Cybersecurity and Privacy Protection in Vehicular Networks (VANETs)

As Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) become more sophisticated, the importance of integrating data protection and cybersecurity is increasingly evident. This paper offers a comprehensive investigation into the challenges and solutions associated with the privacy implications within VANETs, rooted in an intricate landscape of cross-jurisdictional data protection regulations. Our examination underscores the unique nature of VANETs, which, unlike other ad-hoc networks, demand heightened security and privacy considerations due to their exposure to sensitive data such as vehicle identifiers, routes, and more. Through a rigorous exploration of pseudonymization schemes, with a notable emphasis on the Density-based Location Privacy (DLP) method, we elucidate the potential to mitigate and sometimes sidestep the heavy compliance burdens associated with data protection laws. Furthermore, this paper illuminates the cybersecurity vulnerabilities inherent to VANETs, proposing robust countermeasures, including secure data transmission protocols. In synthesizing our findings, we advocate for the proactive adoption of protective mechanisms to facilitate the broader acceptance of VANET technology while concurrently addressing regulatory and cybersecurity hurdles.

Dynamic Event-Triggered Scheduling and Platooning Control Co-Design for Automated Vehicles Over Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

This paper deals with the co-design problem of event-triggered communication scheduling and platooning control over vehicular ad-hoc networks(VANETs)subject to finite communication resource.First,a unified model is presented to describe the coordinated platoon behavior of leader-follower vehicles in the simultaneous presence of unknown external disturbances and an unknown leader control input.Under such a platoon model,the central aim is to achieve robust platoon formation tracking with desired inter-vehicle spacing and same velocities and accelerations guided by the leader,while attaining improved communication efficiency.Toward this aim,a novel bandwidth-aware dynamic event-triggered scheduling mechanism is developed.One salient feature of the scheduling mechanism is that the threshold parameter in the triggering law is dynamically adjusted over time based on both vehicular state variations and bandwidth status.Then,a sufficient condition for platoon control system stability and performance analysis as well as a co-design criterion of the admissible event-triggered platooning control law and the desired scheduling mechanism are derived.Finally,simulation results are provided to substantiate the effectiveness and merits of the proposed co-design approach for guaranteeing a trade-off between robust platooning control performance and communication efficiency.

Performance of beacon safety message dissemination in Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs)

Currently, there is a growing belief that putting an IEEE 802.11-like radio into road vehicles can help the drivers to travel more safely. Message dissemination protocols are primordial for safety vehicular applications. There are two types of safety messages which may be exchanged between vehicles: alarm and beacon. In this paper we investigate the feasibility of deploying safety applications based on beacon message dissemination through extensive simulation study and pay special attention to the safety requirements. Vehicles are supposed to issue these messages periodically to announce to other vehicles their current situation and use received messages for preventing possible unsafe situations. We evaluate the performance of a single-hop dissemination protocol while taking into account the quality of service (QoS) metrics like delivery rate and delay. We realize that reliability is the main concern in beacon message dissemination. Thus, a new metric named effective range is defined which gives us more accurate facility for evaluating QoS in safety applications specifically. Then, in order to improve the performance, the effects of three parameters including vehicle's transmission range, message transmission's interval time and message payload size are studied. Due to special characteristics of the safety applications, we model the relationship between communication-level QoS and application-level QoS and evaluate them for different classes of safety applications. As a conclusion, the current technology of IEEE 802.11 MAC layer has still some challenges for automatic safety applications but it can provide acceptable QoS to driver assistance safety applications.

Power Allocation for Cooperative Communications in Non-Orthogonal Cognitive Radio Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

To achieve the better system performance for cooperative communication in non-orthogonal cognitive radio vehicular adhoc networks(CR-VANETs),this paper investigates the power allocation considering the interference to the main system in a controllable range.We propose a three-slot one-way vehicle system model where the mobile vehicle nodes complete information interaction with the assistance of other independent nodes by borrowing the unused radio spectrum with the primary networks.The end-to-end SNR relationship in overlay and underlay cognitive communication system mode are analyzed by using two forwarding protocol,namely,decode-and-forward(DF)protocol and amplify-and-forward(AF)protocol,respectively.The system outage probability is derived and the optimal power allocation factor is obtained via seeking the minimum value of the approximation of system outage probability.The analytical results have been confirmed by means of Monte Carlo simulations.Simulation results show that the proposed system performance in terms of outage under the optimal power allocation is superior to that under the average power allocation,and is also better than that under other power allocation systems.

