The History of Controlling and Treating Infectious Diseases in Ancient China

Infectious diseases are the common enemies of mankind.In the course of historical development,they persistently threaten human health and safety.Even today,despite the developments in medical science,we cannot escape the fear and suffering caused by infectious diseases.Whether in ancient or modern times,the source of infection,route of transmission,and a susceptible population are the three key conditions for the prevalence and spread of infectious diseases.All factors closely related to these three conditions can affect the prevalence of infectious diseases.China is one of the cradles of world civilization.The ancient people accumulated a great deal of experience and lessons in the long struggle against infectious diseases.In the face of the current threat posed by widespread infectious disease,it is imperative to review and summarize ancient Chinese ideas and health policies on epidemic prevention and control to inspire contemporary efforts in the prevention and control of infectious disease.The combination of prevention-oriented epidemic prevention ideology and traditional medicine provides valuable insights,especially for impoverished and medically underserved regions.

Bioactivities,Mechanisms,Production,and Potential Application of Bile Acids in Preventing and Treating Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases are a global public health problem,with emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases on the rise worldwide.Therefore,their prevention and treatment are still major challenges.Bile acids are common metabolites in both hosts and microorganisms that play a significant role in controlling the metabolism of lipids,glucose,and energy.Bile acids have historically been utilized as first-line,valuable therapeutic agents for related metabolic and hepatobiliary diseases.Notably,bile acids are the major active ingredients of cow bezoar and bear bile,which are commonly used traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)with the therapeutic effects of clearing heat,detoxification,and relieving wind and spasm.In recent years,the promising performance of bile acids against infectious diseases has attracted attention from the scientific community.This paper reviews for the first time the biological activities,possible mechanisms,production routes,and potential applications of bile acids in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases.Compared with previous reviews,we comprehensively summarize existing studies on the use of bile acids against infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that are leading causes of global morbidity and mortality.In addition,to ensure a stable supply of bile acids at affordable prices,it is necessary to clarify the biosynthesis of bile acids in vivo,which will assist scientists in elucidating the accumulation of bile acids and discovering how to engineer various bile acids by means of chemosynthesis,biosynthesis,and chemoenzymatic synthesis.Finally,we explore the current challenges in the field and recommend a development strategy for bile-acid-based drugs and the sustainable production of bile acids.The presented studies suggest that bile acids are potential novel therapeutic agents for managing infectious diseases and can be artificially synthesized in a sustainable way.

Identification of Early Warning Signals of Infectious Diseases in Hospitals by Integrating Clinical Treatment and Disease Prevention

The global incidence of infectious diseases has increased in recent years,posing a significant threat to human health.Hospitals typically serve as frontline institutions for detecting infectious diseases.However,accurately identifying warning signals of infectious diseases in a timely manner,especially emerging infectious diseases,can be challenging.Consequently,there is a pressing need to integrate treatment and disease prevention data to conduct comprehensive analyses aimed at preventing and controlling infectious diseases within hospitals.This paper examines the role of medical data in the early identification of infectious diseases,explores early warning technologies for infectious disease recognition,and assesses monitoring and early warning mechanisms for infectious diseases.We propose that hospitals adopt novel multidimensional early warning technologies to mine and analyze medical data from various systems,in compliance with national strategies to integrate clinical treatment and disease prevention.Furthermore,hospitals should establish institution-specific,clinical-based early warning models for infectious diseases to actively monitor early signals and enhance preparedness for infectious disease prevention and control.

Climate change and the emergence and exacerbation of infectious diseases:A review

Experts expressed severe concerns over the possibility of increasing burden of infectious diseases as the planet’s climate began to change years ago.There have been increased rates of climate-related catastrophes and as global temperatures rise,emergence of certain viruses has become a serious concern.Vectors are susceptible to changing temperatures as they exhibit innate responses to thermal stress to increase survivability.Climate change impacts virus reservoirs,increasing transmission rates of vectors.Vector-borne diseases have already witnessed increasing numbers compared to before.Certain non-endemic areas are encountering their first-ever infectious disease cases due to increasing temperatures.Tick-borne diseases are undergoing transformations provoking a heightened prevalence.Food-borne illnesses are expected to increase owing to warmer temperatures.It is important to recognize that climate change has a multivariable impact on the transmission of viruses.With climate change comes the potential of increasing interspecies interactions promoting jumps.These factors must be considered,and an informed strategy must be formulated.Adaptation and mitigation strategies are required to curb these diseases from spreading.Despite significant evidence that climate change affects infectious diseases,gaps in research exist.We conducted this review to identify the potential role climate change plays in the emergence of new viruses.

