Message Verification Protocol Based on Bilinear Pairings and Elliptic Curves for Enhanced Security in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Vehicular ad hoc networks(VANETs)provide intelligent navigation and efficient route management,resulting in time savings and cost reductions in the transportation sector.However,the exchange of beacons and messages over public channels among vehicles and roadside units renders these networks vulnerable to numerous attacks and privacy violations.To address these challenges,several privacy and security preservation protocols based on blockchain and public key cryptography have been proposed recently.However,most of these schemes are limited by a long execution time and massive communication costs,which make them inefficient for on-board units(OBUs).Additionally,some of them are still susceptible to many attacks.As such,this study presents a novel protocol based on the fusion of elliptic curve cryptography(ECC)and bilinear pairing(BP)operations.The formal security analysis is accomplished using the Burrows–Abadi–Needham(BAN)logic,demonstrating that our scheme is verifiably secure.The proposed scheme’s informal security assessment also shows that it provides salient security features,such as non-repudiation,anonymity,and unlinkability.Moreover,the scheme is shown to be resilient against attacks,such as packet replays,forgeries,message falsifications,and impersonations.From the performance perspective,this protocol yields a 37.88%reduction in communication overheads and a 44.44%improvement in the supported security features.Therefore,the proposed scheme can be deployed in VANETs to provide robust security at low overheads.

Cybersecurity and Privacy Protection in Vehicular Networks (VANETs)

As Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) become more sophisticated, the importance of integrating data protection and cybersecurity is increasingly evident. This paper offers a comprehensive investigation into the challenges and solutions associated with the privacy implications within VANETs, rooted in an intricate landscape of cross-jurisdictional data protection regulations. Our examination underscores the unique nature of VANETs, which, unlike other ad-hoc networks, demand heightened security and privacy considerations due to their exposure to sensitive data such as vehicle identifiers, routes, and more. Through a rigorous exploration of pseudonymization schemes, with a notable emphasis on the Density-based Location Privacy (DLP) method, we elucidate the potential to mitigate and sometimes sidestep the heavy compliance burdens associated with data protection laws. Furthermore, this paper illuminates the cybersecurity vulnerabilities inherent to VANETs, proposing robust countermeasures, including secure data transmission protocols. In synthesizing our findings, we advocate for the proactive adoption of protective mechanisms to facilitate the broader acceptance of VANET technology while concurrently addressing regulatory and cybersecurity hurdles.

Performance of beacon safety message dissemination in Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs)

Currently, there is a growing belief that putting an IEEE 802.11-like radio into road vehicles can help the drivers to travel more safely. Message dissemination protocols are primordial for safety vehicular applications. There are two types of safety messages which may be exchanged between vehicles: alarm and beacon. In this paper we investigate the feasibility of deploying safety applications based on beacon message dissemination through extensive simulation study and pay special attention to the safety requirements. Vehicles are supposed to issue these messages periodically to announce to other vehicles their current situation and use received messages for preventing possible unsafe situations. We evaluate the performance of a single-hop dissemination protocol while taking into account the quality of service (QoS) metrics like delivery rate and delay. We realize that reliability is the main concern in beacon message dissemination. Thus, a new metric named effective range is defined which gives us more accurate facility for evaluating QoS in safety applications specifically. Then, in order to improve the performance, the effects of three parameters including vehicle's transmission range, message transmission's interval time and message payload size are studied. Due to special characteristics of the safety applications, we model the relationship between communication-level QoS and application-level QoS and evaluate them for different classes of safety applications. As a conclusion, the current technology of IEEE 802.11 MAC layer has still some challenges for automatic safety applications but it can provide acceptable QoS to driver assistance safety applications.

Review of the Security Issues in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET)

There is a significant increase in the rates of vehicle accidents in countries around the world and also the casualties involved ever year. New technologies have been explored relating to the Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) due to the increase in vehicular traffic/congestions around us. Vehicular communication is very important as technology has evolved. The research of VANET and development of proposed systems and implementation would increase safety among road users and improve the comfort for the corresponding passengers, drivers and also other road users, and a great improvement in the traffic efficiency would be achieved. This research paper investigates the current and existing security issues associated with the VANET and exposes any slack amongst them in order to lighten possible problem domains in this field.

