Veno-Venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Anesthetic Management for Massive Intracranial Hemorrhage in H1N1 Infection

Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) use is dramatically increasing in recent years. This case report describes a patient on veno-venous (VV) ECMO for H1N1 who underwent emergent craniotomy twice for intracranial hemorrhage. Case presentation: A 38-year-old male presented to a community hospital for worsening shortness of breath. He had experienced cough, malaise and fatigue for two weeks prior to presentation. On arrival, his arterial oxygen saturation was 64%. He was placed on oxygen via non-rebreather mask and started on Tamiflu plus antibiotics. He was intubated for worsening respiratory failure. Despite maximal ventilator settings, the arterial oxygen saturation was approximately 90%. He was placed in the prone position and nitric oxide was initiated. Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to influenza was diagnosed by viral PCR, clinical presentation, and diagnostic imaging. Within 24 hours of his intubation, a decision was made to initiate veno-venous (V-V) ECMO for respiratory support. Five days following the initiation of ECMO, asymmetric pupils and a nonreactive right pupil were noted. A massive right frontal intraparenchymal hemorrhage with midline shift and downward uncal herniation was found on computed tomography (CT). A decision was made to surgically intervene. He was taken to the operating room for immediate right frontal craniotomy and clot evacuation under general anesthesia. Conclusion: With the dramatic increase in ECMO use, anesthesiologists are encountering patients on ECMO in the operating room with more frequency. When the situation does arise, it is imperative that the anesthesiologist is knowledgeable about ECMO and how to appropriately administer anesthesia for these critically ill patients. Challenges confronting the anesthesiologist with ECMO patients include managing bleeding or coagulopathy, ventilation and oxygenation, volume status, transporting and positioning these patients, and altered pharmacokinetics of anesthetic drugs.

Application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation techniques in heart transplantation operations

Objective To investigate clinical results of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ( ECMO ) technique during peri - operative heart transplantation.

Results of 50 adult patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory postoperative cardiogenic shock

Objective Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a cardiopulmonary supportive therapy. Since 2004,our institution has adopted venoarterial ECMO for adult patients who otherwise could not be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass and patients experiencing postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock and / or pulmonary dysfunction

Veno-Venous Extra-Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in a Child with Hemoptysis and Fontan Circulation

Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a rescue life support technique used in life threatening conditions of refractory respiratory and/or cardiac distress. Indication for extracorporeal life support in children depends on age and varies from pulmonary to cardiac pathologies. In some cases, it may be used as a bridge to a therapeutic procedure. We described here the management of respiratory failure due to hemoptysis in a child with a Fontan circulation and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation which served as a bridge to angio-embolization. Hemoptysis can be a life threatening condition which can lead to hypovolemic shock and impaired alveolar gas exchange. The latter can result in respiratory failure and consequent asphyxia. When hemoptysis occurs in a patient with a univentricular heart and a Fontan circulation, management of this clinical situation can be challenging due to the particular physiology of the latter. Total cavopulmonary connection is a palliative surgical repair which constitutes Fontan circulation as a definitive treatment in patients with a univentricular heart. Methods: Case report description of a 16 year-old boy with a univentricular heart and a Fontan circulation who presented hemoptysis managed with a veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a bridge to angio-embolization. Results: Hemoptysis due to diffuse intra-alveolar hemorrhage from collateral circulation was successfully treated in this young patient with pulmonary vascular embolization. This allowed to wean the patient from extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation. Conclusion: Veno-venous ECMO can be life-saving as a bridge to angio-embolization for severe hemoptysis in patients with Fontan circulation. The reported case allows to underline that our multidisciplinary approach in this complex pediatric patient surely participated to improve outcome.

