Lifestyle-related disease in Crohn’s disease: Relapse prevention by a semi-vegetarian diet

AIM: To investigate whether semi-vegetarian diet (SVD) has a preventive effect against relapse of Crohn’s disease (CD) in patients who have achieved remission,who are a high-risk group for relapse.METHODS: A prospective,single center,2-year clinical trial was conducted.Twenty-two adult CD patients who achieved clinical remission either medically (n = 17) or surgically (n = 5) and consumed an SVD during hospitalization were advised to continue with an SVD and avoid known high-risk foods for inflammatory bowel disease.The primary endpoint was clinical relapse defi ned as the appearance of active symptoms of CD.Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to calculate the cumulative proportion of patients who had a relapse.A 2-year analysis of relapse rates of patients who followed an SVD and those who did not (an omnivorous diet group) was undertaken.RESULTS: SVD was continued by 16 patients (compliance 73%).Remission was maintained in 15 of 16 patients (94%) in the SVD group vs two of six (33%)in the omnivorous group.Remission rate with SVD was 100% at 1 year and 92% at 2 years.SVD showed signif icant prevention in the time to relapse compared to that in the omnivorous group (P = 0.0003,log rank test).The concentration of C-reactive protein was normal at the f inal visit in more than half of the patients in remission who were taking an SVD,who maintained remission during the study (9/15;60%),who terminated follow-up (8/12;67%),and who completed 2 years follow-up (7/10;70%).There was no untoward effect of SVD.CONCLUSION: SVD was highly effective in preventing relapse in CD.

Cultured meat in western media: The disproportionate coverage of vegetarian reactions, demographic realities, and implications for cultured meat marketing

This paper examines the media coverage of the 2013 London cultured meat tasting event, particularly in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Using major news outlets, prominent magazines covering food and science issues, and advocacy websites concerning meat consumption, the paper characterizes the overall emphases of the coverage, the tenor of the coverage, and compares the media portrayal of the important issues to the demographic and psychological realities of the actual consumer market into which cultured meat will compete. In particular, the paper argues that Western media gives a distorted picture of what obstacles are in the path of cultured meat acceptance, especially by overemphasizing and overrepresenting the importance of the reception of cultured meat among vegetarians. Promoters of cultured meat should recognize the skewed impression that this media coverage provides and pay attention to the demographic data that suggests strict vegetarians are a demographically negligible group. Resources for promoting cultured meat should focus on the empirical demographics of the consumer market and the empirical psychology of mainstream consumers.

Risks of iron deficiency among vegetarian college women

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency disease worldwide and poses a major threat in women of child-bearing age and those who follow a vegetarian diet. The objective of this study was to ascertain whether differences exist in iron status markers between female university students following a vegetarian and non-vegetarian diet. This study took a cross sectional analysis of 39 female students at California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly State University) in San Luis Obispo, CA between the ages of 18 and 22. Of the participants, 19 followed a vegetarian diet and 20 followed a nonvegetarian diet. Characteristic, demographic, and anthropometric data were collected and analyzed. The results showed no significant difference in iron intake between the two groups. However, nearly 66% of vegetarians and 65% of non-vegetarians failed to meet the Recommended Daily Allowance for iron. No significant difference was found for serum iron, serum ferritin, transfer-rin saturation, and total iron binding capacity between subjects. Serum ferritin tended to be lower for vegetarians compared to non-vegetarians. Both vegetarians and non-vegetarians were in stage IV negative iron balance, with more vegetarians tending to be in stage IV negative iron balance than non-vegetarians. Thus, female college students, irrespective of their meat intake, may be at higher risk of developing negative iron balance and should be educated about iron deficiency anemia and the prevention of iron depletion.

Effects of vegetarian diet-associated nutrients on gut microbiota and intestinal physiology

People are increasingly aware of the role of vegetarian diets in modulating human gut microbial abundance and intestinal physiology.A plant-based diet is thought to benefit host health by contributing to establish a diverse and stable microbiome.In addition,microbe-derived metabolites of specific nutrients known to be abundant in vegetarian diets(such as indigestible carbohydrates,arginine,and others) are important to promote effective intestinal immune responses,maintain intestinal barrier function,and protect against pathogens.This review explores the characteristics of the gut microbiome formed by vegetarian diets and the effects of diet-associated nutrients on intestinal microbial abundance.The interactions between the microbe-derived metabolites of vegetarian diet-associated nutrients and intestinal physiology are also discussed.