VANET中隐私保护的格基异构签密方案

针对车载自组织网络(Vehicular Ad hoc Network,VANET)中车辆跨密码系统通信过程中的隐私泄露问题,提出了一种格基异构签密方案.首先,方案实现了无证书密码系统(Certificateless Cryptosystem,CLC)的车辆与基于身份密码系统(Identity-Based Cryptosystem,IBC)的车辆相互通信;其次利用签密的机密性和可认证性防止车辆用户在跨密码系统通信过程中发生隐私泄露,并实现了接收方对消息完整性以及发送方身份合法性的认证;最后在随机预言机模型下证明了方案在适应性选择密文攻击下具有不可区分性(Indistinguishability against adaptive Chosen Cipher Text Attack,IND-CCA2),在适应性选择消息攻击下具有存在性不可伪造性(Existential Unforgeability against adaptive Chosen Messages Attack,EUF-CMA).性能分析表明,与其他方案相比,本文方案在计算开销、通信开销和安全性方面具有一定优势,适用于车辆跨密码系统通信的场景.

Software Defined Networking Based On-Demand Routing Protocol in Vehicle Ad-Hoc Networks

This paper comes up with a SDN Based Vehicle Ad-Hoc On-Demand Routing Protocol(SVAO),which separates the data forwarding layer and network control layer,as in software defined networking(SDN),to enhance data transmission efficiency within vehicle ad-hoc networks(VANETs).The roadside service unit plays the role of local controller and is in charge of selecting vehicles to forward packets within a road segment.All the vehicles state in the road.Correspondingly,a two-level design is used.The global level is distributed and adopts a ranked query scheme to collect vehicle information and determine the road segments along which a message should be forwarded.On the other hand,the local level is in charge of selecting forwarding vehicles in each road segment determined by the global level.We implement two routing algorithms of SVAO,and compare their performance in our simulation.We compare SVAO with popular ad-hoc network routing protocols,including Optimized Link State Routing(OLSR),Dynamic Source Routing(DSR),Destination Sequence Distance Vector(DSDV),and distance-based routing protocol(DB)via simulations.We consider the impact of vehicle density,speed on data transmission rate and average packet delay.The simulation results show that SVAO performs better than the others in large-scale networks or with high vehicle speeds.

A Review on the Recent Trends of Image Steganography for VANET Applications

Image steganography is a technique of concealing confidential information within an image without dramatically changing its outside look.Whereas vehicular ad hoc networks(VANETs),which enable vehicles to communicate with one another and with roadside infrastructure to enhance safety and traffic flow provide a range of value-added services,as they are an essential component of modern smart transportation systems.VANETs steganography has been suggested by many authors for secure,reliable message transfer between terminal/hope to terminal/hope and also to secure it from attack for privacy protection.This paper aims to determine whether using steganography is possible to improve data security and secrecy in VANET applications and to analyze effective steganography techniques for incorporating data into images while minimizing visual quality loss.According to simulations in literature and real-world studies,Image steganography proved to be an effectivemethod for secure communication on VANETs,even in difficult network conditions.In this research,we also explore a variety of steganography approaches for vehicular ad-hoc network transportation systems like vector embedding,statistics,spatial domain(SD),transform domain(TD),distortion,masking,and filtering.This study possibly shall help researchers to improve vehicle networks’ability to communicate securely and lay the door for innovative steganography methods.

Navigation Route Based Stable Clustering for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Due to high node mobility, stability has been always one of the major concerns of vehicle clustering algorithms in vehicular ad hoc networks. In this paper, we propose a novel clustering algorithm based on the information of routes planned by vehicular navigation systems. In the clustering algorithm, we design a residual route time function to quantitatively calculate the overlapping time among vehicles based on route information, with which a novel clusterhead selection metric is presented. We further design a mechanism of future-clusterhead, which can help avoid message exchanges at intersections and reduce the overhead of cluster maintenance. The simulation results show that, compared with previous works, our clustering algorithm can achieve higher stability and at the same time lower communication cost.