Influencing factors and preventive measures of infectious complications after intestinal resection for Crohn’s disease

The incidence of Crohn’s disease(CD)has increased in recent years,with most patients requiring intestinal resection.Complications after intestinal resection for CD can lead to poor prognosis and recurrence,among which infectious complic-ations are the most common.This study aimed to investigate the common risk factors,including medications,preoperative nutritional status,surgery-related factors,microorganisms,lesion location and type,and so forth,causing infectious complications after intestinal resection for CD,and to propose corresponding preventive measures.The findings provided guidance for identifying suscept-ibility factors and the early intervention and prevention of infectious complic-ations after intestinal resection for CD in clinical practice.

Genomic Sequencing and Molecular Characteristics of A Very Virulent Strain of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Isolated in China

[Objective] The paper was to determine the genomic sequence of a very virulent strain of infectious bursal disease virus（IBDV）,and study its molecular characteristics.[Method] A very virulent strain（vvIBDV）（HLJ-0504） of infectious bursal disease virus（IBDV） with special characters was isolated in China and its genome was sequenced.[Result] Sequence analysis showed that segment A of HLJ-0504 was derived from vvIBDV,while segment B was from a distinct ancestor.The morbidity and mortality of HLJ-0504 was 100% and 86.7%to SPF chickens,respectively.[Conclusion] vvIBDV with distinct segment B were still circulating and the evolution of IBDV was diversified in China.Besides,it is hard to imagine that the virulence of IBDV is determined solely by segment A or B.

Genetic Analysis of the VP2 Hypervariable Region of Thirty-six Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Isolates in China during 2009-2012

[Objective] Infectious bursal disease （IBD） is a highly contagious immuno- suppressive disease caused by infectious bursal disease virus （IBDV）. IBDV is ge- netically prone to mutation, which results in challenges to the disease prevention and control. Thus, it is necessary to continuously monitor the prevalence of IBDV. [Method] 36 IBDVs were identified from ten provinces in China from 2009 to 2012. Partial fragments of VP2, including the hypervariable region （HVR）, from new iso- lates were sequenced and analyzed through comparisons with published sequences of IBDV, including 18 strains isolated previously by our lab and 24 reference strains from China and around the world. [Result] Phylogenetic analysis showed a co-exis- tence of IBDV strains belonging to classic, variant, attenuated, and very virulent IB- DV （wlBDV） in China. wlBDVs remain the predominant strains in China and the new subgroup was emerging. Alignment analysis revealed several distinct amino acid mutations that might be involved in virulence or antigenicity variation. [Conclu- sion] The results offered evolutionary clues showing the emerging trend of obvious variations and diversity of IBDV in major poultry-producing regions of China particu- larly in recent years. These findings will contribute to a better understanding of the genetic evolution of IBDV.

Comparative Studies on Detection of Antibodies against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus with Test Strips and Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Method

[Objective] This study aimed to compare the detection results of antibodies against infectious bursal disease virus with test strips and agar gel immunodiffusion method. [Method] Antibodies against infectious bursal disease virus in chicken serum were detected using test strips developed in our laboratory, and the results were comparad^with that using traditional agar diffusion method. [Result] The comparative study of the two methods showed that the sensitivity of test strips was eight times over agar gel immunodiffusion; test strips showed higher detection rate in the deter- mination test of 216 clinical samples, with high specificity, easy preservation, and simple and rapid operation, thereby being more suitable for the monitoring of clinical antibodies. [Conclusion] Test strips could replace the existing serological methods, having great promotion and application value in antibody monitoring.

