Vertical Profiles of Volatile Organic Compounds in Suburban Shanghai

As Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs)are one of the precursors of ozone,their distribution and variable concentrations are highly related to local ozone pollution control.In this study,we obtained vertical profiles of VOCs in Shanghai’s Jinshan district on 8 September and 9 September in 2016 to investigate their distribution and impact on local atmospheric oxidation in the near surface layer.Vertical samples were collected from heights between 50 m and 400 m by summa canisters using an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV).Concentrations of VOCs(VOCs refers to the 52 species measured in this study)varied minimally below 200 m,and decreased by 21.2%from 100 m to 400 m.The concentrations of VOCs above 200 m decreased significantly in comparison to those below 200 m.The proportions of alkanes and aromatics increased from 55.2%and 30.5%to 57.3%and 33.0%,respectively.Additionally,the proportion of alkenes decreased from 13.2%to 8.4%.Toluene and m/p-xylene were the key species in the formation of SOA and ozone.Principal component analysis(PCA)revealed that the VOCs measured in this study mainly originated from industrial emissions.

A discussion on vertical profiles of dissolved Cu, Cd and Ni in the northwestern Pacific, south of Japan

Some of the results about vertical profile of heavy metals of seawater to the south of Japan in Oct. 1990 are presented and discussed in relation to the concentration of dissolved Cu, Cd and Ni to biogeochemical environments. It points out that the distribution of dissolved Cu is higher in surface water than that in/upper 500 m layer, and maxima value attains the 8. 2 n mol/dm3 in depth of 4 000 m. The concentrations of dissolved Ni ranges from 3. 4 n mol/dm3 in surface seawater to 8. 5 n mol/dm3 in the deep to the south of Japan. The highest values are observed in the colder waters. This paper shows also that the vertical profile of dissolved Cd is perfect nutrient-type distribution. And dissolved Cd and Phosphate are linearly correlated by the regression equation. The ·Cd : ·N : ·P atomic ratio is 3. 5 × 10-4 : 14 : 1.

Research of NO_(2) vertical profiles with look-up table method based on MAX-DOAS

Obtaining the vertical distribution profile of trace gas is of great significance for studying the diffusion procedure of air pollution.In this article,a look-up table method based on multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy(MAX-DOAS)technology is established for retrieving the tropospheric NO_(2) vertical distribution profiles.This method retrieves the aerosol extinction profiles with minimum cost function.Then,the aerosol extinction profiles and the atmospheric radiation transfer model(RTM)are employed to establish the look-up table for retrieving the NO_(2) vertical column densities(VCDs)and profiles.The measured NO_(2) differential slant column densities(DSCDs)are compared with the NO_(2) DSCDs simulated by the atmospheric RTM,and the NO_(2) VCDs,the weight factor of NO_(2) in the boundary layer,and the boundary layer height are obtained by the minimization process.The look-up table is established to retrieve NO_(2) VCDs based on MAX-DOAS measurements in Huaibei area,and the results are compared with the data from Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service(CAMS)model.It is found that there are nearly consistent and the correlation coefficient R2 is more than 0.86.The results show that this technology provides a more convenient and accurate retrieval method for the stereoscopic monitoring of atmospheric environment.

Vertical Profile Comparison of Aerosol and Cloud Optical Properties in Dominated Dust and Smoke Regions over Africa Based on Space-Based Lidar

This study evaluates the vertical profiles of aerosol and cloud optical properties in 40 dominated dust and smoke regions in Western-Northern Africa (WNA) and Central-Southern Africa (CSA), respectively, from the surface to 10km and from 2008 to 2011 based on LIVAS (LIdar climatology of Vertical Aerosol Structure for space-based lidar simulation studies). Aerosol extinction (AE), aerosol backscatter (AB), and aerosol depolarization (AD) generally increase from the surface to 1.2 km and decrease from 1.2 km to the upper layers in both WNA and CSA. AE and AB in CSA (maximum of 0.13 km-1, 0.14 km-1, 0.0021 km-1‧sr-1, 0.0033 km-1‧sr-1) are higher than in WNA (maximum of 0.07 km-1, 0.08 km-1, 0.0017 km-1‧sr-1, 0.0015 km-1‧sr-1) at 532 and 1064 nm respectively. AD in WNA (maximum of 0.25) is significantly higher than in CSA (maximum of 0.05). There is a smooth change with the height of cloud extinction and backscatter in WNA and CSA, while there is a remarkable increase of cloud depolarization with height, whereby it is high in CSA and low in WNA due to high and low fraction of cirrus respectively. Altocumulus has the highest extinction in NA (0.0139 km-1), CA (0.058 km-1), WA (0.013 km-1), while low overcast transparent (0.76 km-1) below 1 km in SA. The major findings of this study may contribute to the improvement of our understanding of aerosol-cloud interaction studies in dominated dust and smoke aerosol regions.

