Impact of Social Determinants on Vector-Borne Parasitic Diseases in Chad: A Case Study of Grand-Sido and Kouh-Est

Background: Social determinants of health (SDOH) significantly influence diseases with environmental components, like vector-borne parasitic diseases. This study aims to examine how these factors influence vector-borne parasitic diseases (VBPDs) transmission in Chad and provide recommendations for policy improvements. Methods: The study adopts the WHO Conceptual Framework of SDOH to compare two regions in Southern Chad: Kouh-Est, which has an ongoing vector control program, and Grand-Sido, which lacks such a program. The study includes both nomadic and sedentary populations to provide a comprehensive understanding of the SDOH influencing VBPDs. Households were randomly selected. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, literacy, knowledge of VBPDs and protective measures, and access to education and health facilities were collected. Results: A total of 202 households from 17 villages, including 820 participants, were surveyed. Agriculture, livestock, and fishing were the main occupations, involving 84.1% of participants. Literacy was low, with 36.7% non-educated, 47.7% completing primary school, 14.5% secondary school, and only 0.3% reaching tertiary education. Most villages lacked schools beyond the primary level, and nomadic populations were significantly less educated than sedentary ones (p Conclusion: Educational deficiencies, lack of protective measures against vectors, inadequate healthcare resources, and lifestyle conditions aggravated by poor road infrastructure, limited transportation, and economic constraints contribute to worsened VBPDs outcomes in these rural populations. Addressing these systemic issues in the surveyed communities is essential for improving health equity and VBPDs outcomes in these regions specifically and in similar populations settings more broadly.

Countermeasures of Goat Parasitic Diseases in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture

Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture is located in western Hunan province with abundant pastures,suitable for husbandry.However,parasitic diseases become an obstacle for goat industry development.In the research,based on parasite damages,epidemic variety and characters,some prevention measures were proposed,as follows：improving goat raising and management,rotation grazing,reinforcement of disinfection and quarantine,and regular parasite expelling,providing references for goat farming in Xiangxi.

Serological investigation of vector-borne disease in dogs from rural areas of China

Objective:To evaluate the Anaplasma phagocytophilum(A.phagocytophilum),Ehrlichia canis(E.canis,Dirofilaria immitis(D.immitis)(canine heartworm),Borrelia burgdorferi(B.burgdorferi)infections in countryside dogs from Yunnan,Hainan and Anhui provinces.Methods:Serum samples were collected from 26 dogs in Yunnan.Hainan and Anhui provinces.The samples were tested using a commercial ELISA rapid diagnostic assay kit(SNAP^(?)4Dx^(?);IDEXX Laboratories,Inc.U.S.A.).Meaiiwliile,indirect immunofluorescence assay(IFA)recommended by WHO was conducted to delect IgG to A.phagocytophilum.Two methods were analyzed and compared.Results:The number of serologically positive dogs for IgG to A.phagocytophilum was only 2which was from Hainan province and none of the 26 dogs responded positive for E.canu.D.immitis(canine heartworm,and B.burgdorferi by ELISA rapid diagnostic method.The number of serologically positive dogs for IgG to A.phagocytophilum was 13(50%)by IFA method.Data of the two methods were analyzed by statistical software and the difference was statistically significant(P=0.002).Conclusions:It can be concluded that IFA method was more sensitive than ELISA rapid diagnostic method.However,we need conduct further and intensive epidemiology survey on tick-born diseases pathogens including.4.phagocytophilum,E.canis,D.immitis(canine heartworm),and B.burgdorferi which have public health significance.