Connectivity of sparse vehicular ad hoc networks with channel randomness

In this paper, we investigate the connectivity of vehicular ad hoc networks in free-flow traffic situation with channel randonmess. In order to illustrate the realistic environment, we consider that vehicles are distributed in free-flow highway according to a Poisson point process, and signal propagation between connected vehicles is subjected to log-normal shadowing effects. We obtain the distribution of the space headway between successive vehicles and the distribution of signal coverage, which allows us to use the equivalent M/G/z~ queue theory to model the connectivity of VANETs in the form of average broadcast percolation distance and average number of connected nodes. Then, extensive simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the obtained results. The analytical model presented here is able to describe the impact of various system parameters, including traffic parameters and signal propagation parameters on the con- nectivity. We use our analytical results, along with the common signal propagation data, to understand impact of channel randomness on the connectivity of VANETs.

Vehicle Positioning Method Based on RFID in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

With the rapid development of vehicular ad hoc network( VANET) technology,VANET applications such as safe driving and emergency rescue demand high position accuracy,but traditional GPS is difficult to meet new accuracy requirements. To overcome this limitation,a new vehicle positioning method based on radio frequency identification( RFID) is proposed. First RFID base stations are divided into three categories using fuzzy technology,and then Chan algorithm is used to calculate three vehicles' positions,which are weighed to acquire vehicles' accurate position. This method can effectively overcome the problem that vehicle positioning accuracy is not high resulting from the factors such as ambient noise and base distribution when Chan algorithm is used. Experimental results show that the performance of the proposed method is superior to Chan algorithm and 2-step algorithm based on averaging method,which can satisfy the requirements of vehicle positioning in VANETs.

Effective Life and Area Based Data Storing and Deployment in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

In vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), store-carry-forward approach may be used for data sharing, where moving vehicles carry and exchange data when they go by each other. In this approach, storage resource in a vehicle is generally limited. Therefore, attributes of data that have to be stored in vehicles are an important factor in order to efficiently distribute desired data. In VANETs, there are different types of data which depend on the time and location. Such kind of data cannot be deployed adequately to the requesting vehicles only by popularity-based rule. In this paper, we propose a data distribution method that takes into account the effective life and area in addition to popularity of data. Our extensive simulation results demonstrate drastic improvements on acquisition performance of the time and area specific data.

一种基于连接性的VANETs地理机会路由协议

针对车载自组织网络(VANETs)中道路拓扑的限制和车辆的高速移动导致VANETs路由协议面临频繁的连接中断问题而效率低下的问题,综合考虑车辆行驶轨迹和该轨迹上的车流分布信息,动态地选择转发机会最大、预期时延最小的节点作为下一跳,提出了基于道路连接性的地理机会路由协议(CGOP)。仿真结果显示,相比GeOpps和GPSR,提出的CGOP具有更低的平均端到端时延,更高的分组投递率,在连接频繁中断的VANETs中具有良好的鲁棒性。

VANETs路由综述

针对车载自组织网络拓扑结构高动态性,阐述了路由协议研究的重要性;分析并比较了在车载自组织网络中各种路由协议的优缺点,并将现有的路由协议分为基于连通的、基于移动的、基于基础设施的、基于概率的以及基于地理位置的路由五类;根据每一类路由分析其研究现状及特性;最后展望了车载自组织网络路由技术的未来研究方向。

一个VANETs隐私保护实用化系统

针对车辆自组网(VANETs)中的身份和位置隐私保护问题,提出一个面向实用的VANETs隐私保护系统PKU-VPPS,给出该系统的体系架构设计并进行分析和研究。PKU-VPPS系统以TP4RS协议、TC-TPS协议、VLSP协议等为关键技术支撑点,不仅具有对车辆身份隐私和位置隐私进行安全保护能力,还具备良好的实际部署能力和可扩展能力。