血栓弹力图与常规凝血试验应用于ECMO治疗中止凝血管理的对比研究

目的探讨血栓弹力图(thromboelastography,TEG)与常规凝血试验各参数的相关性和一致性,评价2种方法在体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)支持治疗患者肝素抗凝监测及凝血功能监测中的应用价值。方法选取2021年10月—2022年12月就诊于广西壮族自治区人民医院重症医学科的138例ECMO支持治疗的患者,对同步检测的共317对普通TEG、肝素酶纠正的血栓弹力图(heparinase-modified thromboelastography,hmTEG)参数与活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fib)、血小板计数(Plt)等指标进行相关性及一致性分析,并对ECMO建立时和ECMO运行24 h后的指标进行比较。结果hmTEG的凝血反应时间(R)与APTT的相关系数(r=0.441,P<0.05)低于普通TEG R值与APTT的相关系数(r=0.547,P<0.05);普通TEG的凝固角(α-Angle)、凝血形成时间(K)与Fib无相关关系(P>0.05),而hmTEG的α-Angle、K与Fib的相关系数分别为0.359(P<0.05)、-0.343(P<0.05);hmTEG的最大振幅(MA)与Plt的相关性为0.456(P<0.05),远低于其与Fib的相关性(r=0.715,P<0.05)。APTT和hmTEG对ECMO支持治疗患者普通肝素抗凝效果的判断具有中度的一致性(P<0.05)。ECMO上机24 h后Plt明显低于ECMO建立时(P<0.05),而Fib、APTT及hmTEG各参数等指标在两者间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论hmTEG可以更好地反映ECMO支持治疗患者真实的凝血因子功能水平,使用hmTEG和APTT评估ECMO支持治疗患者肝素是否超量的结果可以相互参考,且hmTEG具有独特的优势。常规凝血试验和TEG检测不能相互替代,联合应用利于实现更好地抗凝和凝血管理。

ARDS患者接受V-V ECMO是否还需俯卧位治疗

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)患者出现难治性低氧血症和(或)高碳酸血症,以及无法实施保护性通气时,早期静脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合(veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,V-V ECMO)被证实可改善患者临床结局。俯卧位可降低中重度ARDS患者的病死率,对气体交换、呼吸力学、血流动力学产生一定的影响,但在V-V ECMO时,这些生理影响变得更为复杂。如何在V-V ECMO时实施个体化俯卧位策略,包括俯卧位的适应证、时机、持续时间、频率、呼吸机设定和呼吸驱动的管理,未来仍需探索。

1例严重多发伤合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者围手术期ECMO治疗的护理

创伤是全球面临的突出问题,目前,在我国已成为青壮年第1位死亡原因[1]。约50%的创伤患者合并有严重的胸部外伤[2],10%~20%严重创伤患者(损伤严重度评分(injury severity score,ISS)≥16分)可进展为呼吸功能衰竭甚至急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS),病死率高达50%~80%[3-4]。

急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者ECMO支持下急诊PCI术流程再造

目的基于哈默-流程再造理论优化急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持下经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)救治流程,缩短首次医疗接触-梗死相关动脉开通时间(FMC-To-B)。方法设立流程再造管理团队,梳理原有流程,分析各环节非增值时间占比,制订流程优化方案,包括开发移动PDA,对堆积于急诊科的操作进行前移或后移,构建多学科协作机制,加强救治小组培训,建立多部门协同监管机制。结果流程再造后,FMC-首份心电图时间、FMC-多学科远程会诊时间、FMC-PCI知情同意时间、FMC-ECMO知情同意时间、FMC-To-B时间均较流程再造前缩短。结论再造后的救治流程可有效缩短患者FMC-To-B时间,提高医疗质量。

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome:A narrative review

Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(VV-ECMO)is an established rescue therapy in the management of refractory acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS).Although ECMO played an important role in previous respiratory viral epidemics,concerns about the benefits and usefulness of this technique were raised during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Indeed,the mortality rate initially reported in small case series from China was concerning and exceeded 90%.A few months later,the critical care community published the findings from several observational cohorts on the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)in COVID-19-related ARDS.Contrary to the preliminary results,data from the first surge supported the use of ECMO in experienced centers because the mortality rate was comparable to those from the ECMO to Rescue Lung Injury in Severe ARDS(EOLIA)trial or other large prospective studies.However,the mortality rate of the population with severe disease evolved during the pandemic,in conjunction with changes in the management of the disease and the occurrence of new variants.The results from subsequent studies confirmed that the outcomes mainly depend on strict patient selection and center expertise.In comparison with non-COVID-related ARDS,the duration of ECMO for COVID-related ARDS was longer and increased over time.Clinicians and decision-makers must integrate this finding in the ECMO decision-making process to plan their ICU capacity and resource allocation.This narrative review summarizes the current evidence and specific considerations for ECMO use in COVID-19-associated ARDS.

