Protection of Veratrum nigrum L.var.ussuriense Nakai alkaloids against ischemia-reperfusion injury of the rat liver

AIM： TO investigate the protective effects and possible mechanisms of Veratrum nigrum L. var. ussuriense Nakai alkaloids （VnA） on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion （I/R） injury in rats. METHODS： Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups （n = 10 in each）： （A） Control group （the sham operation group）; （8） I/R group （pretreated with normal saline）; （C） Small-dose （10 μg/kg） VnA pretreatment group; （D） Large-dose （20 μg/kg） VnA pretreatment group. Hepatic ischemia/ reperfusion （Hepatic I/R） was induced by occlusion of the portal vein and the hepatic artery for 90 min, followed by reperfusion for 240 min. The pretreatment groups were administered with VnA intraperitoneally, 30 min before surgery, while the control group and I/R group were given equal volumes of normal saline. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity, myeloperoxidase （MPO） activity and nitric oxide （NO） content in the liver tissue at the end of reperfusion were determined and liver function was measured. The expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1） and E-selectin （ES） were detected by immunohistochemical examinations and Western blot analyses. RESULTS： The results showed that hepatic I/R elicited a significant increase in the plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase （ALT： 74.53 ± 2.58 IU/L vs 1512.54 ± 200.76 IU/L, P 〈 0.01） and lactic dehydrogenase （LDH： 473.48 ± 52.17 IU/L vs 5821.53 ± 163.69 IU/L, P 〈 0.01）, as well as the levels of MPO （1.97 ± 0.11 U/g vs 2.57 ± 0.13 U/g, P 〈 0.01） and NO （69.37 ± 1.52 μmol/g protein vs 78.39 ± 2.28 μmol/g protein, P 〈 0.01） in the liver tissue, all of which were reduced by pretreatment with VnA, respectively （ALT： 1512.54 ± 200.76 IU/L vs 977.93 ± 89.62 IU/L, 909.81 ± 132.76 IU/L, P 〈 0.01, P 〈 0.01; LDH： 5821.53 ± 163.69 IU/L vs 3015.44 ± 253.01 IU/L, 2448.75 ± 169.4 IU/L, P 〈 0.01, P 〈 0.01; MPO： 2.57 ± 0.13 U/g vs 2.13 ± 0.13 U/g, 2.07 ± 0.05 U/g, P 〈 0.01, P 〈 0.01; NO： 78.39 ± 2.28 μmol/g protein vs 71.11 ± 1.73 μmol/g protein, 68.58 ± 1.95 μmol/g protein, P 〈 0.05, P 〈 0.01）. The activity of SOD （361.75 ± 16.22 U/rag protein vs 263.19 ± 12.10 U/rag protein, P 〈 0.01） in the liver tissue was decreased after I/R, which was enhanced by VnA pretreatment （263.19 ± 12.10 U/rag protein vs 299.40 ± 10.80 U/rag protein, 302.09 ＋ 14.80 U/rag protein, P 〈 0.05, P 〈 0.05）. Simultaneously, the histological evidence of liver hemorrhage, polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration and the overexpression of ICAM-1 and E-selectin in the liver tissue were observed, all of which were attenuated in the VnA pretreated groups. CONCLUSION： The results demonstrate that VnA pretreatment exerts significant protection against hepatic I/R injury in rats. The protective effects are possibly associated with enhancement of antioxidant capacity, reduction of inflammatory responses and suppressed expression of ICAM-1 and E-selectin.

藜芦(Veratrum nigrum L.)生品与炮制品中藜芦新碱(veratrosine)含量和毒性差异研究

目的:探讨中药藜芦(Veratrum nigrum L.)的炮制机理研究。方法:利用HPLC-UV方法测定生物碱藜芦新碱(veratrosine)在生品和炮制品中的含量差异以及利用急性毒性实验,考察生品和炮制品毒性差异。结果:藜芦新碱(veratrosine)质量浓度在0 mg/L^2000 mg/L内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9998(n=7);平均回收率为98.6%,RSD为3.17%(n=5)。藜芦水提物灌胃给小鼠的LD50为4.2 g/kg,95%可信限为3.4 g/kg^5.4 g/kg;米泔制藜芦水提物灌胃给小鼠的LD50为5.3 g/kg,95%可信限为4.8 g/kg^6.1 g/kg。醋制藜芦水提物灌胃给小鼠的LD50为3.2 g/kg,95%可信限为2.5 g/kg^3.9 g/kg。结论:藜芦醋制后会使生物碱藜芦新碱(veratrosine)溶出率增高,毒性增强;藜芦米泔制后会使生物碱藜芦新碱(veratrosine)溶出率降低,毒性减弱。