Compounds from African Medicinal Plants with Activities Against Selected Parasitic Diseases:Schistosomiasis,Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis

Parasitic diseases continue to represent a threat on a global scale,particularly among the poorest countries in the world.This is particularly because of the absence of vaccines,and in some cases,resistance against available drugs,currently being used for their treatment.In this review emphasis is laid on natural products and scaffolds from African medicinal plants(AMPs)for lead drug discovery and possible further development of drugs for the treatment of parasitic diseases.In the discussion,emphasis has been laid on alkaloids,terpenoids,quinones,flavonoids and narrower compound classes of compounds with micromolar range activities against Schistosoma,Trypanosoma and Leishmania species.In each subparagraph,emphasis is laid on the compound subclasses with most promising in vitro and/or in vivo activities of plant extracts and isolated compounds.Suggestions for future drug development from African medicinal plants have also been provided.This review covering 167 references,including 82 compounds,provides information published within two decades(1997-2017).

Global Dynamic Analysis of a Vector-Borne Plant Disease Model with Discontinuous Treatment

This paper proposes a vector-borne plant disease model with discontinuous treatment strategies. Constructing Lyapunov function and applying non-smooth theory to analyze discontinuous differential equations, the basic reproductive number R0 is proved, which determines whether the plant disease will be extinct or not. If R0 R0 > 1 , there exists a unique endemic equilibrium which is globally stable. The numerical simulations are provided to verify our theoretical results, which indicate that after infective individuals reach some level, strengthening treatment measures is proved to be beneficial in controlling disease transmission.

Foodborne parasitic diseases in China:A scoping review on current situation,epidemiological trends,prevention and control

Objective:Foodborne parasitic diseases,although with a declining overall incidence rate,are still endangering local public safety.This review aims to describe the current situation and epidemiological trends of foodborne parasitic diseases in China in order to explore possible reasons contributors to its high prevalence in some areas,and propose strategies for prevention and control accordingly.Methods:A scoping review was conducted by searching Pub Med,CNKI,Wanfang,CQVIP,Embase,and the Cochrane Library using search formula"foodborne parasitic diseases(or foodborne parasites)"AND"China".Studies on foodborne parasitic diseases in China were considered,but only articles in English or Chinese published between January 1980 and June 2020 were retrieved.Included studies were screened according to the eligibility criteria:1)diseases consistent with the WHO definition of foodborne parasitic diseases;2)the food carriers were included in the WHO food classification;3)data related to epidemiology,pathogenicity,and prevention and control;4)Foodborne parasitic diseases cases or outbreaks in China.Results:A total of 111 out of 665 records were included and summarized.The prevalence of clonorchiasis,angiostrongyliasis,echinococcosis,trichinellosis and cysticercosis was still increasing although the infection rate of soil-transmitted nematodes has substantially decreased in recent years.Diverse eating habits,close contact with animals,and urbanization were contributing factors to the increase.Conclusions:Foodborne parasitic diseases remain an important public health issue in China with the progress of economic globalization and food diversification.We should manage to raise public awareness about the prevention and control of foodborne parasitic diseases,improve health and safety inspections,as well as public health practice.

Vector-borne diseases: Mosquito holobiont and novel methods for vector control

Female mosquitoes of several species require blood from warmblooded animals,including humans for the purpose of reproduction.In this process,several microbes residing in the salivary gland and midgut of mosquitoes also get transferred from one human individual to the other–a traditional model by which many vector-borne diseases(VBDs)get transmitted in the population through mosquitoes belonging to Anopheles,Aedes,Culex and other genera.

Effects of Parasitic Diseases on the Cardiovascular System

The parasitic disease can significantly affect the cardiovascular system through various mechanisms;even though it is traditionally regarded as a disease characterized by parasitic sites’ mechanical damage and some immune responses. Recent studies have shown that the role of parasitic factors in the cause of death due to cardiovascular events cannot be ignored. Considering the worldwide prevalence of parasitic diseases, exploring the effects of parasitic diseases on the cardiovascular system becomes increasingly essential. Here we summarize the latest understanding of common parasitic infections, explore the possible mechanisms of cardiovascular responses to parasitic infections, and propose feasible strategies for preventing and treating parasite-induced cardiac reactions.