Preparation of Dried Vegetarian Soup Supplemented with Some Legumes

The present work was aimed to prepare dried vegetarian soup supplemented with some legumes. Potatoes, hull-less barley flour, carrot, tomatoes, onion, garlic, salt, black pepper, coriander and cumin (served as F1) were used in combination with lentil, green pea and chickpea to formulate F2, F3, and F4, respectively. Chemical, physical, rheological and sensory evaluation was performed. The results indicated that supplementation with legumes significantly enhanced the nutritional characteristics, where the dried vegetarian soup mixtures had reasonable amounts of the required nutrients particularly, protein, carbohydrates, fats, Fe and Zn with good in vitro protein digestibility and mineral availability. Moisture content and water activity predicted the extended shelf-life and stability of the dried soup mixtures. The four resultant soup samples F1, F2, F3 and F4 had a noticeable viscosity pattern characterized by a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow behavior. Supplementation with legumes significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affects taste, color, flavor attributes and overall acceptability of the resultant soup samples. But, it had no significant effect on thickness and appearance. The results clearly demonstrated the usefulness of supplementing the dried vegetarian soup mixtures with legumes to enhance nutritional and technological quality of the resultant soup and lentil was the most valuable addition with the highest acceptability.

Is Vegetarianism a Solution for Obesity and NCDs? A Review

Purpose of Review: Obesity is defined as an abnormal fat accumulation associated with disease development risk. The prevalence of obesity and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) continues to increase at a concerning pace. The modern lifestyle requires people to rely on processed foods because of their efficiency and low-cost, which are associated with obesity and NCDs. Vegetarian diet refers to the exclusion of meat, fish, seafood and can also exclude animal products such as dairy and eggs. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore vegetarianism as a potential solution for obesity and the development of non-communicable diseases. Recent Findings: Meat intake is also related to unhealthy food groups consumption, contributing to overall poor diet quality. In contrast, vegetarian diets are associated with higher satiety, resulting in less food intake, favoring weight reduction. Lowering the prevalence of NCDs should be a priority, and nutritional interventions are pivotal to accomplish this goal. Summary: Vegetarian diets are associated with weight loss due to: fiber content, lower caloric density, microbiota regulation, and the release of gastrointestinal appetite-regulating hormones. Plant-based eating patterns have demonstrated an overall healthier diet and can be a potential solution for obesity and NCDs’ development.

Vegetarian Diets in Children—Some Thoughts on Restricted Diets and Allergy

Vegetarianism is a common diet worldwide. For a large proportion of people, meat or fish is not available at all or not regularly as a meal. But also in the industrialised countries, vegetarian nutrition is becoming more and more popular for various reasons. Many vegetarian parents also want a suitable diet for their children. But are restrictive diets beneficial or potentially harmful in certain situations, such as a predisposition to severe atopy? Are vegetarian diets equally suitable for pregnant women, nursing mothers, infants, children, and adolescents? What critical nutrients should parents, children, pediatricians, and nutritionists pay particular attention to? This article is focused on questions like these and discusses scientifically based concepts of nutrition. Main findings are that exposure to a variety of food antigens during early life may play a role in the development of healthy eating habits and that restrictive diets have not been found in studies to prevent allergic disease.

Effect of Frying-Cooking on Nutritional and Bioactive Compounds of Innovative Ovo-Vegetarian Diets

Vegetarian diets are becoming increasingly popular as meat prices as well as health concerns rise. Many people are cutting down or cutting out meat in favor of a full vegetarian diet. In present study, the applicability of different vegetables for producing ready-to-use and ready-to-eat chickpea-based ovo-vegetarian diets (OVDs) was investigated. Herein, six different vegetables (cauliflower, taro, green zucchini, pea, bean and spinach) were formulated with 25% chickpea and additional edible ingredients to produce ready-to-use OVDs. Subsequently, chemical composition, minerals content, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of those OVDs were investigated. However, ready-to-eat OVDs were organoleptically evaluated after frying as common cooking method. Results of composite analysis indicated 67.73% to 73.17%, 23.20% to 37.12%, 1.86% to 2.63%, 7.63% to 9.53%, 9.06% to 9.82% and 39.24% to 55.28% for moisture, crude protein, lipids, ash, fiber, and carbohydrates contents in ready-to-use OVDs, respectively. After frying, lipid content was increased in fried diets which changed the chemical composition and caloric value. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between macro- and micro-nutrients content of ready- to-use and ready-to-eat OVDs. The ready-to-use OVDs exhibit appropriate content of ascorbic acid, chlorophylls, carotenoids, flavonoids, and flavonols which basically depends on their ingredients. Frying process dramatically affected the ascorbic acid, chlorophylls, flavonoids, flavonols, and carotenoids contents. High organoleptic acceptability of ready-to-eat OVDs was recorded to confirm theconsumer attractiveness further. In conclusion, the possibility of producing healthy ready-to-eatand ready-to-use OVDs incorporated with common consumed vegetables could provide a promising approach for improving human health and dietary pattern as well as for selecting the optimum processing conditions for innovative OVDs.