TP-PROFILE: Monitoring the Thermodynamic Structure of the Troposphere over the Third Pole

Ground-based microwave radiometers(MWRs)operating in the K-and V-bands(20–60 GHz)can help us obtain temperature and humidity profiles in the troposphere.Aside from some soundings from local meteorological observatories,the tropospheric atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)has never been continuously observed.As part of the Chinese Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP),the Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Profile(TPPROFILE)project aims to construct a comprehensive MWR troposphere observation network to study the synoptic processes and environmental changes on the TP.This initiative has collected three years of data from the MWR network.This paper introduces the data information,the data quality,and data downloading.Some applications of the data obtained from these MWRs were also demonstrated.Our comparisons of MWR against the nearest radiosonde observation demonstrate that the TP-PROFILE MWR system is adequate for monitoring the thermal and moisture variability of the troposphere over the TP.The continuous temperature and moisture profiles derived from the MWR data provide a unique perspective on the evolution of the thermodynamic structure associated with the heating of the TP.The TP-PROFILE project reveals that the low-temporal resolution instruments are prone to large uncertainties in their vapor estimation in the mountain valleys on the TP.

Observational Characteristics of Cloud Vertical Profiles over the Continent of East Asia from the CloudSat Data

The CloudSat satellite data from June 2006 to April 2011 are used to investigate the characteristics of cloud vertical profiles over East Asia （20°-50°N, 80°- 120°E）, with particular emphasis on the profiles of precipitative clouds in comparison with those of nonprecipitative clouds, as well as the seasonal variations of these profiles. There are some obvious differences between the precipitative and nonprecipitative cloud profiles. Generally, precipitative clouds mainly locate below 8 km with radar refiectivity in the range of-20 to 15 dBZ and maximum values appearing within 2-4-km height, and the clouds usually reach the ground; while nonprecipitative clouds locate in the layers of 4 12 km with radar refiectivity between -28 and 0 dBZ and maximum values within 8-10-km height. There are also some differences among the liquid precipitative, solid precipitative, and possible drizzle precipitative cloud profiles. In precipitative clouds, radar reflectivity increases rapidly from 11 to 7 km in vertical, implying that condensation and collision-coalescence processes play a crucial role in the formation of large-size drops. The frequency distribution of temperature at -15℃ is consistent with the highest frequency of radar reflectivity in solid precipitative clouds, which suggests that the temperatures near -15℃ are conductive to deposition and accretion processes. The vertical profiles of liquid precipitative clouds show almost the same distributions in spring, summer, and autumn but with differences in winter at mainly lower levels. In contrast, the vertical profiles of solid precipitative clouds change from spring to winter with an alternate double and single high-frequency core, which is consistent with variations of the frequency distribution of temperature at 15℃. The vertical profiles of nonprecipitative clouds show a little change with season. The observations also show that the precipitation events over East Asia are mostly related to deep convective clouds and nimbostratus clouds. These results are expected to be useful for evaluation of weather and climate .models and for improvement of microphysical parameterizations in numerical models.

Sensitivity of on-line wavelength during retrieval of atmospheric CO2 vertical profile