An Agent-Based Model for Studying the Impact of Herd Mobility on the Spread of Vector-Borne Diseases: The Case of Rift Valley Fever (Ferlo Senegal)

Vector-borne diseases are highly sensitive to environment and to environmental changes. Rift Valley Fever (RFV) is a mosquito-borne zootic virus associated with severe diseases in human beings and economic consequences to livestock sector. Animal and human movements have a fundamental impact on RVF transmission. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of mathematics and agent based models to represent and analyze the dynamic of RFV transmission. However, no previous study has taken into consideration animal herds’ mobility and precipitation factors to understand the disease spread. This limitation underlines the necessity to use computational model approach based on multi-agent system in the study of vector-borne diseases transmission and diffusion. In this paper, a multi-agent system combining conceptual model expressiveness is used to study animal herds’ mobility and the precipitation parameter impact on the Rift Valley Fever outbreak in Ferlo Barkedji in Northern Senegal. Simulation scenarios with various parameters, including rain quality, hosts, vectors, camp dispersal around ponds, etc., are unrolled. The different results we have obtained show that the evolution of the number of infected hosts and infected vectors depend on the degree of animal herds’ mobility and on precipitations. Our model provides a framework that permits predicting the spread of the disease associated with the mobility of animal herds.

Effective Control Strategies on the Transmission Dynamics of a Vector-Borne Disease

In this paper, we have rigorously analyzed a model to find the effective control strategies on the transmission dynamics of a vector-borne disease. It is proved that the global dynamics of the disease are completely determined by the basic reproduction number. The numerical simulations (using MatLab and Maple) of the model reveal that the precautionary measures at the aquatic and adult stage decrease the number of new cases of dengue virus. Numerical simulation indicates that if we take the precautionary measures seriously then it would be more effective than even giving the treatment to the infected individuals.

INSTITUTE OF PARASITIC DISEASES CHINESE ACADEMY OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

The Institute of Parasitic Diseases was set up in 1950 in Nanjing and moved to the current location of Shanghai in 1957. Its precursor was the Huadong Branch of the National Institute of Health. It has around 350 staff and 8 departments, namely, Department of Epidemiology; Department of Parasite Biology; Department of Vector Biology and Control; Department of Diagnosis and Immunology; Department of Biochemistry; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Department of

MY CONTRIBUTION TO THE CONTROL OF PARASITIC DISEASES

The parasitic pest is omnipresent in the world providing there are biological communities existing. Almost everywhere on the earth,human health is constantly threatened by some parasites to a greater or lesser degree.In the same way,domestic animals and economic plants have always fallen prey to the scourge.leading to yield reductions.As parasitic diseases are chronic in progress,people often neglect them until they become fatal.China is a country with vast territory and diversity in the

INSTITUTE OF PARASITIC DISEASES CHINESE ACADEMY OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

The Institute of Parasitic Diseases was set up in 1950 in Nanjing and moved to the current location of Shanghai in 1957. Its precursor was the Huadong Branch of the National Institute of Health. It has around 350 staff and 8 departments, namely, Department of Epidemiology; Department of Parasite Biology; Department of Vector Biology and Control; Department of Diagnosis and Immunology; Department of Biochemistry; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Department of Pharmacology; Department of Scientific Information; and a Central Laboratory of Instrumentation. This Institute has been designated as a WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis.

Climate change and the emergence and exacerbation of infectious diseases:A review

Experts expressed severe concerns over the possibility of increasing burden of infectious diseases as the planet’s climate began to change years ago.There have been increased rates of climate-related catastrophes and as global temperatures rise,emergence of certain viruses has become a serious concern.Vectors are susceptible to changing temperatures as they exhibit innate responses to thermal stress to increase survivability.Climate change impacts virus reservoirs,increasing transmission rates of vectors.Vector-borne diseases have already witnessed increasing numbers compared to before.Certain non-endemic areas are encountering their first-ever infectious disease cases due to increasing temperatures.Tick-borne diseases are undergoing transformations provoking a heightened prevalence.Food-borne illnesses are expected to increase owing to warmer temperatures.It is important to recognize that climate change has a multivariable impact on the transmission of viruses.With climate change comes the potential of increasing interspecies interactions promoting jumps.These factors must be considered,and an informed strategy must be formulated.Adaptation and mitigation strategies are required to curb these diseases from spreading.Despite significant evidence that climate change affects infectious diseases,gaps in research exist.We conducted this review to identify the potential role climate change plays in the emergence of new viruses.