Effects of a shift from a mixed diet to a lacto-vegetarian diet on some coronary heart disease risk markers

Background: There is convincing evidence that vegetarians have lower incidence of coronary heart disease, but there is a debate as to why this is the case. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate whether a shift from a mixed diet to a lacto-vegetarian diet would lead to a decrease in risk for coronary heart diseases indicated by surrogate markers. Design: Twenty volunteers participated in the study (4 men and 16 women, mean age 44 years, range 27 - 61) from a town in western Sweden. Clinical examinations were performed, blood samples were drawn and dietary survey, i.e. repeated 24-h recalls were carried out before (0 months) and 3, 6 and 12 months after the change from a mixed diet to a lacto-vegetarian diet. A dietician educated the volunteers with regard to the vegetarian dietary regimen, organized and taught the vegetarian cooking courses. Results: The dietary shift lead to an increase in the intake of total carbohydrates and fibre and a decrease in fat, protein and sucrose. The coronary heart disease risk markers body weight, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and low-density lipoptrotein cholesterol decreased significantly. Conclusions: There was a decrease in disease risk markers even though the ratio polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids was unchanged. The main finding in this study is that there was a weight loss, sustained for one year, without any recommendation to decrease the energy intake or any focus on weight reduction.

The Flourishing Vegetarianism in Lhasa

Vegetarianism is booming in Lhasa.Tenzin Drama,Lozang Nyima and Zhang Qjao are typical of vegetarians in Lhasa.Tenzin is a housewife and her family always maintains the principle that some of their income must be used for rescuing animals.One autumn she saw a couple of des- perately frightened pregnant sheep being pushed to- gether into a blood-covered slaughter area.Since then she was determined to be vegetarian.Tenzin has a

A Vegetarian in the Meat-eating Theropod Family

A fossil theropod dinosaur discovered in China is thought to be vegetarian, in sharp contrast with its meat-eating cousins, according to research published in Nature on September 19,2002.……

高水分挤压豌豆分离蛋白和小麦面筋蛋白植物蛋白素肉饼的品质特性研究

采用双螺杆挤压机将豌豆分离蛋白(PPI)和小麦面筋蛋白(WGP)按照不同比例在水分含量为60%的条件下挤压,制备植物组织蛋白,然后经深加工制备100%植物蛋白素肉饼,考察不同原料配比对植物蛋白素肉饼品质特性的影响。通过与市售牛肉饼对比,结果显示,植物蛋白素肉饼的烹饪损失率降低了10%,持水率增加了34%,直径、厚度变化率也显著降低。在豌豆分离蛋白∶小麦面筋蛋白为7∶3(P70W30)的比例下植物蛋白素肉饼与市售牛肉饼的质构特性相似度最高,且比市售牛肉饼更有嚼劲。感官品评显示豌豆分离蛋白∶小麦面筋蛋白为7∶3(P70W30)最符合大众消费者对产品的品质要求。所有比例的产品均无豆腥味。总的来说,该研究成功制备了比市售牛肉饼营养价值更高、品质特性相似的植物蛋白素肉饼,为高水分挤压植物组织蛋白在植物蛋白素肉饼中的应用提供了参考。

基于火候和配方调控的香菇基素鲍鱼制备工艺研究

该研究通过单因素试验和正交试验探究不同火候和工艺配方对香菇基素鲍鱼感官品质的影响并确定其最佳生产条件。经过感官评价小组的综合评分,最终确定香菇基素鲍鱼的最佳工艺配方为电磁炉功率1 500 W、鲍鱼素添加量1.5%、调味料添加量14%、淀粉添加量3%。该条件下生产的香菇基素鲍鱼符合食品安全国家标准GB 2760—2014,色泽均匀,香味浓郁协调,咸鲜适中,口感脆嫩弹牙,有一定鲍鱼肉质感,能够迎合大众口味,具有规模化生产的潜力。

天然皂皮皂苷与大豆分离蛋白协同构建高蛋白减脂植物基蛋黄酱及其特性

本研究利用天然皂皮皂苷(Quillaja saponin,QS)与大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI)稳定乳液凝胶的协同效应构建高蛋白、减脂的植物基蛋黄酱(plant-based mayonnaise,PM)。利用静态光散射、激光共聚焦、低形变流变学和质构特性对比分析PM与两种市售蛋黄酱在外观、乳滴粒径大小与分布、硬度、涂抹性、热稳定性和冻融稳定性等方面的特性。结果表明,以10%SPI和0.18%QS或10%SPI、0.18%QS和1%SPI凝胶颗粒(soy protein isolate gel particles,SGPs)为蛋白配料可构建出与商品蛋黄酱在外观、涂抹状态、质构以及流变特性上相媲美的高蛋白减脂PM(10%蛋白质与50%脂肪、11%蛋白质与40%脂肪,以质量分数计)。在该体系中,QS不仅赋予了高蛋白乳化制品黏度稀化的质构调节性,还赋予了SPI基乳液凝胶优越的热稳定性和冻融稳定性。本研究可为“高蛋白”“减脂”PM的开发与应用提供理论与技术指导。

