Outcomes and risk factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonates

Background:Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in neonates has been associated with high mortality and poor outcome.This study aimed to compare the incidence,risk factors,and outcomes of VAP and nonVAP conditions in neonates.Methods:We performed a prospective cohort study in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Thailand from January 2014 to December 2014.All neonatal patients who were ventilated more than 48 hours were enrolled.Results:There were 128 enrolled patients.The median (inter quartile range) gestational age and birthweight were 35 (30.2,37.8) weeks and 2380 (1323.8,3020.0) g.There were 17 VAP patients (19 episodes) and 111 non-VAP ones.The VAP rate was 13.3% or 10.1 per 1000 ventilator days.According to the multivariate analysis,a birthweight less than 750 g [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=10.75,95% confidence interval (CI)=2.35-49.16;P=0.002] and sedative medication use (aOR=4.00,95% CI=1.23-12.50;P=0.021)were independent risk factors for VAP.Compared with the non-VAP group,the median difference in the VAP group yielded a significantly longer duration of NICU stay (18 days,P=0.001),total length of hospital stay (16 days,P=0.002) and higher hospital costs ($5113,P=0.001).The inhospital mortality rate in the VAP and non-VAP groups was 17.6% and 15.3% (P=0.73),respectively.Conclusions:A neonatal birthweight less than 750 g and sedative medication use were independent risk factors for VAP.Our VAP patients experienced a longer duration of both NICU and hospital stay,and incurred higher hospitalization costs.

Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia among patients undergoing major oncological surgery for head and neck cancer

Patients undergoing major oncological surgery for head and neck cancer （SHNC） have a particularly high risk of nosocomial infections. We aimed to identify risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia （VAP） in patients undergoing SHNC. The study included 465 patients who underwent SHNC between June 2011 and June 2014. The rate of VAP, risk factors for VAP, and biological aspects of VAP were retrospectively evaluated. The incidence of VAP was 19.6~0 （n = 95） in patients who required more than 48 h of mechanical ventilation. Staphylococcus （37.7%）, Enterobacteriaceae （32.1%）, Pseudomonas （20.8%）, and Haemophilus （16.9~） were the major bacterial species that caused VAP. The independent risk factors for VAP were advanced age, current smoking status, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and a higher simplified acute physiology score system II upon admission. Tracheostomy was an independent protective factor for VAP. The median length of stay in the ICU for patients who did or did not develop VAP was 8.0 and 6.5 days, respectively （P = 0.006）. Mortality among patients who did or did not develop VAP was 16.8% and 8.4%, respectively （P 〈 0.001）. The potential economic impact of VAP was high because of the significantly extended duration of ventilation. A predictive regression model was developed with a sensitivity of 95.3% and a specificity of 69.4%. VAP is common in patients who are undergoing SHNC and who require more than 48 h of mechanical ventilation. Therefore, innovative preventive measures should be developed and applied in this high-risk population.

重症监护病房呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素分析

目的探讨重症监护室(ICU)呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素。方法收集2011年3—9月入住新疆医科大学第一附属医院ICU行机械通气超过48 h患者的临床资料,按诊断标准分发生呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)组和未发生VAP组,对两组患者相关危险因素进行比较分析。结果 154例发生VAP患者中,共检出病原274株,革兰阴性菌占85.04%,居前3位的病原菌为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌。Logistic回归分析显示,感染的主要危险因素为机械通气时间≥5 d、昏迷、抗生素联合使用。结论防治VAP应根据其相关危险因素进行综合处理。

幽门螺杆菌感染与缺血性脑卒中及其亚型相关性Meta分析

目的对幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与缺血性脑卒中(IS)及其亚型的相关性进行Meta分析,探讨Hp感染是否为IS及其亚型的危险因素。方法计算机检索MEDLINE、EMBASE及Cochrance Collaboration database电子数据库,检索时限为1 995～2009年。由2名评价者对文献的质量进行评价,纳入相关的病例对照研究。采用Cochrane协作网提供的RevMan 5.0软件对纳入文献进行Meta分析,并进一步进行异质性检验、敏感性分析及偏倚评估。结果共纳入11篇相关文献,其中与IS相关9篇(病例组1575例,对照组1 720例),与大动脉粥样硬化性脑卒中(LAA)相关7篇(病例组510例,对照组944例)。异质性检验提示,Hp与IS及LAA的研究间均存在异质性(I^2=58%,I^2=60%)。病例组与对照组的Hp感染率差异存在统计学意义(OR=1.57,95%CI:1.23～1.99);Hp感染与LAA亦存在相关性(OR=2.24,95%CI:1.46～3.43)。敏感性分析提示结果稳定。漏斗图表明存在发表偏倚,提示缺少小样本的阴性结果文献。结论 Hp感染是IS的危险因素,且与LAA的相关性更为密切;病例对照研究论证强度较低,仍需更多大样本及前瞻性研究以证实Hp在IS及其亚型发病中的作用。

老年卧床不起患者吸入性肺炎的相关危险因素分析

【目的】研究老年卧床不起患者并发吸入性肺炎与吸入相关的危险因素。【方法】对88例老年卧床不起患者进行回顾性分析,调查吸入性肺炎及其可能与吸入相关的因素进行多元回归分析。【结果】平均观察(3.61±0.21)年,通过Logistic多元回归分析,与吸入相关的危险因素依次为:卧床不起严重程度,双侧基底节腔隙性脑梗死,使用镇静、抗精神病药物。【结论】积极防治卒中,延缓老年人卧床不起的发展对减少老年人卧床不起并发吸入性肺炎有重要意义。

新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎危险因素分析

目的探讨新生儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的危险因素,提出有针对性的护理措施,从而降低新生儿病死率、改善预后。方法回顾性分析573例行维持机械通气的新生儿临床资料,统计VAP的发生率,对相关危险因素进行单因素χ2检验和多因素logistic回归分析。结果共有204例发生VAP,发生率为35.60%;胎龄(<37周)、体位(平卧位)、机械通气时间(≥5.63d)、出生体质量(<2 500g)和胃内容物吸入是VAP发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论新生儿VAP与早产、低出生体质量、平卧位、胃内容物吸入和机械通气时间过长等有关,应根据上述危险因素采取针对性的护理措施,来降低VAP的发生率,改善预后。

呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的危险因素与护理对策

目的分析呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)感染的危险因素及相应护理对策。方法采用病例对照研究模式,回顾性分析128例ICU患者临床资料;采用单因素分析法分析VAP发生的相关因素,对差异有显著性因素进一步采用逐步logistic多元回归分析法进行分析,确定VAP发生的独立危险因素。结果 128例患者中,发生VAP41例,发生率32.0%,呼吸机通气时间1～57d;VAP患者中死亡15例,病死率为36.5%;单因素分析结果显示,年龄、连续使用抗菌药物时间、联合用药、插管次数与持续时间、使用糖皮质激素均为VAP发生的相关因素;对差异有显著性因素进行逐步logistic多元回归分析,结果表明,连续使用抗菌药物时间、插管次数与持续时间进入回归方程。结论合理使用抗菌药物、控制和减少呼吸机的使用、科学有效地循证护理可有效降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生。