Peri-operative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adult and pediatric living donor liver transplantation:a single-center experience

Background:Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)is a potential rescue therapy for patients with acute cardiopulmonary dysfunction refractory to conventional treatment.In this study,we described the clinical profiles and outcomes of adult and pediatric living donor liver transplantation(LDLT)patients who received ECMO support during the peri-operative period.Methods:From June 1994 to December 2020,eleven out of the 1,812 LDLTs performed at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital required ECMO support:six for respiratory failure,three for cardiogenic shock,and two for refractory septic shock.Comparison between the survivor and non-survivor groups was made.Results:The survival rate for liver transplantation(LT)patients on ECMO support is 36.4%-40%in adults and 33.3%in pediatrics,while the survival rate per indication is as follows:acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)(50%),cardiogenic shock(33.3%),and sepsis(0%).Shorter durations of LT-to-ECMO and pre-ECMO mechanical ventilation were observed in the survivor group.On the other hand,we observed persistently elevated total bilirubin levels in non-survivors,while none of the survivors had aspartate aminotransferase(AST)/alanine aminotransferase(ALT)levels>1,000 U/L.A higher proportion of non-survivors were on concurrent continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT).Conclusions:Our experience has proven ECMO’s utility during the peri-operative period for both adult and pediatric LDLT patients,more specifically for indications other than septic shock.Further studies are needed to better understand the factors leading to poor outcomes in order to identify patients who will more likely benefit from ECMO.

VA-ECMO联合IABP对心源性休克患者超声心动图参数及预后的影响

目的分析静脉-动脉体外膜肺氧合(VA-ECMO)联合主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)对心源性休克(CS)患者超声心动图参数及预后的影响。方法选取2017年6月—2022年6月成都市第三人民医院收治的CS患者105例,依据治疗方式对两组进行分组,接受IABP治疗的为对照组,共54例,接受VA-ECMO联合IABP治疗的为实验组,共51例。对比两组治疗前后超声心动图参数[左室射血分数(LVEF)、呼吸变异指数(△RVI)、主动脉速度/时间的积分变异指数(△VTI)、中心静脉压(CVP)、心率(HR)、心指数(CI)];比较两组治疗前后心功能相关指标[平均动脉压(MAP)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)、肌酸激酶(CK)、B型钠尿肽(BNP)];对比两组治疗前后血气分析指标[pH、HCO_(3)^(-)、静脉的血氧饱和度(SvO_(2))、乳酸、二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2))、氧合指数];比较两组血管活性药物[去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)、多巴胺(DA)]使用情况;对比两组并发症及预后情况。结果治疗后,实验组△VTI、SvO_(2)及CI较对照组高(P<0.05),两组HR、LVEF、CVP、△RVI无统计学差异(P>0.05)。治疗后,实验组MAP较对照组更高(P<0.05),cTnI、BNP、CK、CK-MB较对照组低(P<0.05)。治疗后,实验组HCO_(3)^(-)较对照组高(P<0.05),乳酸较对照组低(P<0.05),两组pH、PaCO_(2)、氧合指数无统计学差异(P>0.05)。实验组治疗后NE、E用药量均较对照组更少(P<0.05)。治疗期间,两组并发症总发生率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。实验组撤机成功率较对照组更高(P<0.05),住院期间死亡率较于对照组低(P<0.05),两组30 d内死亡率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论VA-ECMO联合IABP用于CS治疗能改善患者超声心动图参数,促进心功能恢复,降低心血管药物使用量,提高撤机率,并减少死亡的发生。

基于全球专利数据的ECMO血液泵技术发展态势研究

国内市场上ECMO受制于国外企业的专利壁垒以及先发优势而长期被国外企业所垄断,血液泵构成了“卡脖子”技术,严重阻碍国产化进程,本文从专利角度对ECMO现有技术进行梳理和统计,在分析了各种类型血液泵的基础上进行了技术分解,提出了冷却液、悬浮、材料、结构和涂层的四级技术分支,从五个维度分析了代表性技术的演进过程,还对国内外主要竞争参与者的类型、地区、研究重点进行了分析,并对国内企业的技术突破方向进行了建议,以助力关键核心技术国产化的实施。

并发症集束化护理对ECMO患者血气指标及呼吸功能的影响

ECMO患者,予并发症集束化护理,探讨效果。方法 56例患者,按1:1交替分组法,分A、B组,予以常规护理、并发症集束化护理,比对、分析效果。结果 B组并发症发生率<A组;PaO2、SpO2:B组>A组,PaCO2:B组<A组;B组FVC、FEV1、FEV1/FVC、PEF>A组;B组ECMO辅助和ICU住院时间<A组;B组护理满意度>A组(P<0.05)。结论 并发症集束化护理对ECMO患者效果甚佳,能降低并发症发生率,改善患者学期指标、呼吸功能,利于患者早日康复,值得借鉴。