基于VANETs下的决策树多副本机会路由协议

在车载自组织网络(vehicular Ad hoc networks,VANETs)中,当节点缓存和消息副本数目被限制的情况下,如何合理地选择车载网络的路由节点是实现VANETs高效转发和投递的关键问题。为此提出了一种基于学习方法的决策树理论的多副本VANETs机会路由协议(D-Tree)。D-Tree将VANETs中节点间的传输和连接因素看做多个属性的集合,并与决策树方法得到一个消息转发规则,同时结合多副本路由与机会路由的"存储─携带─转发"优势进行消息投递。真实数据集上的实验结果表明,在场景密集的情况下,D-Tree相比于Bubble和S&W路由算法投递成功率提高了近10%,同时在投递延迟等方面也具有明显优势。

一种解决VANETs空洞问题的限时携带贪婪前传方法

针对车辆节点快速移动和非均匀分布导致的车联网网络空洞问题,以及空洞节点采用SCF(store carry forward)方法长期携带过时交通信息导致浪费存储资源的问题,提出一种先应式空洞发现策略以及一种限时携带的贪婪前传广播(CGFB,limited time carry and greedy forward broadcast)方法.CGFB结合了GF(greedy forward)算法和SCF算法的优点,可以提高建立路径的成功概率并降低存储消耗.仿真结果表明,当平均邻居节点数大于4时,CGFB算法成功建立路径的概率可达97%以上;相比SCF算法,当平均邻居节点数为2时,可节省90%以上的存储资源.

基于网络编码的VANETs高效数据分发策略

在车载自组织网络(VANETs)中,由于网络环境不稳定,路侧单元(RSU)无法将数据快速、高效、可靠地分发给车辆。针对该问题,提出一种基于网络编码技术的RSU多播重传算法。在RSU多播第1阶段结束后,综合车辆的位置信息、速度、行驶方向以及数据有效性等多重特征,求解最优网络编码组合,多播该组合构造的编码包,以提高数据分发效率。实验结果表明,该算法与不编码和随机线性网络编码重传算法相比,平均数据下载率提高4倍,平均下载时延减少90%,数据分发时延分别减少40%和20%,提升了VANETs中数据分发的性能。

关于VANETs路由协议的研究现状与进展

随着车载自组网络(VANETs)应用的不断深入,有关VANETs技术研究已成为众多学者关注的热点。由于VANETs节点的高速移动、不稳定的无线信道等显著特点,导致网络拓扑结构变化快、节点通信呈机会性、路径可用的持续时间短,因此,设计稳定可靠的消息路由方案成为VANETs应用的核心问题。阐述了路由协议研究的重要性,并对VANETs的各种路由协议的进行了比较,分析各自优缺点,同时将现有的VANETs路由协议根据其性质分为五类,并研究了每类协议的特点。最后分析了VANETs的未来研究方向。

基于路径中断概率的VANETs连接模型及性能分析

车载网VANETs(Vehicular Ad hoc Networks)在道路安全、车流量管理和娱乐应用具有广阔的前景,而这些应用依赖数据有效的传输。为此,VANETs的数据传输技术成为研究的焦点。然而,VANETs的拓扑动态变化、车辆快速移动加速了车间通信链路的断裂,降低了链路的可靠性,为数据有效传输提出了挑战。据此,分析了VANETs的多跳通信连接特性。通过研究端到端中断概率,提出多跳连接的分析模型。通过模型,可得出在一定的平均端到端中断概率所需的最小发射功率以及最大传输跳数。通过仿真,验证理论模型的正确性。仿真进一步表明,通过合适的功率控制算法有利于改善数据传输路径。

基于区域分组的城市VANETs的安全信息广播协议

为提高城市车辆自组织网络(VANETs)安全信息广播的有效性,提出了一种基于区域分组的安全信息广播协议(AGBP)。该协议采用正三角形法或正六边形法给中继节点每跳覆盖的区域平均分割,节点按照所在的区域分组。正三角形和正六边形顶点为中继节点的最佳位置,每一组内所有的节点根据自己和中继节点最佳位置的距离计算等待时延,由等待时延决定每一组内的中继节点并转发信息,因此信息可以同时沿着多个方向多条路转发。与传统的沿着一条道路转发信息的广播协议相比,该协议能够避免因分组不当造成信息冗余和碰撞,致使信息的传输效率下降,从而能够降低网络开销、链路时延和转发节点率,提高覆盖率。