Trusted Certified Auditor Using Cryptography for Secure Data Outsourcing and Privacy Preservation in Fog-Enabled VANETs

With the recent technological developments,massive vehicular ad hoc networks(VANETs)have been established,enabling numerous vehicles and their respective Road Side Unit(RSU)components to communicate with oneanother.The best way to enhance traffic flow for vehicles and traffic management departments is to share thedata they receive.There needs to be more protection for the VANET systems.An effective and safe methodof outsourcing is suggested,which reduces computation costs by achieving data security using a homomorphicmapping based on the conjugate operation of matrices.This research proposes a VANET-based data outsourcingsystem to fix the issues.To keep data outsourcing secure,the suggested model takes cryptography models intoaccount.Fog will keep the generated keys for the purpose of vehicle authentication.For controlling and overseeingthe outsourced data while preserving privacy,the suggested approach considers the Trusted Certified Auditor(TCA).Using the secret key,TCA can identify the genuine identity of VANETs when harmful messages aredetected.The proposed model develops a TCA-based unique static vehicle labeling system using cryptography(TCA-USVLC)for secure data outsourcing and privacy preservation in VANETs.The proposed model calculatesthe trust of vehicles in 16 ms for an average of 180 vehicles and achieves 98.6%accuracy for data encryption toprovide security.The proposedmodel achieved 98.5%accuracy in data outsourcing and 98.6%accuracy in privacypreservation in fog-enabled VANETs.Elliptical curve cryptography models can be applied in the future for betterencryption and decryption rates with lightweight cryptography operations.

A Review on the Recent Trends of Image Steganography for VANET Applications

Image steganography is a technique of concealing confidential information within an image without dramatically changing its outside look.Whereas vehicular ad hoc networks(VANETs),which enable vehicles to communicate with one another and with roadside infrastructure to enhance safety and traffic flow provide a range of value-added services,as they are an essential component of modern smart transportation systems.VANETs steganography has been suggested by many authors for secure,reliable message transfer between terminal/hope to terminal/hope and also to secure it from attack for privacy protection.This paper aims to determine whether using steganography is possible to improve data security and secrecy in VANET applications and to analyze effective steganography techniques for incorporating data into images while minimizing visual quality loss.According to simulations in literature and real-world studies,Image steganography proved to be an effectivemethod for secure communication on VANETs,even in difficult network conditions.In this research,we also explore a variety of steganography approaches for vehicular ad-hoc network transportation systems like vector embedding,statistics,spatial domain(SD),transform domain(TD),distortion,masking,and filtering.This study possibly shall help researchers to improve vehicle networks’ability to communicate securely and lay the door for innovative steganography methods.

Vehicle Positioning Method Based on RFID in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

With the rapid development of vehicular ad hoc network( VANET) technology,VANET applications such as safe driving and emergency rescue demand high position accuracy,but traditional GPS is difficult to meet new accuracy requirements. To overcome this limitation,a new vehicle positioning method based on radio frequency identification( RFID) is proposed. First RFID base stations are divided into three categories using fuzzy technology,and then Chan algorithm is used to calculate three vehicles' positions,which are weighed to acquire vehicles' accurate position. This method can effectively overcome the problem that vehicle positioning accuracy is not high resulting from the factors such as ambient noise and base distribution when Chan algorithm is used. Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed method is superior to Chan algorithm and 2-step algorithm based on averaging method,which can satisfy the requirements of vehicle positioning in VANETs.

Effective Life and Area Based Data Storing and Deployment in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

In vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), store-carry-forward approach may be used for data sharing, where moving vehicles carry and exchange data when they go by each other. In this approach, storage resource in a vehicle is generally limited. Therefore, attributes of data that have to be stored in vehicles are an important factor in order to efficiently distribute desired data. In VANETs, there are different types of data which depend on the time and location. Such kind of data cannot be deployed adequately to the requesting vehicles only by popularity-based rule. In this paper, we propose a data distribution method that takes into account the effective life and area in addition to popularity of data. Our extensive simulation results demonstrate drastic improvements on acquisition performance of the time and area specific data.

Review of the Security Issues in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET)

There is a significant increase in the rates of vehicle accidents in countries around the world and also the casualties involved ever year. New technologies have been explored relating to the Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) due to the increase in vehicular traffic/congestions around us. Vehicular communication is very important as technology has evolved. The research of VANET and development of proposed systems and implementation would increase safety among road users and improve the comfort for the corresponding passengers, drivers and also other road users, and a great improvement in the traffic efficiency would be achieved. This research paper investigates the current and existing security issues associated with the VANET and exposes any slack amongst them in order to lighten possible problem domains in this field.

