Measurement of Emissions from Passenger-Picking-up Vehicles at Airport Terminals

Rather than parking at nearby hourly parking lots, many passenger-picking-up vehicles prefer to idle at terminals and/or drive cycling around terminal facilities. As a result, extra vehicle emissions may be produced in an airport area. Even though there are limited studies on such emissions at airports, these estimations were normally based on the date emission models, which might cause bias in emission estimations. This paper proposes an approach to employ the floating car method and Global Positioning System （GPS） to record speeds and acceleration rates of idling and cycling vehicles at airport terminals. The tests were conducted under different time periods and traffic demands with different waiting time. The speeds and acceleration rates are synthesized to yield Vehicle Specific Power＇s （VSP） and Operational Mode （OM） distributions. Utilizing the Environmental Protection Agency （EPA） emission estimation model Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator （MOVES）, pollutants and green house gas emission indexes （e.g. NOx, CO, CO2 and HC） and fuel consumptions can be easily estimated. As an illustration of the proposed approach, the research team collected GPS data at a terminal in Houston William Hobby Airport （HOU）, and calculated the VSP distributions and OM distributions. Emissions of passenger-picking-up vehicles around these congested airport terminals.

Localization and Evaluation of Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) Model for Predicting the Emissions of Private Cars:a Case Study of Shenzhen City,China

Motor Vehicle emission simulator(MOVES)model was localized by changing the base emission rates in MySQL database of the model,and using the actual measured data for private cars in Shenzhen City,China.The performances of localized MOVES model and non-localized MOVES model were evaluated by comparing the predicted emission factors to the measured ones.The results showed that by localization of the base emission rates,the prediction accuracy of the localized MOVES model for hydrocarbon(HC)and nitrogen oxides(NO x)was significantly improved.The accuracy of the localized MOVES model simulations in the Opmode increased by 86%,88%and 71%for HC,76%,42%and 72%for NO x on arterial roads,expressways and highways.For carbon monoxide(CO),however,the simulation performance based on the average velocity mode on expressways and highways became poor after localization,with the decrease of 28%and 8%respectively.Overall,by the localization of the base emission rates,the relative errors of the simulated emission factors of HC,CO and NO x of private cars were less than 37%.

Real-Time Black Carbon Emissions from Light-Duty Passenger Vehicles Using a Portable Emissions Measurement System

Black carbon(BC)is considered the second largest anthropogenic climate forcer,but the radiative effects of BC are highly correlated with its combustion sources.On-road vehicles are an important source of anthropogenic BC.However,there are major uncertainties in the estimates of the BC emissions from on-road light-duty passenger vehicles(LDPVs),and results obtained with the portable emissions measurement system(PEMS)method are particularly lacking.We developed a PEMS platform and evaluated the on-road BC emissions from ten in-use LDPVs.We demonstrated that the BC emission factors(EFs)of gasoline direction injection(GDI)engine vehicles range from 1.10 to 1.56 mg.km^(-1),which are higher than the EFs of port fuel injection(PFI)engine vehicles(0.10–0.17 mg.km^(-1))by a factor of 11.The BC emissions during the cold-start phase contributed 2%–33%to the total emissions.A strong correlation(R^(2)=0.70)was observed between the relative BC EFs and average vehicle speed,indicating that traffic congestion alleviation could effectively mitigate BC emissions.Moreover,BC and particle number(PN)emissions were linearly correlated(R^(2)=0.90),and compared to PFI engine vehicles,the instantaneous PN-to-BC emission rates of GDI engine vehicles were less sensitive to vehicle specific power-to-velocity(VSPV)increase in all speed ranges.

Artificial neural network model for identifying taxi gross emitter from remote sensing data of vehicle emission

Vehicle emission has been the major source of air pollution in urban areas in the past two decades. This article proposes an artificial neural network model for identifying the taxi gross emitters based on the remote sensing data. After carrying out the field test in Guangzhou and analyzing various factors from the emission data, the artificial neural network modeling was proved to be an advisable method of identifying the gross emitters. On the basis of the principal component analysis and the selection of algorithm and architecture, the Back-Propagation neural network model with 8-17-1 architecture was established as the optimal approach for this purpose. It gave a percentage of hits of 93%. Our previous research result and the result from aggression analysis were compared, and they provided respectively the percentage of hits of 81.63% and 75%. This comparison demonstrates the potentiality and validity of the proposed method in the identification of taxi gross emitters.