Research on the Origin of Mongolian Medicine Veratrum nigrum L.and Its Recent Research Progress

On the basis of research on the origin of Mongolian medicine Veratrum nigrum L.,this paper summarizes the research situation of Mongolian medicine Veratrum nigrum L.from the aspects of clinical application,chemical composition,pharmacological action and toxicological action,so as to provide a reference basis for further research and further development and utilization of Mongolian medicine.

Inhibitory effects of Veratrum nigrum L. Var. ussurience Nakai alkaloids on the hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes from neonatal rat

Objective To examine the effects of Veratrum nigrum L.Var.ussurience Nakai alkaloids(VnA)on angiotensin Ⅱ(AngⅡ)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and to explore its possible mechanism.Methods The cadiocytes were induced by AngⅡ to set up myocardial hypertrophy model,the animals were divided into six groups according to the different treatments:control group,model group,positive control group,VnA group(low,middle and high dose).The cell protein content,the cell diameter and the expression of calcineurin(CaN)were measured respectively by BCA method,the micrometer and immunofluorescence analysis.Results VnA(middle and high dose)and Captopril inhibited significantly the increase in the protein content induced by AngⅡ(P<0.01).VnA and Captopril inhibited significantly the increase in the diameters induced by AngⅡ(P<0.01).By immunofluorescence analysis,the expression of calcineurin(CaN)was obviously increased in the AngⅡ-induced model group.VnA decreased the expression of CaN significantly.Conclusions VnA could inhibit the cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by AngⅡ significantly in a dose-dependent manner.The possible mechanism may be related to the inhibition of CaN expression.

Pollen and Resource Limitation in Veratrum nigrum L. （Liliaceae）, an Andromonoecious Herb

Pollen limitation and resource limitation were invoked to account for the pattern that flowering plants produce more flowers and ovules than fruits and seeds. This study aimed to determine their relative importance in Veratrum nigrum, a self-compatible, perennial, andromonoecious herb. In order to determine whether female production was limited by pollen grains on stigmas or by available resources, we performed supplemental hand pollination in three populations, male-flower-bud removal in three other populations, and emasculation of hermaphroditic flowers in still another population, resulting in a total of seven populations experimentally manipulated. Across the three populations, supplemental hand pollination did not significantly increase fruit set, seed number per fruit, and total seed production per individual, nor did emasculation of hermaphroditic flowers. Taken together, our results suggest that pollen grains deposited on stigmas were abundant enough to fertilize all the ovules. Male-flower-bud removal significantly increased the mean size of hermaphroditic flowers in all three populations. Female reproductive success was increased in one population, but not in the other two populations possibly due to heavy flower/seed predation. We concluded that the female reproductive success of V. nigrum was not limited by pollen grains but by available resources, which is consistent with Bateman＇s principle. Furthermore, the female reproduction increase of male-flower-bud removal individuals might suggest a trade-off between male and female sexual functions.

Two new steroidal alkaloids from Veratrum nigrum var.ussuriense

Two new steroidal alkaloids, veraussines A （1） and B （2） were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Veratrum nigrum var. ussuriense. Their structures were determined as N-（ethoxycarbonyl）- 1 α,2β,3α, 15α-tetrahydroxy-5fl-jervanin- 12-en- 11 -one （1） and N-（methoxycarbonyl）-1α,2β,3α,15α-tetrahydroxy-5/3-jervanin-12-en-1 l-one （2） by spectroscopic analysis.