An Efficient Three-Factor Privacy-Preserving Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network

As an indispensable part of the Intelli-gent Transportation System(ITS),the vehicular ad-hoc network(VANET)has attracted widespread atten-tion from academia and industry.In order to ensure the security of VANET,vehicles need to be authen-ticated before accessing the network.Most existing authentication protocols in VANET adopt the Trusted Authority(TA)with centralized structure which is re-sponsible for the authentication tasks of all vehicles.However,the large-scale network consume a lot of computing resources,which leads to unacceptable de-lay in message transmission in VANET.For reducing the computational cost of TA,an efficient three-factor privacy-preserving authentication and key agreement protocol was proposed in our paper.Different from before,the RoadSide Unit(RSU)no longer acts as an intermediate node but is responsible for assisting user authentication,which lead to the computational cost of TA is very low.Through formal and informal analysis,our protocol demonstrates excellent security.Com-pared with previous studies,our work emerges advan-tages and superiorities in the following aspects:com-putational cost,communication cost,security proper-ties and functions,message loss ratio,and message de-lay.These data and evidence indicate that our protocol is an ideal choice for large-scale VANET.

Dynamic Vehicular Clustering Enhancing Video on Demand Services Over Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

Nowadays,video streaming applications are becoming one of the tendencies driving vehicular network users.In this work,considering the unpredictable vehicle density,the unexpected acceleration or deceleration of the different vehicles included in the vehicular traffic load,and the limited radio range of the employed communication scheme,we introduce the“Dynamic Vehicular Clustering”(DVC)algorithm as a new scheme for video streaming systems over vehicular ad-hoc networks(VANET).The proposed algorithm takes advantage of the small cells concept and the introduction of wireless backhauls,inspired by the different features and the performance of the Long Term Evolution(LTE)-Advanced network.Vehicles are clustered together to form dynamically ad-hoc sub-networks included in the vehicular network.The goal of our clustering algorithm is to take into account several characteristics,such as the vehicle’s position and acceleration to reduce latency and packet loss.Therefore,each cluster is counted as a small cell containing vehicular nodes and an access point that is elected regarding some particular specifications.Based on the exceptional features of the LTE-Advanced network(small cells and wireless backhauls)the DVC algorithm is a promising scheme for video streaming services over VANET systems.Experiments were carried out with a virtual topology of the VANET network created with four clusters to implement the DVC algorithm.The results were compared with other algorithms such as Virtual Trust-ability Data transmission(VTD),Named Data Networking(NDN),and Socially Aware Security Message Forwarding(SASMF).Our algorithm can effectively improve the transmission rate of data packets at the expense of a slight increase in end-to-end delay and control overhead.

Tree-Based Revocation for Certificateless Authentication in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

This work proposes authentication based on identity as a way to increase the efficiency and security of communications in vehicular ad-hoc networks. When using identity-based cryptography to achieve certificateless authentication, membership revocation is not a trivial problem. Thus, in order to improve the performance of revocation in such networks, the use of a dynamic authenticated data structure based on perfect k-ary hash trees combined with a duplex version of the new standard SHA-3 is here presented. Efficient algorithms in the used revocation trees allow reaching a refresh rate of at most simple updates per inserted node. Consequently, the proposal is especially useful for situations with frequent revocations, which are foreseeable when vehicular ad- hoc networks are widely deployed.

VANET随机部署环境下基于改进型共享最近邻密度峰聚类的快速分簇算法

针对车辆高速移动场景下,网络拓扑变化过大导致网络分簇结果不稳定的问题,提出一种基于改进型共享最近邻密度峰聚类的快速成簇算法SNNCA(shared nearest neighbor clustering algorithm);通过综合考虑节点的链路生存周期和移动相似性,提出一种全新的节点连接稳定程度评估指标,并将该评估指标应用于节点共享最近邻的计算过程,以组织网络节点为划分合理的多跳簇结构;为适应网络环境的动态变化,提出一种簇维护策略,其中每个层级的簇成员承担着维护下一层级簇成员的任务,该策略能够对簇成员进行批量分离或合并,从而实现了算法的分布式快速收敛;根据随机部署场景中进行的仿真实验结果显示,相比其他较新算法,SNNCA算法降低了74%的簇数量,并且簇成员的平均存活时间增加了近1倍,表现出更好的网络稳定性和健壮性。

A Novel Routing Algorithm for Vehicular Sensor Networks

Recent advances in wireless communications are diffusing into many new applications. The tiny sensor node, which consists of sensing, data processing and communicating components, led to the idea of sensor networks. A sensor network composed of a large number of sensor nodes that are densely deployed either inside the phenomenon or very close to it. The applications envisioned for sensor networks vary from monitoring inhospitable habitats and disaster areas to operating indoors for intrusion detection and equipment monitoring. In most cases the network designer would have little control over the exact deployment of the network. Nowadays Vehicular Networks are drawing lots of attention due to the wide variety of applications that they can provide. These applications include traffic monitoring, positioning, security etc. A lot of research work is being conducted to define the standard for vehicular communication. These include frequency allocation, standards for physical and link layers, routing algorithms, security issues and new applications. In this paper we discuss the disadvantages of the traffic monitoring by traditional methods and by using GPS equipped sensors. Then we propose a new routing protocol for a fixed topology containing both stationary and mobile nodes. We also try to optimize the energy of the sensor nodes. We simulate our routing algorithm in MATLAB and evaluate it for different possible cases.