Real-world vehicle emission factors in Chinese metropolis city—Beijing

The dynamometer tests with different driving cycles and the real-world tests are presented. Results indicated the pollutants emission factors and fuel consumption factor with ECE15+EUDC driving cycle usually take the lowest value and with real world driving cycle occur the highest value, and different driving cycles will lead to significantly different vehicle emission factors with the same vehicle. Relative to the ECE15+EUDC driving cycle, the increasing rate of pollutant emission factors of CO, NOx and HC are -0.42—2.99, -0.32 —0.81 and -0.11—11 with FTP75 testing, 0.11—1.29, -0.77—0.64 and 0.47—10.50 with Beijing 1997 testing and 0.25—1.83, 0.09—0.75 and -0.58—1.50 with real world testing. Compared to the carburetor vehicles, the retrofit and MPI+TWC vehicles' pollution emission factors decrease with different degree. The retrofit vehicle(Santana) will reduce 4.44%—58.44% CO, -4.95%—36.79% NOx, -32.32%—33.89% HC, and -9.39%—14.29% fuel consumption, and especially that the MPI+TWC vehicle will decrease CO by 82.48%—91.76%, NOx by 44.87%—92.79%, HC by 90.00%—93.89% and fuel consumption by 5.44%—10.55%. Vehicles can cause pollution at a very high rate when operated in high power modes; however, they may not often operate in these high power modes. In analyzing vehicle emissions, it describes the fraction of time that vehicles operate in various power modes. In Beijing, vehicles spend 90% of their operation in low power modes or decelerating.

Characterization of on-road CO, HC and NO emissions for petrol vehicle fleet in China city

Vehicle emissions are a major source of air pollution in urban areas. The impact on urban air quality could be reduced if the trends of vehicle emissions are well understood. In the present study, the real-world emissions of vehicles were measured using a remote sensing system at five sites in Hangzhou, China from February 2004 to August 2005. More than 48000 valid gasoline powered vehicle emissions of carbon monoxide （CO）, hydrocarbons （HC） and nitrogen oxide （NO） were measured. The results show that petrol vehicle fleet in Hangzhou has considerably high CO emissions, with the average emission concentration of 2.71 %±0.02%, while HC and NO emissions are relatively lower, with the average emission concentration of （153.72±1.16）×10-6 and （233.53±1.80）×10-6, respectively. Quintile analysis of both average emission concentration and total amount emissions by model year suggests that in-use emission differences between well maintained and badly maintained vehicles are larger than the age-dependent deterioration of emissions. In addition, relatively new high polluting vehicles are the greatest contributors to fleet emissions with, for example, 46.55% of carbon monoxide fleet emissions being produced by the top quintile high emitting vehicles from model years 2000-2004. Therefore, fleet emissions could be significantly reduced if new highly polluting vehicles were subject to effective emissions testing followed by appropriate remedial action.

A remote sensing system of vehicle emissions based on tunable diode laser technology

As being an effective real-time method of monitoring vehicle emissions on-road, a remote sensing system based on the tunable diode laser （TDL） technology was presented, and the key technologies were discussed. A field test in Guangzhou（Guangdong, China） was performed and was found that the factors, such as slope, instantaneous speed and acceleration, had significant influence on the detectable rate of the system. Based on the results, the proposal choice of testing site was presented.

Particles Emission from Gasoline Vehicles

Number concentration and size distribution from gasoline ears are investigated at transient modes on the chassis dynamometers, which are measured using electrical low pressure impactor （ELPI） for the ECE15 and EUDC cycles. Results indicate that, during cold start, particle number emission is higher than that under hot start. It is found that the number of particles increases with the vehicle speeds. Furthermore, particles with diameter smaller than 200 nm constitute the predominant part of total emission in the entire cycle. In addition, the tentative information about composition of emitted particles is also discussed.

