Impact of cardiac magnet resonance imaging on management of ventricular septal rupture after acute myocardial infarction

A 74-year-old man was admitted to the cardiac catheterization laboratory with acute myocardial infarction. After successful angioplasty and stent implantation into the right coronary artery, he developed cardiogenic shock the following day. Echocardiography showed ventricular septal rupture. Cardiac magnet resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on the critically ill patient and provided detailed information on size and localization of the ruptured septum by the use of fast MRI sequences. Moreover, the MRI revealed that the ventricular septal rupture was within the myocardial infarction area, which was substantially larger than the rupture. As the patient's condition worsened, he was intubated and had intra-aortic balloon pump implanted, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was initiated. During the following days, the patient's situation improved, and surgical correction of the ventricular septal defect could successfully be performed. To the best of our knowledge, this case report is the first description of postinfarction ventricular septal rupture by the use of cardiac MRI in an intensive care patient with cardiogenic shock and subsequent successful surgical repair.

Noncoronary sinus of Valsalva rupture into the right atrium with a coexisting perimembranous ventricular septal defect

Ruptured sinus of Valsalva is very uncommon,and is < 1% of all congenital defects.The incidence ranges from 0.1%-3.5%.There is a male to female predominance of 4:1,with the highest incidence in the Asian population.Higher incidence is also seen in patients with Marfan's syndrome and Ehlers Danlos syndrome.There is a higher association of ruptured sinus of Valsalva with ventricular septal defect(VSD),aortic stenosis,and bicuspid valve defect.While most patients with VSD often have rupture of their right coronary sinus of Valsalva into the right ventricle due to poor structural integrity,we present a rare case of a patient with VSD who had rupture of his noncoronary sinus of Valsalva into the right atrium.

Hybrid Repair of Two Consecutive Acute Ventricular Septal Ruptures after Evolving Myocardial Infarction: Case Report

Background: Acute Ventricular septal rupture is one of dreadful complications of acute evolving myocardial infarction. Despite urgent management is lifesaving, it is still challenging and has a high risk of mortality particularly if recurrent or residual defects occurred. Evolving of skillfulness in transcatheter intervention of heart diseases paved the way for successful hybrid management of challenging cardiac cases specially for residual complicated cases post cardiac surgery. Case Presentation: We described here a successful hybrid two stage technique (surgical then transcatheter approach) to close two consecutive acute ventricular septal ruptures in 75 years old female presented with cardiogenic shock post evolving myocardial infarction. Conclusion: Hybrid repair by surgical and transcatheter interventions may be a good therapeutic modality for acute septal ruptures specially for residual or new defects after initial closure.

Total Transmural Sutures (TTS) Method, Modified Infarction Exclusion Technique for Ventricular Septal Rupture after Extensive Myocardial Infarction

The infarction exclusion technique using endoventricular continuous sutures for ventricular septal rupture after acute myocardial infarction may be a difficult surgical technique and create residual shunt due to fragile myocardium. We present a patient of ventricular septal rupture (VSR) after extensive anteroseptal myocardial infarction who underwent successful repair using a modified infarction exclusion technique. In our procedure interrupted mattress sutures were placed through the ventricular wall in a way as to exclude the VSR and infarcted muscle of the left ventricle. A heterogeneous pericardial patch is sutured to healthy endocardium in the free and septal wall all around the infarcted area. We describe a procedure for repairing postinfarction VSR, by the infarction exclusion technique with total transmural sutures (TTS) method.

A Sandwich Technique Employing Right Ventricular Incision to Repair Posterior Ventricular Septal Rupture with Right Ventricular Wall Dissection: A Case Report