基于区块链的VANET无证书聚合签名方案

车载自组网(VANET)中频繁的通信和海量数据交互更易泄露车辆身份、位置、行驶路线等信息,交互验证的过程中证书开销会越来越大而且更容易遭受恶意攻击。为了解决以上问题,提出了基于区块链的VANET无证书聚合签名方案,消除证书开销,使用假名保护用户身份隐私。使用椭圆曲线加密算法实现无证书聚合签名,结合区块链的分布式存储实现信息共享、道路信息透明以及对恶意参与者的追踪。搭建以太坊私有链进行仿真,利用智能合约实现访问控制和交易,实验结果表明,在实现强匿名性、不可链接性、消息完整性、不可否认、可追踪、防篡改的安全性能的同时,通信开销相比同类方案中使用双线性配对方法降低了至少85.8%。

Connectivity of sparse vehicular ad hoc networks with channel randomness

In this paper,we investigate the connectivity of vehicular ad hoc networks in free-flow traffic situationwith channel randomness.In order to illustrate the realistic environment,we consider that vehiclesare distributed in free-flow highway according to a Poisson point process,and signal propagation betweenconnected vehicles is subjected to log-normal shadowing effects.We obtain the distribution of the spaceheadway between successive vehicles and the distribution of signal coverage,which allows us to use theequivalent M/G/∞ queue theory to model the connectivity of VANETs in the form of average broadcastpercolation distance and average number of connected nodes.Then,extensive simulation studies are conductedto evaluate the obtained results.The analytical model presented here is able to describe the impactof various system parameters,including traffic parameters and signal propagation parameters on the connectivity.We use our analytical results,along with the common signal propagation data,to understandimpact of channel randomness on the connectivity of VANETs.

On Coexistence of Vehicular Overlay Network and H2H Terminals on PRACH in LTE

Vehicular ad hoc networks （VANETs） that use the IEEE 802.11p communication standard face a number of challenges, not least when it comes to safety messages on the VANET control channel （CCH） where short delay times and reliable delivery are of pri- mary importance. In this paper we propose a vehicular machine-to-machine （VM2M） overlay network that uses Long Term Evolu- tion （LTE） physical random access channel （PRACH） to emulate VANET CCH. The overlay network uses dedicated preambles to separate vehicular traffic from regular LTE traffic and a cartier sense multiple access with collision avoidance （CSMA-CA） layer similar to the one used in IEEE 802.15.4 to avoid the four step handshake and the overhead it incurs. The performance of the pro- posed overlay is evaluated under a wide range of PRACH parameters which conform to the scenarios with high vehicle velocities and large distances between roadside units （RSUs） that may be encountered in rural areas and on highways.

Trajectory-Based Data Forwarding Schemes for Vehicular Networks

This paper explains trajectory-based data forwarding schemes for multihop data delivery in vehicular networks where the trajectory is the GPS navigation path for driving in a road network. Nowadays, GPS-based navigation is popular with drivers either for efficient driv- ing in unfamiliar road networks or for a better route, even in familiar road networks with heavy traffic. In this paper, we describe how to take advantage of vehicle trajectories in order to design data-forwarding schemes for information exchange in vehicular networks. The design of data-forwarding schemes takes into account not only the macro-scoped mobility of vehicular traffic statistics in road net- works, but also the micro-scoped mobility of individual vehicle trajectories. This paper addresses the importance of vehicle trajectory in the design of multihop vehicle-to-infrastructure, infrastructure-to-vehicle, and vehicle-to-vehicle data forwarding schemes. First, we explain the modeling of packet delivery delay and vehicle travel delay in both a road segment and an end-to-end path in a road net- work. Second, we describe a state-of-the-art data forwarding scheme using vehicular traffic statistics for the estimation of the end-to- end delivery delay as a forwarding metric. Last, we describe two data forwarding schemes based on both vehicle trajectory and vehicu- lar traffic statistics in a privacy-preserving manner.

Vehicular Communications,Networks,and Applications

Avehicular ad hoc network （VANET） is a packet-switched network, consisting of mobile communication nodes mounted on vehicles, with very limited or no infrastructure support [1]. It supports communications among nearby vehicles,