Asymptotic Analysis of a Stochastic Model of Mosquito-Borne Disease with the Use of Insecticides and Bet Nets

Ross’ epidemic model describing the transmission of malaria uses two classes of infection, one for humans and one for mosquitoes. This paper presents a stochastic extension of a deterministic vector-borne epidemic model based only on the class of human infectious. The consistency of the model is established by proving that the stochastic delay differential equation describing the model has a unique positive global solution. The extinction of the disease is studied through the analysis of the stability of the disease-free equilibrium state and the persistence of the model. Finally, we introduce some numerical simulations to illustrate the obtained results.

Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites in Sickle Cell Disease Patients Attending Jos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria

Several studies have shown that sickle cell disease (SCD) is made worse by infections;it was necessary to carry out this study to ascertain the occurrence of intestinal parasitic infections to the number of SCD patients infected compared to Non-SCD patients, the impact of the infections on Pack cell volume (PCV) of the SCD patients in Nigeria populace. A total of 140 stool samples were collected from both SCD patients and Non-SCD patients. 3 ml of venous blood, seventy samples in total were collected from the SCD patients only. The blood and stool samples were collected from September 2005 to November 2005;structured questionnaire was administered to each of the patient that gave consent to be part of the study alongside with questionnaire interview. The stool samples were analysed macroscopically and microscopically using saline, iodine and formal-ether concentration technique. The blood samples were analysed by micro-heamatocrit method. The findings showed that a total of six parasites were identified among the SCD patients and a total of thirteen parasites were identified among Non-SCD patients. Although the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was low among the research participates, the identified parasites fell into the 4 major categories of intestinal parasites, an indication that SCD patients can be susceptible to any of the intestinal worms/protozoa. Despite a low prevalence of intestinal parasites among the studied individual at the time of this study, it is however, necessary for regular laboratory investigations for intestinal worm/protozoa since they are still a public health problem.

Liver inflammatory pseudotumor or parasitic granuloma?

INTRODUCTION Liver pseudotumor is a very rare benign lesion.Since the first case reported by Pack and Baker in1953,only 40 cases had been reported up to 1996.The diagnostic challenge of hepatic inflammatorypseudotumor is emphasized by the fact that most ofthe reported cases were diagnosed by surgicalprocedures.Pathogenesis and etiology of

Demographic,socioeconomic and environmental changes affecting circulation of neglected tropical diseases in Egypt

Egypt has been plagued by many neglected tropical diseases since Pharaonic time.These diseases are Schistosomiasis.soil transmitted helminthiasis,lymphatic filariasis.leishmaniasis and fascioliasis beside the epidermal parasitic skin diseases.Indeed,theses disease still persist as public health problem in the country by the influence of demographic,socioeconomic and environmental obstacles.This study seeks for understanding the contribution of each factor in each obstacle in neglected tropical diseases perpetuation which in turn could help the governorate in planning integrated control strategies.It was found that poverty,unregulated urbanization and inadequate sanitation are important socioeconomic factors that have great effect on the transmission dynamics of the disease.The environmental factors which affect the epidemiology of these diseases in the counln are scarcity of water,construction of dams,land reclamation for agriculture beside the climate factors.Unfortunately.the panic increase in the population growth rale minimizes the efforts done by the governorate to elevate the public health services.These conditions also affect the transmission of epidermal parasitic skin diseases including scabies,head lice and hookworm—related cutaneous larva migrans.The control programs and the recommendations to combat the diseases were discussed.The present study showed that the ecological factors affecting each neglected tropical disease in Egypt are somewhat similar which makes it worthy to develop an integrated control approaches aiming at improving the leading factors of neglected tropical diseases circulation in the country.