Study on Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Physiology and Biochemistry of Solanum nigrum L. under Glyphosate Stress

[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the scientific prevention and control of Solanum nigrum L. [Methods] Through experiments on S. nigrum from different sources, it was found that glyphosate stress had significant effects on antioxidant enzyme activity and oxidative damage of sensitive S. nigrum plants. [Results] Sensitive S. nigrum showed oxidative damage under glyphosate stress, while resistant S. nigrum responded to adversity damage by improving its antioxidant enzyme activity. The experimental results showed that the antioxidant enzymes and reduced glutathione of S. nigrum had certain metabolic detoxification effects under glyphosate stress. [Conclusions] This study provides a theoretical basis for scientific prevention and control of S. nigrum , and has a certain reference value for revealing the glyphosate resistance mechanism of S. nigrum .

Exploring the molecular mechanism of Solanum nigrum L in breast cancer treatment through network pharmacology and molecular docking validation

In 2020,breast cancer emerged as the leading type of cancer worldwide,surpassing lung cancer in the number of new cases.The high cost and frequent failure of current treatments due to drug resistance and other challenges underscore the urgent need for novel,affordable,efficient,and less toxic breast cancer therapies with fewer side effects.This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which Solanum Nigrum L.counters breast cancer,employing network pharmacology and molecular docking methods.Methods:The study identified the primary active compounds of Solanum Nigrum L.using databases such as TCMSP,TCM-ID,NPASS,and BATMAN.Prediction of the compounds'targets was facilitated by the SwissADME website,while main breast cancer targets were sourced from the GeneCards,OMIM,and TTD databases.The identified drug-disease intersection targets were analyzed using the STRING platform to construct a protein interaction network,which was then visualized and refined to select hub targets using Cytoscape 3.9.0 software.The Metascape database's MOCDE functional plugin was employed for identifying potential functional modules within the protein interaction network.Further,the DAVID database was utilized for GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of the intersection targets.Molecular docking of key active compounds with core targets was performed using AutoDock Tools 1.5.7 software.Lastly,the GEPIA2.0 database was used for predicting overall survival curves of hub targets and conducting a pan-cancer analysis.Results:Eleven active compounds of Solanum Nigrum L.,including Diosgenin,Tigogenin,and Quercetin,were identified from traditional Chinese medicine databases.We discovered 113 targets common to both Solanum Nigrum L.and breast cancer.Solanum Nigrum L.exhibits anti-breast cancer properties through interactions with 14 key targets,including SRC,PIK3R1,HSP90AA1,PIK3CA,AKT1,VEGFA,and ESR1.These interactions influence several critical signaling pathways,notably the cancer signaling pathway,PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,Ras signaling pathway,and EGFR signaling pathway.Survival analysis indicated that the aberrant expression of these 14 key targets significantly affects patient survival times.Furthermore,pan-cancer analysis highlighted marked differences in the expression patterns of these targets between breast cancer patients and control groups.Conclusion:Solanum Nigrum L.mediates its therapeutic impact on breast cancer through a comprehensive approach,targeting multiple components,targets,and pathways.

镉对龙葵(Solanum nigrum L．)根系形态及部分生理指标的影响

以龙葵（Solanum nigrum L）为材料，水培法设置了5个镉质量浓度：0、10、25、50、100mg·L^-1进行试验。在处理17d和34d时，分别对其根系形态和部分生理指标进行测定。结果表明：（1）中低质量浓度（10～50mg·L^-1）的镉促进龙葵根系生长，表现在处理17d时其根长、体积均随镉质量浓度升高而增加；高质量浓度（100mg·L^-1）的镉抑制根系生长，表现在处理34d时其根长、体积、直径低于对照，根长达到届著水平。随着镉处理时间的延长，10mg·L^-1促进效果明品，表现为处理34d时其根长、体积、直径均达到最大值，100mg·L^-1抑制程度加剧，表现为其根长、体积、直径均急剧下降；（2）0～50mg·L^-1的Pro含量和质膜透性与对照相比差异不显著，100mg·L^-1 MDA与Pro含量均冠著高于对照，100mg·L^-1的质膜透性在处理34d时比对照增加了58．7％。说明高质量浓度镉使龙葵积累了大量的MDA和Pro，对龙葵表现出毒害作用，而龙葵作为超积累植物对镉胁迫表现出一定的耐性与适应性。