Background: Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) leading to right ventricular (RV) wall dissection is an extremely rare and life-threatening complication of inferior myocardial infarction (MI) with posterior VSR. Its rare incidence and complex pathology make it difficult to select the appropriate surgical procedures to prevent fatalities. Case Presentation: A 68-year-old woman was transferred to our hospital because of a post-infarction VSR 12 days after symptom onset. Short-axis image obtained using transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated a large posterior VSR. Moreover, the VSR was continuous, with a large echo-free space in the posterior wall of the right ventricle. Color echocardiography showed blood flowing into the echo-free space through the septal defect and blood flowing out into the RV lumen. Coronary angiography revealed complete occlusion of the second segment of the right coronary artery. Thus, dissection of the posterior wall of the right ventricle that continued into the RV lumen was considered to have been caused by the posterior VSR caused by an inferior MI. The patient underwent urgent surgery to repair the VSR using the sandwich double-patch technique by making a posterior RV incision that was repaired using a third patch. No additional procedure was required to block the flow from the cavity of the RV wall dissection into the RV lumen. Postoperative echocardiography and contrast-enhanced computed tomography demonstrated that the VSR was closed securely and the RV wall dissection was almost completely thrombosed. Conclusion: In this case, a patient with a posterior VSR and RV wall dissection was successfully treated using the sandwich double-patch technique with a posterior RV incision. No additional procedure may be needed for RV wall dissection when a secure VSR repair is complete;however, close follow-up is essential to improve the long-term prognosis.

Restrictive perimembranous ventricular septal defect with left to right Shunt post urgent aortic balloon valvuloplasty and transcatheter aortic valve replacement

An 86-year-old male patient was admitted in our cardiology ward with signs of congestive biventricular heart failure. The patient presented with deteriorating dyspnea on mild exertion and at rest the last days, compatible with class NYHA Ⅲ-Ⅳ heart failure, bilateral peripheral oedema, increased NT-proBNP （9198 pg/mL）, mildly elevated Troponin （TnT 64 pg/mL）, interstitial pulmonary oedema and bilateral pleural effusions in chest X ray.

甘油三酯葡萄糖指数与心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔患者30天预后的相关性研究患者的临床特征及预后比

目的探讨甘油三酯葡萄糖指数(TyG)与心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔患者30天全因死亡率的关系。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2023年10月中国医学科学院阜外医院和新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院冠心病重症监护病区收治的急性心肌梗死合并室间隔穿孔患者(n=132)的临床资料及30天预后情况,根据TyG均值分为低TyG组(TyG≤9.25,n=71)和高TyG组(TyG>9.25,n=61)。采用多因素Cox回归分析及Kaplan-Meier分析来验证TyG指数的应用价值。结果与低TyG组(TyG≤9.25)相比,高TyG组患者组年龄更大[(67.6±8.4)岁比(64.0±10.2)岁,P=0.028],男性比例更高(50.8%比31.0%,P=0.020),白细胞水平上升幅度更大[(13.54±5.55)×10^(9)/L比(11.03±4.45)×10^(9)/L,P=0.005],30天全因死亡率更高(57.4%比36.6%,P=0.017)。多因素回归分析提示,低TyG指数(HR=0.502,95%CI 0.302~0.835,P=0.008)是30天全因死亡的保护性预测因素。结论TyG指数是急性心肌梗死合并室间隔穿孔30天全因死亡的潜在预测指标。

机械辅助循环在心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔治疗中的临床应用进展

心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔(post-infarct ventricular septal rupture,PIVSR)是心肌梗死的严重并发症,常表现为心源性休克,即使提供及时干预,患者院内病死率仍极高。目前指南建议对所有患者立即进行手术,但理想的干预时机仍存在争议。近年来,包括IABP、体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)、Impella和TandemHeart等在内的现代机械循环支持(mechanical circulatory support,MCS)技术发展迅速,为患者提供稳定血流动力学支持的同时使延迟手术治疗成为可能,其可能成为PIVSR患者成功救治的新希望。然而,相关临床证据的缺乏一定程度上限制了MCS的进一步推广,不同MCS策略的比较和选择也成为PIVSR患者救治过程中丞待解决的关键性问题,基于这些疑问本文就PIVSR患者中MCS的辅助治疗作一综述。

Clinical analysis and risk stratification of ventricular septal rupture following acute myocardial infarction

Background Ventricular septal rupture （VSR） remains an infrequent but devastating complication of acute myocardial infarction （AMI）. The best time to undergo surgical repair is controversial and there is currently no risk stratification for patients with VSR to guide treatment. The purpose of this study was to review the clinical outcomes of 70 patients with VSR, to analyze the short-term prognosis factors of VSR following AMI, and to make a risk stratification for patients with VSR.