血清胆汁酸在素食与糖代谢指标间的中介效应分析

目的:探究素食者和杂食者血清胆汁酸水平的差异,并分析其在素食饮食与糖代谢指标之间的中介效应。方法:纳入前期招募的222对性别年龄相匹配的成年健康素食者和杂食者,采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法靶向定量血清中48种胆汁酸及衍生物浓度。通过正交偏最小二乘法-判别OPLS-DA分析和Wilcoxon符号秩检验筛选出可能的差异胆汁酸,进一步采用多元线性回归确定差异胆汁酸并探讨其与糖代谢指标空腹血糖(FG)、空腹胰岛素(FI)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)之间的关系。通过bootstrap法探索差异胆汁酸在素食与糖代谢指标间的中介效应。结果:检测到23种血清胆汁酸及衍生物浓度,其中甘氨石胆酸-3-硫酸(GLCA-3S)、甘氨猪胆酸、甘氨鹅去氧胆酸(GCDCA)、甘胆酸(GCA)在素食者和杂食者之间存在显著差异,且都在素食组内水平上升。校正BMI等混杂因素后发现,GLCA-3S与FG、FI、HOMA-IR显著负相关,对于素食降低FI、HOMA-IR起中介作用;GCA、GCDCA与FI、HOMA-IR显著正相关,对于素食降低FI、HOMA-IR起遮掩作用。结论:胆汁酸GLCA-3S、GCDCA和GCA可能在素食饮食对糖代谢的影响中发挥重要作用。

上海地区素食人群血清ω-3脂肪酸水平分析

目的:了解上海市素食人群血清ω-3脂肪酸的水平以及与杂食人群的差异。方法:于上海市区招募愿接受调查的成年健康素食者222名及同性别同年龄杂食者222名,通过超高效液相色谱串联质谱方法,测定血清ω-3脂肪酸的含量,包括α-亚麻酸(ALA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)、二十二碳五烯酸(DPA)。用非参数检验比较素食人群与杂食人群血清ω-3脂肪酸含量的差异。结果:虽然素食人群血清ω-3脂肪酸总量(μmol/L)与杂食人群无显著差异(21.26 vs 21.04,P=0.321),但素食人群血清ALA含量(μmol/L)显著高于杂食人群(15.05 vs 11.25,P=0.000),素食人群血清DHA、血清EPA (μmol/L)均显著低于杂食人群[(2.87 vs5.92,P=0.000)、(0.73 vs 0.98,P=0.000)]。素食人群中,全素人群血清DHA含量(μmol/L)显著低于奶蛋素人群(2.17 vs 3.10,P=0.000)。素食时长≥5年人群的血清DHA含量(μmol/L)显著低于素食时长<5年人群(2.59 vs 3.12,P=0.007)。结论:受调查的素食人群血清ω-3脂肪酸总量与杂食人群相当,虽然血清DHA和EPA含量较杂食人群低,但血清ALA含量较杂食人群高。

植物肉面临的挑战及发展前景

植物肉作为新兴技术和产品,能缓解肉类生产引起的环境、资源等问题。本文分析了植物肉面临的各种问题和挑战,并对其未来发展方向进行展望。

Vegetarian diets,circulating miRNA expression and healthspan in subjects living in the Blue Zone

A long-term vegetarian diet plays a role in the longevity and maintenance of the healthspan,but the underlying mechanisms for these observations are largely unknown.Particularly,it is not known whether a longterm vegetarian dietary pattern may affect the circulating miRNA expression in such a way as to modulate the healthspan.The Adventist Health Study-2(AHS-2)cohort includes a large number of older adults who primarily follow vegetarian dietary patterns and reside in Loma Linda,California,one of five“Blue Zones”in the world in which a higher proportion of the population enjoys a longer than average lifespan.We performedmiRNA-seq in 96 subjects selected from the AHS-2 cohort with different dietary patterns.We identified several differentially expressed miRNAs between vegetarians and non-vegetarians,which are involved in immune response and cytokine signaling,cell growth and proliferation as well as age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases.Overall,our study showed that a vegetarian diet modulates aging-associated circulating miRNAs in a sex-dependent manner of differential expression for certain miRNAs,which may be related in a beneficial manner to the healthspan.Further investigation is needed to validate these miRNAs as potential biomarkers for diet-modulated longevity in humans.