Accurately measuring the differential molecular absorption cross section is the key to obtaining a high-precision concentration of atmospheric trace gases in a differential absorption lidar（DIAL） system. However, the CO2 absorption line is meticulous at 1.6 μm, easily translating and broadening because of the change of temperature and pressure. Hence, measuring the vertical profile of atmospheric temperature and pressure to calculate the vertical profile of the CO2 weight parameter is necessary. In general, measuring atmospheric temperature and pressure has a certain amount of uncertainty. Therefore, this study proposes the concept of a balanced on-line wavelength,where the differential molecular absorption cross section is larger and the CO2 weight parameter is insensitive to the uncertainty of atmospheric temperature and pressure. In this study, we analyzed the influence of uncertainty on the CO2 weight parameter at every preselected wavelength, as well as determined an appropriate wavelength near one of the absorption peaks. Our result shows that 1572.023 nm should be one of the appropriate balanced online wavelengths. The measurement errors of the mixing ratio of CO2 molecule in this wavelength are only 0.23%and 0.25% and are caused by 1 K temperature error and 1h Pa pressure error, respectively. This achievement of a balanced on-line wavelength will not only depress the requirement of the laser’s frequency stabilization but also the demand for measurement precision of the atmospheric temperature and pressure profile. Furthermore, this study can achieve the exact measurement of the vertical profile of atmospheric CO2 based on an independent differential absorption laser.

Vertical Chlorophyll and Dimethylsulfide Profile Simulations in Southern Greenland Sea

Biogenetic sulfide dimethylsulfide(DMS)plays a major role on the global climate,especially in Arctic Ocean.Accurate simulate DMS concentration is an important task.Here we introduced both biogeochemical depth-averaged model G93 and its extension model-one dimensional DMS model.Both surface concentrations,vertical profiles of chlorophyll(CHL)and DMS are simulated using the two models within southern Greenland Sea(0°E–10°E,70°N–75°N)during year 2012.As the input data for the models simulations,the spatial monthly mean of methodology forcings including sea surface temperature(SST),wind speed(WIND),cloud cover(CLD),sea ice concentration(ICE)and mixed layer depth(MLD)are calculated.Satellite 8-day time series of chlorophyll-a(CHL)are used as observation data for CHL related parameter calibrations.Simó’s imperial formula is used as the monthly DMS observation data.The Genetic Algorithm technique is used for the parameter calibrations.The simulation results show that the most DMS related surface concentrations exhibit the normal distributions with peak during May.CHL,DMS and DMSP(dimethylsulphoniopropionate)vertical profiles are obtained for July,August and September in year 2012.CHL had the higher variation of subsurface concentration maximum(SCM)in July with the lower surface concentration value.DMS had surface higher and subsurface lower profile for the all three months.DMSP also had subsurface high in July.The SCM CHL diurnal variation in the subsurface also can be resulted from diurnal changes in MLD and vertical mixing variations,plus photolysis and wind-driven ventilations.

Re-evaluating the vertical mass-flux profiles of aeolian sediment at the southern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert, China

Reliable estimation of the mass-flux profiles of aeolian sediment is essential for predicting sediment transport rates accurately and designing measures to cope with wind-erosion. Vertical mass-flux profiles from seventeen wind-erosion events were re-evaluated using five typical models based on observed data obtained from a smooth bare field at the southern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert, China. The results showed that the exponential-function model and the logarithmic-function model exhibited the poorest fit between observed and predicted mass-flux profiles. The power-function model and the modified power-function model improved the fit to field data to an equivalent extent, while the five-parameter combined-function model with a scale constant（σ） of 0.00001 m（different from the σ value proposed by Fryear, which represented the height above which 50% of the total mass flux occurred） was verified as the best for describing the vertical aeolian sediment mass-flux profiles using goodness of fit（R2） and the Akaike Information Criterion（AIC） values to evaluate model performance. According to relationships among model parameters, the modified power model played a prominent explanatory role in describing the vertical profiles of the observed data, whereas the exponential model played a coordinating role. In addition, it was found that the vertical profiles could not be extrapolated using the five selected models or easily estimated using an efficient model without field observations by a near-surface sampler at 0 to 0.05 m.

Amplitude Variation with Offset Responses Modeling Study of Walkaway Vertical Seismic Profile Data at CO_2 Geological Storage Site,Ketzin,Germany

An important component of any CO_2 sequestration project is seismic monitoring for tracking changes in subsurface physical properties,such as velocity and density.Different reservoirs have different amplitude variation with offset(AVO) responses,which can define underground conditions. In the present paper we investigate walkaway vertical seismic profile(VSP) AVO response to CO_2 injection at the Ketzin site,the first European onshore CO_2 sequestration pilot study dealing with research on geological storage of CO_2.First,we performed rock physics analysis to evaluate the effect of injected CO_2 on seismic velocity using the Biot-Gassmann equation.On the basis of this model,the seismic response for different CO_2 injection saturation was studied using ray tracing modeling.We then created synthetic walkaway VSP data,which we then processed.In contrast,synthetic seismic traces were created from borehole data.Finally,we found that the amplitude of CO_2 injected sand layer with different gas saturations were increased with the offset when compared with the original brine target layer.This is the typical classⅢAVO anomaly for gas sand layer.The AVO responses matched the synthetic seismic traces very well.Therefore,walkaway VSP AVO response can monitor CO_2 distribution in the Ketzin area.