急性心肌梗死合并室间隔穿孔的临床特征及短期预后分析

目的观察急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并室间隔穿孔(VSR)患者的临床特征及分析影响短期预后的相关因素。方法纳入空军军医大学第一附属医院2010年1月~2023年6月因急性心肌梗死合并室间隔穿孔住院患者87例,根据不同标准将研究对象划分为好转组(n=46)与死亡组(n=41)或药物保守组(n=70)与手术干预组(n=17)。对其临床资料进行回顾性分析,对比院内生存组及死亡组,分析影响短期预后的因素。结果与好转组比较,死亡组男性比例低(P<0.05)、吸烟史比例低(P<0.05)、穿孔大小数值低(P<0.05)、谷草转氨酶数值高(P<0.01)、谷丙转氨酶数值高(P<0.05)、肌酐数值高(P<0.05)、肌钙蛋白I数值高(P<0.01)、NT-proBNP数值高(P<0.05)、住院时间长(P<0.01)、合并心源性休克比例高(P<0.01),且外科手术比例低(P<0.05)。手术干预组与药物保守组比较,明显改善短期预后情况:好转率高,死亡率低,两组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示心源性休克是VSR患者发生短期内死亡的独立危险因素。结论急性心肌梗死合并室间隔穿孔患者多数预后不良,女性、多脏器功能衰竭者死亡率高。心源性休克是VSR患者发生短期内死亡的独立危险因素,适时选择手术能改善短期预后。

Ventricular septal rupture and partial left ventricular posterior wall tear resulted from blunt chest trauma

Cardiac contusion and valvular injuries are the most common cardiac injuries after a blunt traumatic chestinjury.1 But ventricular septal rupture （VSR） is a rare finding after a blunt chest wall trauma.2 Here we report a 16 years old young man with no medical history who sustained a chest wall injury after a bookshelf falling on his left chest. He was hospitalized because of his chest pain and heaviness. Initial physical examination showed parasternal Ⅲ-Ⅳ systolic murmur. ECG showed a complete right bundle branch conduction blockage.

主动脉内球囊反搏抢救急性心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔患者的疗效分析

目的 探讨主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）抢救急性心肌梗死（AMI）后发生室间隔穿孔（VSR）患者的疗效及作用.方法 对我院心内科2007-07~2012-04收治的20例急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死（STEMI）并室间隔穿孔患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 20例AMI合并室间隔穿孔患者均给予药物治疗,其中14例药物治疗的同时给予IABP支持,其即刻血流动力学改善率为57.1%,3例行介入封堵术,2例行外科手术治疗,均存活;1例病情稳定出院,其余6例于住院期间死亡.结论 IABP在抢救AMI后VSR患者时能够暂时稳定患者血流动力学,为手术争取时间,最终降低病死率,是手术前重要的过渡手段.

急性心肌梗死并发游离壁破裂和室间隔穿孔患者的临床特征及预后比较

目的:分析急性心肌梗死(AMI)并发游离壁破裂和室间隔穿孔患者的临床特征及60天预后。方法:回顾性分析2008年10月至2017年12月中国医学科学院阜外医院冠心病重症监护病房收治的7 315例AMI患者,比较游离壁破裂和室间隔穿孔患者的一般临床资料、住院相关检查结果、手术治疗(冠状动脉旁路移植术+室间隔穿孔修补术或游离壁破裂心脏修补术)及60天预后等情况。结果:共83例(1.13%)患者发生心脏破裂(包括游离壁破裂和室间隔穿孔),不同年份的发生率相似。其中33例(0.68%)发生游离壁破裂,50例(0.45%)发生室间隔穿孔。游离壁破裂的发生时间早于室间隔穿孔[(3.3±2.6)d vs(4.1±3.6)d,P=0.01]。仅2例(6.1%)游离壁破裂患者成功接受外科手术治疗,25例(50.0%)室间隔穿孔患者成功接受外科手术治疗。游离壁破裂患者60天生存率明显低于室间隔穿孔患者(12.1%vs 48.0%,P=0.002)。结论:室间隔穿孔患者接受外科手术率更高,预后更好,对AMI合并室间隔穿孔患者更应重视积极的内外科联合治疗以达到更好的预后。