ECMO并联CVVHDF一体化治疗重症病人并联导管采血行实验室检查的可行性研究

目的:对比分析体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)并联导管与有创动脉导管中采血的血常规、凝血功能、肝肾功能、电解质水平的差异。方法:选择行ECMO并联连续性静⁃静脉血液透析滤过(CVVHDF)一体化治疗的43例重症病人为研究对象。采用自身对照法,在一体化治疗开始后24、48 h,分别经有创动脉导管、ECMO并联导管采集血液8 mL,对比分析两份血样中血常规、凝血功能、肝肾功能以及电解质水平的差异。结果:经ECMO并联导管与有创动脉导管采血的血常规、凝血功能(纤维蛋白原除外)、肝肾功能、电解质水平比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但经ECMO并联导管采血的纤维蛋白原水平低于有创动脉导管(P<0.05)。结论:可经ECMO并联导管采血用于血常规、大多数凝血功能、肝肾功能以及电解质的检测,不建议经ECMO并联导管采血行纤维蛋白原检测。

阿加曲班抗凝在儿童VA-ECMO中的应用效果分析

目的分析阿加曲班在儿童静脉-动脉体外膜肺氧合(VA-ECMO)中的抗凝剂量和效果。方法回顾性分析2021年10月至2023年1月广西壮族自治区人民医院儿童重症监护室(PICU)收治的5例接受VA-ECMO治疗儿童的阿加曲班抗凝情况。结果5例VA-ECMO儿童存活出院3例,死亡2例,均无阿加曲班直接相关的大出血或血栓事件,均在使用肝素后更换为阿加曲班抗凝,可达成活化部分凝血酶原时间(APTT)抗凝目标,但存在APTT和激活全血凝固时间(ACT)分离现象。阿加曲班维持剂量较低,且随着体重下降有减少趋势。更换阿加曲班抗凝后血小板水平有所上升,ECMO氧合器寿命有所延长,但血制品用量未见减少。结论阿加曲班可用于抗凝血酶Ⅲ(AT3)低下和肝素抗凝不佳的儿童VA-ECMO抗凝,起始剂量宜小,并根据体重和凝血指标进行个体化调整。

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome in burn patients:a case series and literature update

Background:Acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS)has a reported incidence of 34–43%in ventilated burn patients and is associated with a mortality of 59%in the severe form.The use and experience with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO)in burn patients developing ARDS are still limited.We present our results and discuss the significance of ECMO in treating burn patients.Methods:A retrospective analysis of burn patients treated with ECMO for ARDS between January 2017 and January 2019 was performed.Demographic,clinical,and outcome data were collected and analyzed.Results:Eight burn patients were treated at our institution with ECMO in the designated time period.Of these,all but one patient had inhalation injury,burn percentage of TBSA was 37±23%,ABSI score was 8.4±2,and R-Bauxscore was 98±21.Seven patients developed severe ARDS and one patient moderate ARDS according to the Berlin classification with a PaO_(2)/FiO_(2) ratio upon initiation of ECMO therapy of 62±22 mmHg.ECMO duration was 388±283 h.Three patients died from severe sepsis while five patients survived to hospital discharge.Conclusions:ECMO is a viable therapy option in burn patients developing severe ARDS and can contribute to survival rates similar to ECMO therapy in non-burn-associated severe ARDS.Consequently,patients with severe respiratory insufficiency with unsuccessful conventional treatment and suspected worsening should be transferred to burn units with the possibility of ECMO treatment to improve outcome.

