马齿苋属(Bacopa Aubl.)、小果草属(Microcarpaea R.Br.)、毯粟草属(Mollugo Linn.)为江西省新记录属。凭证标本均保存于上海辰山植物标本馆(CSH)。

湖南省双峰县野生维管植物资源调查与分析

2022—2023年,采用样地调查法对湖南省双峰县野生维管植物资源进行了调查。结果表明:双峰县野生维管植物多样性丰富,共有153科593属1205种;在科级层面上种数总体趋向于在少数植物科内,在属级层面上,少种属是构成双峰县野生维管植物属的主体;双峰县植物区系地理成分复杂,野生石松类和蕨类植物区系地理成分以热带性成分占绝对优势;双峰县的种子植物区系在科级层面上表现出热带成分占优,而在属级层面上表现出明显的过渡性质;共有国家重点保护野生植物11种,湖南省地方重点保护野生植物2种;外来植物入侵较为严重,共计15科22属27种,以美洲的外来入侵植物最多;在外来入侵植物物种组成中,菊科种类最多(10种),占总入侵植物物种数的37.04%。

广西南宁市维管植物多样性调查与分析

为摸清南宁市维管植物资源的本底资料,于2021年3月—2022年6月,采用实地调查法及样线法对南宁市各县区维管植物资源进行调查与分析。结果表明,南宁市共有维管植物2512种(含栽培种),隶属231科893属。其中,石松类和蕨类植物42科106属278种,裸子植物7科12属25种,被子植物182科775属2209种。优势科为菊科(Asteraceae)、蝶形花科(Fabaceae)、禾本科(Gramineae);国家级重点保护野生植物23种;维管植物科的区系类型热带成分占71.28%,属的区系类型热带成分占74.70%,均以泛热带分布为主,兼具温带分布性质。综合结果表明,南宁市维管植物物种丰富,重点保护野生植物种类较多,呈现热带-亚热带过渡性质。

文山州野生维管植物多样性及分布特征

掌握特定区域维管植物多样性及分布特征,是开展区域生物多样性保护的基础工作。文山州是云南省6个生物多样性保护优先区域之一,也是云南省“三屏两带”生态安全格局中南部边境热带森林生态屏障和东南部喀斯特地带的重要组成部分。本研究在大量野外调查的基础上,整合文献资料,对滇东南文山州野生维管植物和珍稀濒危植物的多样性及分布特征进行分析。结果显示:(1)文山州野生维管植物7900种,隶属272科1778属,包括蕨类植物51科154属715种,裸子植物8科16属50种,被子植物213科1608属7134种。物种数最多的科依次是兰科、菊科和茜草科等,物种数最多的属依次是悬钩子属、榕属和秋海棠属等。(2)物种的水平分布,以南部的麻栗坡县、西畴县和马关县丰富度最高,分别是4394种、4254种和4178种;其次是西部的文山市和东部的富宁县,分别是3797种和3522种;中-北部的丘北县、广南县和砚山县物种丰富度偏低,分别是2613种、2422种和2206种。垂直分布整体呈“中间膨胀型”的分布格局,以1301~1500 m海拔段物种丰富度最高,达5760种。(3)文山州珍稀濒危植物801种,包括国家重点保护野生植物295种,云南省重点保护野生植物35种;国家极小种群野生植物26种,云南省极小种群野生植物37种;《中国生物多样性红色名录—高等植物卷》受威胁物种640种,其中极危种72种,濒危种233种和易危种335种。可得结论:文山州珍稀濒危植物主要分布在南部物种丰富度较高的区域,是重点保护和关注的区域。

苍山维管植物多样性

目的:系统调查整理苍山维管植物状况与珍稀濒危植物生存现状。方法:通过查阅历史文献和标本记录并结合样线法调查整理苍山维管植物名录,整理分析苍山珍稀濒危植物物种数量与种群规模,对被子植物进行区系分析。结果:大理苍山共记载野生维管植物208科996属3246种(含49亚种、227变种、2变型)。蕨类植物36科89属360种(含9变种),裸子植物8科14属20种(含4变种),被子植物164科893属2866种(含49亚种、214变种、2变型)。其中,国家重点保护野生植物62种,云南省重点保护野生植物6种,极小种群保护对象2种。结论:苍山具有较高的维管植物多样性,模式植物与保护植物十分丰富,但特有植物相对较少。

江苏省高邮市植物多样性与区系特征分析

针对江苏省高邮市进行陆生植物及水生植物调查,分析了科、属和种水平上的多样性及植物属的区系特征。调查表明:陆生维管束植物556种,分属128科392属,以蔷薇科植物最多,共有38属59种,在属水平上,蓼属植物最多,共有9种;水生植物45种,分属24科37属,以禾本科和眼子菜科植物最多,分别有5属5种和2属5种,在属水平上,眼子菜属植物最多,共有4种。植物区系分析表明:该区域陆生维管束植物以泛热带分布型和北温带分布型为主,占总属数(不包括世界分布属)的43.9%;水生植物以泛热带分布型为主,后者占总属数(不包括世界分布属)的64.3%。综合来看,植物区系特征反映了该区热带向北温带过渡的气候特点,此结果增强了对江苏省高邮市植物多样性和区系特征的认识,为植物资源保护和植被恢复提供了数据支持。

湖南省冷水江市维管植物多样性研究

2022—2023年,采用样线法对湖南省冷水江市维管植物进行资源调查。结果表明:冷水江市植物多样性比较丰富,有维管植物171科700属1457种,其中石松类和蕨类植物19科52属103种,裸子植物6科14属18种,被子植物146科634属1336种;本土野生维管植物161科627属1303种,栽培及逸生植物154种(含外来入侵植物62种);珍稀濒危及国家重点保护植物较多,属国家二级重点保护野生植物的有15种,列入濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约(CITES)附录II物种的有4种,列入《中国生物多样性红色名录—高等植物卷(2020)》受威胁类群的有10种;外来入侵植物特征显著。本文对冷水江市植物资源特点形成的原因进行了分析,为冷水江市植物资源保护和利用提供参考依据。

阳江市野生植物多样性和区系研究

采用样线调查法,在阳江市野生植物资源集中区域开展野生维管植物调查,并分析其植物种类组成与区系特征。结果表明:(1)阳江市有野生维管植物212科1059属2478种,被子植物数量最为丰富。(2)野生植物的科组成以寡种科和单种科占优势,属组成以小属和单种属占绝对优势,说明科、属的分化程度较高。(3)从科的区系成分看,以世界广布、泛热带分布为主。在属级水平上,以热带亚热带成分为主;具有热带向亚热带过渡性质,同时温带成分也占有一定优势。(4)植物区系特有现象突出。(5)阳江市含有东亚特有科19个,中国特有属18属20种,广东特有植物19种。总体而言,阳江市野生维管植物种类丰富,具有典型的南亚热带植物区系特点。