急性心肌梗死合并室间隔穿孔的临床及预后分析

目的探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)后发生室间隔穿孔的临床特征、冠状动脉造影表现、治疗方法及预后情况。方法我院1996年1月至2003年12月期间收治急性透壁心肌梗死1881例,发生室间隔穿孔13例,穿孔发生率069%。另有22例因AMI已并发室间隔穿孔而转来我院的患者,共35例进行分析。其中男性24例(686%),女性11例(314%)。结果资料分析结果21例(600%)合并高血压病,18例(514%)有吸烟史。前壁心肌梗死31例(886%),下后壁心肌梗死4例(114%)。22例患者施行了冠状动脉造影,梗塞相关血管前降支占818%,完全闭塞占727%。心原性休克21例(600%),心功能Ⅳ级26例(743%),Ⅲ级9例(257%)。室间隔穿孔多发生在AMI后1周内(914%)。超声心动图提示室间隔缺损,穿孔直径范围05～28cm,多数位于室间隔近心尖部。7例(20%)进行溶栓治疗,但未成功。21例(60%)施行外科手术治疗,全部存活。14例药物治疗,仅1例存活,死亡13例,总病死率371%,药物治疗病死率929%。结论AMI并发室间隔破裂并不常见,多发生在广泛前壁心肌梗死的患者,多数迅速发展至心原性休克,内科治疗病死率很高;如药物治疗能维持血流动力学稳定至穿孔后4周手术,外科治疗可提高生存率。

70例急性心肌梗死合并室间隔穿孔患者的临床分析

目的：总结急性心肌梗死（AMI）合并室间隔穿孔（VSR）患者的临床特点及预后。方法：我院2002—01到2010—09间收治的AMI患者共12354例，其中合并VSR患者70例占收治AMI患者的0．57％，其中男33例（47．1％），女37（52．9％），平均年龄（68．1±8．5）岁。对这70例AMI合并VSR患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：70例AMI合并VSR患者，继发于前壁心肌梗死者54例（77．1％）。VSR患者30天死亡率为55．7％，1年死亡率为64．3％；保守治疗49例，30天死亡率为77．6％，1年死亡率为87．8％；手术治疗21例，30天死亡率为4．8％，1年死亡率为9．5％；接受手术治疗患者的30天及1年死亡率均显著优于接受保守治疗患者（P〈0．005）.仅1例AMI后6天行急诊手术治疗的患者于围术期死亡，所有AMI后2周以上行外科手术治疗的患者均好转出院。结论：VSR是AMI少见但严重的并发症，手术治疗的近期及远期预后均显著优于保守治疗，AMI后2周以上行外科手术治疗成功率高，对于强化内科保守治疗后仍出现血流动力学不稳定、预计不能存活至AMI后4-6周的危重患者，可适当提前外科手术时间，以挽救更多患者的生命。

介入治疗急性心肌梗死合并室间隔穿孔六例

目的评价急性心肌梗死（AMI）合并室间隔穿孔（VSR）经导管介入治疗的疗效。方法对6例明确诊断的患者按常规方法行VSR封堵治疗，并根据病情行冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）。结果VSR发生至封堵的时间为3～30d。6例中2例封堵失败，住院期间因心源性休克死亡，余4例成功封堵的患者随访0．5～4年，心功能较术前改善。结论经导管介入治疗AMI合并VSR安全可行，可以改善预后。

急性心肌梗死合并室间隔穿孔及并发心原性休克患者的临床特点及外科治疗预后

目的:本研究探索急性心肌梗死(AMI)后合并室间隔穿孔(VSR)及并发心原性休克患者的临床特点及外科治疗预后。方法:回顾性分析我院外科2005-01至2015-05 AMI后VSR接受外科手术的患者77例,将患者分为休克组(52例),非休克组(25例),分析两组患者间临床特点及休克组患者的随访结果。结果:两组患者均合并室壁瘤多发(73.0%,68.0%),VSR到手术时间分别为(34.4±18.6)天和(8.7±50.3)天,同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术占比分别为73.1%、72.0%;休克组较非休克组患者VSR开口大([16.16±6.73)mm vs(11.86±4.62)mm],穿孔部位位于后室间隔的患者多(48.0%vs 24.0%),左心室射血分数较低[(45.0±8.8)%vs(47.9±12.3)%];休克组术前使用主动脉球囊反搏者(34.6%vs 0)、血管活性药物(96.2%vs 28.0%)和急诊手术患者均较多(42.3%vs 8.0%),择期手术的患者少(57.7%vs 92.0%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。休克组患者住院死亡3例,平均随访(4.5±3.1)年,随访期间死亡2例。结论:VSR较大及部位在后室间隔的患者易发生休克,外科治疗术后存活患者中期预后好。