黑穗醋栗(Ribes nigrum L.)受精作用的观察

黑穗醋栗柱头属湿润型,花柱为半开闭型,并具引导组织。花粉萌发后主要通过引导组织下伸,于花柱基部的花柱道汇合进入子房;珠孔受精,花粉管通过助细胞释放内容物;授粉后2～4天雌雄性融合,属有丝分裂前型;合子第1次为横分裂;初生胚乳核进而分裂发育成细胞型胚乳。

黑穗醋栗(Ribes nigrum L.)叶柄的结构和维管组织变化的研究

黑穗醋栗叶柄由表皮、薄壁组织和维管束等组成。在个体发育过程中,子叶和初生叶的叶柄各组成部分较简单;成长叶和成熟叶的叶柄组成较复杂,其表面除一层表皮细胞外,还有一层下皮;邻接下皮处有数层厚角细胞;薄壁组织中分布3个分离(近轴端)或连合(远轴端)的维管束;每个维管束的韧皮部外面有数层厚壁细胞,增加叶柄的机械支持作用。在同一叶柄的不同水平切面上,维管束的数目和排列不尽相同。但在同一品种的成熟叶叶柄远轴端与叶片基部相接处的结构特征和维管束排列形状常相同,比较稳定。

黑穗醋栗(Ribes nigrum L.)两个品种的核型分析

本文对黑龙江省栽培的黑穗醋栗(Ribes migrum L)两个品种,即厚皮长穗和薄皮黑豆,进行了核型分析。其染色体数目均为2n=2x=16,核型公式为2n=16=16m,核型均由中部着丝点染色体组成,均具有一对随体,文中并对起源问题进行了讨论。

黑穗醋栗(Ribes nigrum L.)叶性器官形态结构的研究

本文从形态及解剖学角度研究了黑穗醋栗(Ribes nigrum.L.)的叶性器官。子叶、低出叶、先出叶及营养叶。子叶及低出叶在形态及组织学上比营养叶简单。同植株同侧枝连续发育的营养叶之间存在一些过渡的形态,呈现一种结构梯度。不同发育时期的营养叶,其叶肉组织分化程度不同,尤其是栅栏组织的层数和细胞的长度有变化。但同一品种内,发育成熟的营养叶,其栅栏组织的层数相对稳定,可作为植物分类的依据之一。

黑穗醋栗(Ribes nigrum L.)杂交技术的研究

本文对黑穗醋栗(Ribes nigrum L.)花粉的贮存、发芽及闭花受精,柱头寿命等现象进行了测定和观察,同时还进行了改进去雄方法的试验,结果表明,改进后的去雄方法效果好,杂交效率提高了一倍。

龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.)超富集镉的生理和分子机制研究进展

超富集植物在重金属污染土壤植物修复中具有重要的应用前景,已成为一种重要的生物资源。自2005年发现龙葵(Solanum nigrum L.)能超量富集镉以来,中国国内外围绕其超富集镉的机制和土壤修复应用开展了很多研究。本文从根系对镉的快速吸收、镉从根到地上部的有效转运以及较强的体内解毒功能(如植物细胞的区隔化、抗氧化、有机酸生成、渗透物质调节、光合和呼吸作用的维持以及氮代谢调节等)3个方面,详细综述了龙葵超富集镉的生理和分子机制。在总结相关研究成果的基础上,展望了该领域今后的发展趋势,建议应结合光合生化模型研究龙葵对镉的光合响应机制,并通过基因编辑技术提高修复效率和优化风险评估效果,同时加强镉胁迫下龙葵信号通路的精细调控等方面研究,以期为深入揭示龙葵超富集镉的机制提供参考。

黑穗醋栗(Ribes nigrum L.)插条生根的研究

黑穗醋栗属于皮部生根型。厚皮品种插条不定根的排列以簇生和纵生为主,薄皮品种以簇生和散生为主。解剖观察表明,黑穗醋栗具有先成不定根原基,起源于髓射线或次生射线与维管形成层交叉处。茎的结构及茎内营养物质含量均影响生根。生根期间全碳、全氮呈现规律性变化。厚皮品种硬枝各部位作插条,50 ppm NAA 或 IBA 处理1～5 min 生根较好,水培和土培方法均可采用;薄皮品种绿枝下部作插条,50 ppm NAA 处理1 min 或30 min 生根均较好,且以水培方法为宜。

