When evaluating hyporheic exchange in a flowing stream, it is inappropriate to directly compare stream stage with subsurface hydraulic head (h) to determine direction and magnitude of the gradient between the stream a...When evaluating hyporheic exchange in a flowing stream, it is inappropriate to directly compare stream stage with subsurface hydraulic head (h) to determine direction and magnitude of the gradient between the stream and the subsurface. In the case of moving water, it is invalid to ignore velocity and to assume that stage equals the net downward pressure on the streambed.? The Bernoulli equation describes the distribution of energy within flowing fluids and implies that net pressure decreases as a function of velocity, i.e., the Venturi Effect, which sufficiently reduces the pressure on the streambed to create the appearance of a downward gradient when in fact the gradient may be upward with stream flow drawing water from the subsurface to the surface. A field study correlating the difference between subsurface head and stream stage in a low-gradient stream indicates that the effect is present and significant: shallow subsurface head increases less quickly than stage while deeper subsurface head increases more quickly. These results can substantially improve conceptual models and simulations of hyporheic flow.展开更多
文摘When evaluating hyporheic exchange in a flowing stream, it is inappropriate to directly compare stream stage with subsurface hydraulic head (h) to determine direction and magnitude of the gradient between the stream and the subsurface. In the case of moving water, it is invalid to ignore velocity and to assume that stage equals the net downward pressure on the streambed.? The Bernoulli equation describes the distribution of energy within flowing fluids and implies that net pressure decreases as a function of velocity, i.e., the Venturi Effect, which sufficiently reduces the pressure on the streambed to create the appearance of a downward gradient when in fact the gradient may be upward with stream flow drawing water from the subsurface to the surface. A field study correlating the difference between subsurface head and stream stage in a low-gradient stream indicates that the effect is present and significant: shallow subsurface head increases less quickly than stage while deeper subsurface head increases more quickly. These results can substantially improve conceptual models and simulations of hyporheic flow.
基金Supported by the Dynamical Behaviors and Control of the Propeller Driven Hybrid Underwater Glider with Controllable Wings(Grant no.51475319)the National Hi-tech Research and Development of China(Grant no.2012AA091001)