主动脉窦瘤破裂彩色多普勒超声心动图特征及规律性研究

目的:探寻主动脉窦瘤破裂(RASA)彩色多普勒超声心动图(CDE)特征及规律性。方法:应用CDE检查103例RASA,4例行介入治疗对照,99例均经手术证实。结果:根据CDE特征对101例RASA做出正确诊断,误诊2例,假阳性2例,诊断准确率96.2%,灵敏性98.1%,特异性99.9%。RASA的CDE特征及规律性明显:①M型超声显示左心房、左心室内径增大,室间隔、左室后壁和二尖瓣前叶运动幅度增大;②二维超声心动图(2DE)胸骨旁大动脉短轴切面显示破裂的主动脉窦部向外凸出,呈"囊袋样"改变,称2DE"囊袋征"。破裂的主动脉窦瘤顶部显示大小不等的回声中断;③彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)显示破裂的主动脉窦瘤左向右五彩镶嵌分流束血流信号,分流束血流信号基底部宽度与破口直径相仿;④主动脉右窦破入右心室流出道多见,主动脉右窦破入右心室和右心房次之,主动脉无窦破入右心房少见;⑤RASA合并室间隔缺损多见,合并主动脉瓣关闭不全和二尖瓣关闭不全次之。结论:RASA的CDE特征及规律性明显,2DE与CDFI结合检查对RASA有特异性诊断价值。

心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔临床特点及经导管封堵治疗预后分析

目的分析心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔（PI-VSD）患者临床特点，总结经导管介入封堵术治疗效果及预后。方法回顾性分析2009年11月至2013年10月在上海长海医院确诊为PI-VSD患者的临床特征及预后。结果10例PI-VSD患者平均年龄（66．6＋8．51）岁，男女各有5例；伴发高血压病6例，2型糖尿病2例，慢性肾功能不全1例：均有心功能不全表现。7例患者穿孔时间明确，为1-15d不等，中位时间10d：穿孔直径3。19mm。6例患者成功完成介入封堵，其中5例随访期间存活，1例因肺部感染死亡：4例患者未介入封堵，其中3例因心源性休克死亡。介入封堵患者术前、术后平均美国纽约心脏病协会（NYHA）心功能水平分别为3．17±0．75、2．67±0．82，平均左室射血分数分别为（52．0±7．07）％、（61．0±7．72）％，差异均无统计学意义（P=0．296、P=0．062）。结论PI—VSD患者药物治疗预后仍较差，经导管介入封堵术治疗安全可行，有改善患者心功能趋势并降低死亡率，可成为除外科手术外另一选择。

急性心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔的外科治疗

目的总结急性心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔的外科治疗经验,探讨外科手术治疗的时机和方法。方法自1999年1月至2008年12月,外科治疗22例急性心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔患者,其中男17例,女5例;年龄39～78岁,平均年龄61.77岁。前室间隔穿孔18例,后室间隔穿孔4例,均合并室壁瘤。22例患者均行室间隔穿孔修补术及室壁瘤切除术,16例患者同期接受冠状动脉旁路移植术,移植血管2.11±1.57支。结果围术期死亡2例(9.09%),其中1例术后死于严重低心排血量综合征,1例死于大面积脑栓塞。其余20例患者均治愈出院,出院时心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅲ级4例,Ⅱ级12例,Ⅰ级4例。超声心动图检查提示:未发现有室间隔残余分流,有轻度二尖瓣反流2例。术后左心室舒张期末内径(LVEDD)与术前比较明显减小(50.27±5.33mmvs.57.94±6.79mm,t=4.437,P=0.000)。随访16例,随访时间3～24个月(13.9±6.5个月),失访4例。随访期间无晚期死亡,无心血管事件发生。心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅱ级11例,Ⅰ级5例。超声心动图提示:LVEDD与术前比较明显缩小(49.50±4.66mm vs.57.94±6.79mm,t=5.041,P=0.000),左心室射血分数(LVEF)较术前明显提高(55.08%±6.72%vs.45.57%±11.31%,t=2.719,P=0.013)。结论急性心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔是急性心肌梗死的严重并发症之一,掌握适当的手术时机、完善的术前准备、积极的围手术期治疗、正确的手术方法和避免术后并发症的发生,能有效地降低患者的病死率,改善其预后。