Multi-objective comprehensive optimization of fuel consumption and emission for hybrid electric vehicles

Aiming to reduce fuel consumption and emissions of a dual-clutch hybrid electric vehicle during cold start, multiobjective optimization for fuel consumption and HC/CO emission from a TWC(three-way catalytic converter) outlet is presented in this paper. DP(dynamic programming) considering dual-state variables is proposed based on the Bellman optimality principle. Both the battery SOC(state of charge) and the temperature of TWC monolith are considered in the algorithm simultaneously. In this way the global optimal control strategy and the Pareto optimal solution of multi-objective function are derived. Simulation results show that the proposed method is able to promote the TWC light-off significantly by decreasing the engine's load and improving exhaust temperature from the outlet of the engine, in comparison with original DP considering the single battery SOC. Compared to the results achieved by rule-based control strategy, fuel economy and emission of TWC outlet for cold start are optimized comprehensively. Each indicator of Pareto solution set shows the significant improvement.

Analysis of diffusion behavior of harmful emissions from trackless rubber-wheel diesel vehicles in underground coal mines

To define the diffusion behavior of harmful exhaust substances from diesel vehicles and support safety risk assessments of underground coal mines,we performed a multi-species coupling calculation of the emission and diffusion of harmful substances from a trackless rubber-wheel diesel vehicle.A computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model of the diffusion of harmful emissions was hence established and verified.From the perspective of risk analysis,the diffusion behavior and distribution of hazardous substances emitted by the diesel vehicle were studied under 4 different conditions;moreover,we identified areas characterized by hazardous levels of emissions.When the vehicle idled upwind in the roadway,high-risk areas formed behind and to the right of the vehicle:particularly high concentrations of pollutants were measured near the rear floor of the vehicle and within 5 m behind the vehicle.When the vehicle idled downwind,high-risk areas formed in front of it:particularly high concentrations of pollutants were measured near the floor and within 5 m from the front of the vehicle.In the above cases,the driver would not breathe highly polluted air and would be relatively safe.When the vehicle idled into the chamber,however,high-risk areas formed on both sides of the vehicle and near the upper roof.Forward entry of the vehicle caused a greater increase in the concentration of pollutants in the chamber and in the driver’s breathing zone compared with reverse entry.

Comparison of the Mutagenicity of Exhaust Emissions From Motor Vehicles Using Leaded and Unleaded Gasoline as Fuel

While Unleaded gasoline has the advantage of eliminating lead from automobile exhaust, its potential to reduce the exhaust gas and particles, merits further examination. In the present studies,the concentrations of hydrocarbons (HC) and earbon monoxides (CO) in emissions were analyzed on Santana engine Dynamometer under a standard test cycle, and total exhaust particles were collected from engines using leaded and unleaded gasoline. It was found that unleaded gasoline reduced the emissions of CO and HC, and decreased the quantity of vehicle exhaust particulate matters by 60%.With the unlead gasoline, only 23 kinds of organic substances, adsorbed in the particles, were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) while 32 components were detected using the leaded gasoline. The results of in vitro Salmonella/ microsomal test and micronucleus induction assay in CHL cells indicated that both types of gasoline increased the number of histidine-independent colonies and the frequencies of micronucleus induction; no significant differellce was found in their mutagenicity.

The Future Trend of E-Mobility in Terms of Battery Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on Climate Change: A Case Study Applied in Hungary

The transportation sector is responsible for 25% of the total Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, whereas 60.6% of this sector represents small and medium passenger cars. However, as noted by the European Union Long-term strategy, there are two ways to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. The first way is characterized by creating more efficient vehicles. In contrast, the second way is characterized by changing the fuel used. The current study addressed the second way, changing the fuel type. The study examined the potential of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as an alternative fuel type to reduce CO2 emissions in Hungarys transportation sector. The study used secondary data retrieved from Statista and stata.com to analyze the future trends of BEVs in Hungary. The results showed that the percentage of BEVs in Hungary in 2022 was 0.4% compared to the total number of registered passenger cars, which is 3.8 million. The simple exponential smoothing (SES) time series forecast revealed that the number of BEVs is expected to reach 84,192 in 2030, indicating a percentage increase of 2.21% in the next eight years. The study suggests that increasing the number of BEVs is necessary to address the negative impact of CO2 emissions on society. The Hungarian Ministry of Innovation and Technologys strategy to reduce the cost of BEVs may increase the percentage of BEVs by 10%, resulting in a potential average reduction of 76,957,600 g/km of CO2 compared to gasoline, diesel, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs).