Investigation of Spatial Risk Factors for RVF Disease Occurrence Using Remote Sensing &GIS—A Case Study: Sinnar State, Sudan

Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is an emerging, mosquito-borne disease with serious economical and negative implications on human and animal health. This study was conducted to verify the factors which influenced the spatial pattern of Rift Valley Fever occurrence and identified the high risk areas for the occurrence of the disease at Sinner State, Sudan. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite and rainfall data in addition to the point data of RVF clinical cases in humans were used in this study. In order to identify the RVF high risk areas, remote sensing data and rainfall data were integrated in a GIS with other information including, soil type, water body, DEM (Digital Elevation Model), and animal routes and analyzed using Spatial Analysis tools. The information on clinical cases was used for verification. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to describe vegetation patterns of the study area by calculating the mean NDVI. The results of the study showed that, RVF risk increased with the increase in vegetation cover (high NDVI values), and increase in rainfall, which both provided suitable conditions for disease vectors breeding and a good indicator for RVF epizootics. The study concluded that, identification of high risk area for RVF disease improved the understanding of the spatial distribution of the disease and helped in locating the areas where disease was likely to be endemic and therefore preparedness measures should be taken. The identification represents the first step of prospective predictions of RVF outbreaks and provides a baseline for improved early warning, control, response planning, and mitigation. Further detailed studies are recommended in this domain.

Developments in the Diagnostic Techniques of Infectious Diseases: Rural and Urban Prospective

Objectives: Diagnostics is the first step for the treatment and eradication of infectious microbial diseases. Due to ever evolving pathogens and emerging new diseases, there is an urgent need to identify suitable diagnostic techniques for better management of each disease. The success rate of specific diagnostic technique in any population depends on various factors including type of the microbial pathogen, availability of resources, technical expertise, disease severity and degree of epidemic of disease in the area. One of the important tasks of the policy makers is to identify and implement suitable diagnostic techniques for specific regions based on their specific requirements. In this review we have discussed various techniques available in the literature and their suitability for the target population based on above mentioned criteria. Methods: Diagnostic techniques evaluation of well documented representative microbial diseases;Tuberculosis (bacterial), Malaria (parasitic) and HIV (viral) were included in the study. Identification and collection of information and data was performed focusing on the diagnostic techniques used from the scientific publications from Pubmed, Science Access, Scopus, EMBASE and several regional databases. WHO and CDC database for Tuberculosis, Malaria and HIV were also included. These techniques were compared with respect to the financial resource availability, expertise and management, functional capacity, pathogen virulence and degree of epidemic in the population. Results and Conclusion: In case of Tuberculosis, ELISA and colorimetric techniques are successful in rural and urban communities with 80% - 90% sensitivity. Genotyping and SNP analysis are useful in drug resistant strains. Parasitic disease Malaria also follows the same trend with diagnostic techniques like RDTs being common in both population with fast results and around 90% sensitivity. STD disease like HIV however shows slight different trends due to urgent need of interference in rural epidemics of the disease. Rapid and sensitive immunotechniques like dipsticks and agglutination with almost 100% sensitivity are used in both rural and urban areas. For the confirmation further tests are done like protein Western and NAAT. Advance techniques could be the option for higher epidemic area, drug resistance and disease research, while rapid techniques would be suitable for low income areas and POC facilities. Therefore, suitability of the diagnostic techniques for better management depends not only on the financial resources and assessment skills of a community but sometimes on the disease itself. We have further discussed the technological improvements for specific settings (rural/urban) based on the past research for better management of diseases, which could be implemented for the understanding of understudied and newly emerging diseases.