ECMO在儿童心脏移植中的应用

体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)可将人体内静脉血液引流至体外,在人工环境下完成红细胞氧合后再重新输入人体,在心肺功能严重不全患者中替心肺完成气体交换及全身血液灌注,在心脏移植领域也发挥着重要的作用。除心脏移植术后循环支持治疗之外,对于术前存在呼吸循环衰竭的患者也可使用ECMO延长心脏移植的等待时间,并与心脏移植手术桥接。然而,目前ECMO在儿童心脏移植中的应用,仍存在围手术期病死率较高、治疗时机难以选择等关键问题。本文就ECMO在儿童心脏移植中应用的发展历史,儿童心脏移植术前、术后ECMO的使用情况,儿童使用ECMO相关并发症,心室辅助装置(VAD)在儿童心脏移植中的应用现状进行简要综述,以期为促进ECMO在儿童心脏移植中的应用提供参考。

Multiple-Organ Extracorporeal Support Therapies in Critically Ill Patients

The critically ill patient is capable of presenting a multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) caused by different diseases, which can be infectious (sepsis, septic shock) as well as non-infectious (pancreatitis, large surgeries, traumatic injuries, burn patients and brain injuries), this syndrome is characterized by global hemodynamic and organ perfusion alterations accompanied by an uncontrolled and marked inflammatory response unresponsive to pharmacological treatment due to which extracorporeal organ support can be a viable option. Acute renal lesion can occur in up to 60% of patients receiving intensive care, and close to 10% - 20% require renal replacement therapy (RRT) globally this can be provided as peritoneal dialysis (PD) or intermittent hemodialysis (IHD), continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), hybrid therapies known as sustained slow efficiency dialysis (SLED), which combines the benefits IHD and CRRT, slow continuous ultrafiltration (SCUF). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and extracorporeal elimination of CO2, have been used more frequently lately, these are temporal artificial support used for respiratory and/or cardiac insufficiency that is refractory to conventional treatment. Acute liver failure in adults has a mortality rate close to 50% furthermore one-third of patients hospitalized for cirrhosis are likely to progress to acute liver failure which will drastically increase its mortality. Based on concepts of albumin dialysis, one of its most known is the following: Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System (MARS), Fractionated Plasma Separation and Absorption—FPSA (Prometheus®) and also, hemoperfusion with different cartridges used in different extracorporeal therapies, used in liver failure, rhabdomyolysis, cytokine release syndrome and more in the context of the pandemic covid19. The objective of this review is to know the different extracorporeal therapies and the therapeutic utility in critical patients.

急性呼吸衰竭ECMO支持患儿病原学及临床因素对结局的影响分析

目的分析急性呼吸衰竭需体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持治疗患儿的病原学及临床因素对结局的影响。方法收集2019年1月至2023年6月在广西壮族自治区人民医院儿童重症监护室(PICU)住院的因急性呼吸衰竭行ECMO支持治疗的28例患儿的临床资料,分析年龄、性别、原发疾病、病原学、ECMO支持模式、ECMO上机前后的P/F指数及乳酸水平、上机前Murray肺损伤评分、ECMO支持时长、ECMO前后机械通气时长等对ECMO结局的影响。结果28例接受ECMO治疗的急性呼吸衰竭患儿中存活17例,死亡11例;细菌感染5例,病毒感染9例,细菌及病毒混合感染6例,病原菌阴性者8例。存活组与死亡组患儿在ECMO前P/F指数、乳酸水平、ECMO支持时长、ECMO前后机械通气时长比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),ECMO支持模式差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。细菌感染组、病毒感染组、细菌+病毒混合感染组及阴性组在ECMO前后P/F指数和乳酸水平、ECMO支持时长、ECMO后机械通气时长及结局方面比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但在ECMO前Murray肺损伤评分方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),以细菌+病毒混合感染组评分最高。结论病原学情况对肺部Murray肺损伤评分有影响,但对ECMO支持时长、ECMO后机械通气时长及ECMO的结局无明显影响。此外,静脉-动脉体外膜肺氧合(VA-ECMO)与静脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合(VV-ECMO)模式对患儿的生存结局亦有影响。

自制ECMO治疗车在ECPR中的运用效果评价

目的研制一种体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)专用治疗车,并探讨其在体外心肺复苏(ECPR)中的临床应用效果。方法选择2019年1月至2020年12月在我院急诊科行ECPR治疗的22例患者作为对照组,选择2021年1月至2022年12月在我院急诊科行ECPR治疗的21例患者作为观察组。运用传统ECPR抢救置物车救治对照组患者,运用自行设计制作的ECMO抢救置物车救治观察组患者。比较两组ECPR实施过程中ECMO团队反应时间、现场准备时间、ECPR运行时间。结果观察组在ECPR团队反应时间、现场准备时间、ECPR运行时间均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论运用自制的ECMO治疗车可缩短ECPR实施过程中关键环节耗时,有效改善急救延时,提高工作效率,为拯救患者生命争取宝贵时间。