Stress Effect of Cadmium Absorption between Aloe and Solanum nigrum L

The stress effect of cadmium absorption between aloe and Solanum nigrum L was studied through a simulation experiment with different cadmium contents in soil. The results showed that the growth characteristics, biomass and Cd content in the plants of aloe and S. nigrum L were closely related to Cd content in the soil, and S. nigrum L and aloe had a strong tolerance to Cd in the experiment, pH of rhizosphere soil with S. ni- grum L and aloe planted was generally higher than that of non-rhizosphere soil, which is related to the planting pattern. Compared with aloe, S. nig- rum L had a stronger capacity to accumulate Cd, and intercropping S. nigrum L and aloe could inhibit aloe＇s absorption of Cd, which is favorable to the safe planting of aloe. In addition, S. nigrum L has the potential to restore polluted soil.

Quantification of total phenol,flavonoid content and pharmacognostical evaluation including HPTLC fingerprinting for the standardization of Piper nigrum Linn fruits

Objective:To carry out the physicochemical and phytochemical standardization with high performance thin layer chromatography fingerprinting of Piper nigrum L.(P.nigrum)fruits in order to ascertain the standard pharmacognostical parameters of this king of spices.Methods:Many standardization parameters like extractive values,total ash value,water soluble ash value and acid insoluble ash,moisture content,loss on drying and pH values of P.nigrum L.fruits were analyzed.The method of Harborne was adopted for the preliminary phytochemicals screening.Analysis of total phenolic and flavonoid contents,pesticides residues,aflatoxin and heavy metals were also performed.CAMAG-high performance thin layer chromatography system was used for fingerprinting of methanolic extract of P.nigrum L.fruits.Results:The results of phytochemicals testing indicated the presence of carbohydrates,phenolic compounds,flavonoids,alkaloids,proteins,saponins,lipids,sterols and tannins in various solvent extracts.Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in methanolic extract were found to be 1.728 1 mg/g and 1.087 ug/g,respectively.Heavy metals concentrations were found to be within standard limits.Aflatoxins and pesticides residues were absent.Conclusions:The outcome of this study might prove beneficial in herbal industries for identification,purification and standardization of P.nigrum L.fruits.

Screening of Macroporous Resin for Polysaccharide of Solanum nigrum L.

[Objectives] To screen the optimal macroporous resin for polysaccharide of Solanum nigrum L. [Methods] The polysaccharide content was taken as the indicator, and adsorption and desorption performance of 20 kinds of resin were observed and studied. [Results] Adsorption and desorption performance of 20 kinds of resin had significant difference. S-8 type macroporous resin showed the best comprehensive property. [Conclusions] S-8 type macroporous resin should be used to purify polysaccharide of S. nigrum L.

Antioxygenic Activity of <i>Solanum nigrum L.</i>Leaves in Sunflower Oil Model System and Its Thermal Stability

The antioxygenic activity of Solanum nigrum L. leaves and its various solvent extracts were evaluated using sunflower oil model system. Leaf powder and its methanol/water (80:20) soluble fraction showed strong antioxygenic activity in refined sunflower oil. On the other hand, ethyl acetate fraction exhibited marginal antioxygenic activity, whereas the water soluble fraction was practically devoid of any activity in refined sunflower oil. Thermal stability of different extracts of Solanum nigrum L. leaves heated at 80?C in refined sunflower oil also indicated the strong efficacy of methanol/water (80:20) extract to inhibit thermal oxidation. Solanum nigrum L. contain high levels of magnesium (239.0 mg/100g) and phosphorous (80.3 mg/100g). Fatty acid analysis of the lipid extracted from Solanum nigrum L. leaves indicated the presence of linoleic (59.1%) as a major fatty acid. The result of this study confirmed the presence of antioxygenic compounds in leaves, in particular its methanol/water (80:20) extracts showed great potential as a natural antioxidant to inhibit lipid peroxidation in foods.