Projection pursuit model of vehicle emission on air pollution at intersections based on the improved bat algorithm

The projection pursuit model is used to study the assessment of air pollution caused by vehicle emissions at intersections. Based on the analysis of the characteristics and regularities of vehicle emissions at intersections, a vehicle emission model based on projection pursuit is established, and the bat algorithm is used to solve the optimization function. The research results show that the projection pursuit model can not only measure the air pollution of vehicle emissions at intersections, but also effectively evaluate the level of vehicle exhaust emissions at intersections. Taking the air pollution caused by vehicle emissions at intersections as the research object and considering the influence factors of vehicle emissions on air pollution comprehensively, the evaluation index system of vehicle emissions at intersections on air pollution is constructed. Based on large data analysis, a prediction model of air pollution caused by vehicle emissions at intersections is constructed, and an improved bat algorithm is used to realize the assessment process. The application results show that the prediction model of vehicle emissions at intersections can define the degree of air pollution caused by vehicle emissions, and it has good guiding significance and practical value for solving the problem of air pollution caused by vehicle emissions.

COMPOSITIVE EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM OF GASOLINE VEHICLE

The working principle of a kind of compositive emission control system is inquired into, which includes exhaust heater, secondary air supplement, exhaust gas recirculation （EGR）, thermal reactor and catalytic converter, etc. The purification effect of CO, HC and NOx emission of the gasoline spark ignite （S.I.） engine is studied. The entire vehicle driving cycle tests based on the national emission standard and a series of the gasoline engine-testing bench tests including full load characteristic experiment, load characteristic experiment and idle speed experiment are done. The results show that the system has a very good emission control effect to CO, HC and NOx of gasoline engine. The construction of the system is very simple and can be mounted on the exhaust pipe conveniently without any alteration of the vehicle-use gasoline engine.

Modeling the Effect of Variable Timing of the Exhaust Valves on SI Engine Emissions for Greener Vehicles

The problem with fixed valve timing that the valve train is set by the automaker for peak efficiency running at a specific point in the engine’s operating range. When the vehicle is moving slower or faster than this ideal operating point the engine’s combustion cycle fails to properly burn the air/fuel mixture leading to considerably compromised engine performance and wastes fuel. Variable Valve Timing (VVT) is a solution developed to overcome this engine deficiency, dynamically altering the valve's opening and closing for optimal performance at any speed. The intension in this work is to contribute towards pursuing the development of variable valve timing (VVT) for improving the engine performance. This investigation covers the effect of exhaust valve opening (EVO), and closing (EVC) angle on engine performance and emissions. The aim is to optimize engine power and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) where the effect of engine speed has also been considered. Power, BMEP, BSFC, NO, and CO were calculated and presented to show the effect of varying valve timing on them for all the valve timing cases. The calculations of engine performance were carried out using the simulation and analysis engineering software: LOTUS”, and engine emissions were calculated using “ZINOX” program. Sensitivity analysis shows that the reduction of 10% of (EVO) angle gave a reduction of around 2.5% in power and volumetric efficiency, also a slight increase in nitrogen oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), while a 10% decrease in (EVC) causes around 1% improvement in Power. The effects of different (VVT) from the simulations are analyzed and compared with those in the reviewed literature.

Benefits of Reducing Air Emissions: Replacing Conventional with Electric Passenger Vehicles

The study estimated the cost of local and global air emissions, and to compare the differences between electric passenger vehicles (EV) and conventional, internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The air emissions were estimated for the year 2020, for Denmark, France and Israel, because of their significantly different fuel mixes to produce electricity—a high percentage of renewable energy, mainly nuclear energy and high fossil fuels, respectively. Air emissions from electricity production and conventional traffic were calculated for each country and then multiplied by the specific country’s cost of emissions. Subtracting the total cost of electricity production from the total cost of conventional transportation yields the total benefit for each of the economies studied. The environmental benefit, depending on EV penetration rates, was found to be in the range of 7.8 to 133 MEUR/year for Denmark, 94 to1948 MEUR/year for France and only 4 to 82 MEUR/year for Israel, whose energy mix is the most polluting. Our analysis also shows higher potential benefits when replacing passenger car fleets comprising a high percentage of diesel cars with EVs, as well as in highly populated areas. In addition, we quantified the differences between EVs with fixed batteries and the new switch able battery concept (EASYBAT), as part of the EU 7th Framework Program me. The additional electricity demands for the EASYBAT concept are negligible, and therefore, do not change the overall conclusion that the cleaner the electricity energy mix and the higher the penetration of EVs, the higher the environmental benefits achieved.