美国《Emerging Infectious Diseases》2017年第11期有关人兽共患病论文摘译

P1784 2015年美国纽约州纽约市由嗜肺军团菌流行株引起的军团菌病暴发//Pascal Lapierre,Elizabeth Nazarian,Yan Zhu,等2015年夏天,美国纽约州纽约市发生了美国有史以来规模最大、最致命的军团菌病疫情。共发生138例病例,其中16例死亡,均与南布朗克斯的一个冷却塔有关。对环境样本和临床分离株的分析表明,暴发前、暴发期和暴发后散发的军团菌病病例可溯源自1株进化缓慢的原始菌株。

美国《Emerging Infectious Diseases》2020年第1期有关人兽共患病论文摘译

P262017-2018年美国急性呼吸系统疾病期间带薪休假和远程工作作为出勤的决定因素//Faruque Ahmed,Sara Kim,Mary Patricia Nowalk,et al我们评估了2017-2018年流感季节期间,19~64岁员工在急性呼吸系统疾病(ARI)发病后3d内出勤的决定因素。总工作天数包括在通常工作场所工作的天数和远程工作的天数。

美国《Emerging Infectious Diseases》2018年第10期有关人兽共患病论文摘译

P1795中国甲型流感病毒(H7N9)的分子进化、多样性和适应性//Jing Lu,Jayna Raghwani,Rhys Pryce,等2016-2017年,抗原性差异或高致病性甲型流感(H7N9)病毒的出现和流行的大幅上升,引起了人们对这些病毒可能引起人兽共患病的关注。

Effect of Astragalus polysaccharides on Erythrocyte Immune Adherence of Chickens Inoculated with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus

Two hundred and forty specific pathogen free leghorn chickens were randomly divided into four groups and reared in isolated pens. The tested chickens were negative to infectious bursal disease virus （IBDV） at 25 d old. Group 1 was treated with saline, whereas Groups 2, 3, and 4 were inoculated with 0.3 mL IBDV suspension intranasally the next day. Groups 3 and 4 were also administered with Astragalus polysaccharides （APS） intramuscularly twice daily at 5 or 10 mg kg-1 BW, respectively, until 31 d old. The erythrocyte-C3b receptor rosette rate （E-C3bRR） and the erythrocyte-C3b immune complex rosette rate （E-ICRR） were measured at 25, 29, 32, 35, and 38 d old. The results showed that IBDV significantly reduced E-C3bRR and E-ICRR when compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）, while simultaneous administration of APS with 1BDV maintained E-C3bRR at similar levels to the control group （P 〉 0.05） and increased E-ICRR when compared with the control group and the group non-treated with APS （P 〈 0.05）. APS treatment reduced the morbidity and mortality of chickens inoculated with IBDV （P 〈 0.05）. The results suggest that APS may enhance the immune adherence of chickens erythrocytes by affecting the activity and/or the number of complement receptors on the erythrocyte membrane. These findings can be beneficial in providing an understanding of the basic mechanisms required for the rational application of APS in modern medicine.

Pathogenic Antigenic and Molecular Characterization of the Very Virulent Strain(Gx) of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Isolated in China

The very virulent infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDV) strain Gx was isolated from a poutl-try farm in Guangxi Province, China, during 1996. The mortality in the infected flock was 80% and occurred 5 days after immunization with serotype I IBD vaccine. The results of antigen-capture ELISA (AC-ELISA), pathogenicity testing, cloning and sequence analysis of the VP2 gene showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of strain Gx VP2 was the same as vvIBDV UK661, which is considered as a reference strain for European vvIBDVs. The antigenicity of the Gx strain was the same as an European vvIBDV strain 849. The EID50 of Gx virus was 10-8.25/0. 2 ml, and the mortality was 64% when 4 week-old SPF chickens were challenged at dosage of 2×10~3EID50. We have demonstrated that the IBDV strain Gx isolated in China is vvIBDV according to European standards.

Weighted Markov chains for forecasting and analysis in Incidence of infectious diseases in jiangsu Province,China

This paper first applies the sequential cluster method to set up the classification standard of infectious disease incidence state based on the fact that there are many uncertainty characteristics in the incidence course.Then the paper presents a weighted Markov chain,a method which is used to predict the future incidence state.This method assumes the standardized self-coefficients as weights based on the special characteristics of infectious disease incidence being a dependent stochastic variable.It also analyzes the characteristics of infectious diseases incidence via the Markov chain Monte Carlo method to make the long-term benefit of decision optimal.Our method is successfully validated using existing incidents data of infectious diseases in Jiangsu Province.In summation,this paper proposes ways to improve the accuracy of the weighted Markov chain,specifically in the field of infection epidemiology.