An Interval Programming-based Traffic Planning Model for Urban Vehicle Emissions Management

An interval linear traffic planning model is developed for supporting vehicle emissions limited under uncertainty. The interval linear traffic planning model can address uncertainties of traffic system and vehicle emissions related to system costs and limitation of emission. The interval linear traffic planning model is applicable to complex traffic system. One virtual city as our study object was taken by using the interval linear traffic planning model. In this study, one virtual case and a scenario are provided for three planning periods. The results indicate that the interval linear traffic planning model can effectively reduce the vehicles emission and provide strategies for authorities to deal with problems of transportation system.

One of the Scenarios for Reduction the Emission of Pollutants from Motor Vehicle in the Territory of the Republic of Kosovo

Together with development of the industry, there is present a continuous increase number of motor vehicles that contributes to the growth of the emission of pollutants. This is the main reason that during eighties of the last century, a special attention has started to be paid on pollution emissions from vehicles. It is important to note that most of the current emissions are formed directly and are present in urban areas. The aim of this research was to determine the emission of pollutants in the territory of the Republic of Kosovo, when circulates more than 380,000 motor vehicles. Taking into consideration the daily traffic jam, and the fact that gasoline engines are responsible for most emissions of CO, while diesel engines for NOx emission, the conclusion arises that there is necessary a special dedication to the emission of pollutants and to the definition of the measures to reduce or control them. Based on the performed tests and realistic assessment of the overall situation in the Republic of Kosovo, the current situation on the amount of pollution was compared with development countries in the region as a matter in the research. The results obtained, suggest to the most important causes that increase pollutant emission from motor vehicles and offer actions to keep the same level or to reduce them.

Remote Sensing CO,CO_2 in Vehicle Emissions Based on TDLAS

Knowing the quantity of pollutants that the vehicle fleet is emitting to the air has become a vital problem in almost every major city in China. Finding and fixing gross polluters is therefore very important to control the urban air quality and protect the human health and the environment. Remote sensing is an important advance in the technology of on-road vehicle emissions testing because it is fast, mobile, and unobtrusive. This on-road vehicle emissions remote system is designed to measure the carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and opacity from the vehicles's tailpipe based on the Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS). There are several advantages of this system such as compact design and easy of use. The measurement principle and optical layout of the instrument has been described in this paper. Field testing at Beijing and Hefei were conducted over one year, more than 6 000 vehicles were tested. This vehicle emissions remote system has been shown to be able to measure CO,CO2 and opacity from individual at highway speeds. In parallel, the plate license, speed, acceleration and length of vehicle are recognised by computer so that the owners of vehicles exceeding the permissible level of emissions can be identified.

Correlation between carbon emissions,fuel consumption of vehicles and speed limit on expressway

This paper aimed to investigate the correlation between carbon emissions,fuel consumption,and speed limit.A theoretical model was derived based on the energy conservation law,which expresses the relationship between vehicle's fuel consumption and speed.Subsequently,a total of 40 sets of fuel consumption data were collected through field tests to verify the accuracy of the theoretical model at different speeds and different road longitudinal slope combinations.The fuel consumption was then converted to carbon emissions according to the carbon emission factors specified by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC).In the field experiment,two types of cars and trucks,which are most common on the expressways in China,were selected.Finally,the travel speed under different posted speed limits was obtained through the previously established model,and the carbon emission changes of different vehicle types at different limited speeds are calculated.The results show that the speed limit has a significant impact on fuel consumption and carbon emissions.When the speed limit increased from 80 to 120 km/h,average vehicle speeds increased about 21%-27%,and fuel consumption and carbon emissions increased from approximately 33%-38%.Another interesting result was that the vehicle's fuel consumption and carbon emissions are only affected by speed.The results of the study explore the effect of speed limits on carbon emissions and provide evidence for road managers to set reasonable speed limits.