Separating emitted dust from the total suspension in airflow based on the characteristics of PM10 vertical concentration profiles on a Gobi surface in northwestern China

During aeolian processes,the two most critical factors related to dust emissions are soil particle and aggregate saltation,which greatly affect the vertical profiles of near-surface dust concentrations.In this study,we measured PM10 concentrations at four different heights(0.10,0.50,1.00 and 2.00 m)with and without continuous and simultaneous aeolian saltation processes on a Gobi surface in northwestern China from 31 March to 10 April,2017.We found that the vertical concentration profiles of suspended PM10 matched the log-law model well when there was no aeolian saltation.For the erosion process with saltation,we divided the vertical concentration profiles of PM10 into the saltation-affected layer and the airflow-transport layer according to two different dust sources(i.e.,locally emitted PM10 and upwind transported PM10).The transition height between the saltation-affected layer and the airflow-transport layer was not fixed and varied with saltation intensity.From this new perspective,we calculated the airflow-transport layer and the dust emission rate at different times during a wind erosion event occurred on 5 April 2017.We found that dust emissions during wind erosion are primarily controlled by saltation intensity,contributing little to PM10 concentrations above the ground surface compared to PM10 concentrations transported from upwind directions.As erosion progresses,the surface supply of erodible grains is the most crucial factor for saltation intensity.When there was a sufficient amount of erodible grains,there was a significant correlation among the friction velocity,saltation intensity and dust emission rate.However,when supply is limited by factors such as surface renewal or an increase in soil moisture,the friction velocity will not necessarily correlate with the other two factors.Therefore,for the Gobi surface,compared to limiting dust emissions from upwind directions,restricting the transport of suspended dust in its path is by far a more efficient and realistic option for small areas that are often exposed to dust storms.This study provides some theoretical basis for correctly estimating PM10 concentrations in the Gobi areas.

Construction of Vertical Wind Profile from Satellite-Derived Winds for Objective Analysis of Wind Field

During summer Monex-79, a variety of observing systems viz. research ships, research aircrafts, constant pressure balloons and geostationary satellite etc. were deployed, besides the regular conventional observations. The purpose of these additional systems was to make the best possible data for the studies on various aspects of monsoon circulation. The present study is aimed at the construction of vertical wind profile using cloud motion vectors obtained from GOES (I-O) satellite and to examine whether the constructed wind profiles improves the representation of the monsoon system, flow pattern etc. in the objective analysis. For this purpose, climatological normals of the wind field are considered as the initial guess and the objective analyses of the wind field are made with, first using only data from conventional observations over land areas, subsequently including the constructed winds from cloud motion vectors. These analyses are then compared with the standard analyses of wind field obtained from Quick Look Atlas by T. N. Krishnamurti et al. (1979).It is inferred that satellite estimated mean wind profiles show good agreement with the mean wind profiles of the research ships with RMS errors less than 5 mps below 500 hPa and less than 8 mps above 500 hPa. It is further inferred that the inclusion of constructed winds shows a positive impact on the objective analysis and improvement is seen to be more marked in the data-sparse region of the Arabian sea. Analyses which include the constructed winds show better agreement with the standard analysis, than the analyses obtained using only conventional winds. Thus, results of our study suggest that the wind profiles constructed using cloud motion vectors are of potential use in objective analysis to depict the major circulation features over the Indian region.

Vertical Evolution of Boundary Layer Volatile Organic Compounds in Summer over the North China Plain and the Differences with Winter

The vertical observation of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)is an important means to clarify the mechanisms of ozone formation.To explore the vertical evolution of VOCs in summer,a field campaign using a tethered balloon during summer photochemical pollution was conducted in Shijiazhuang from 8 June to 3 July 2019.A total of 192 samples were collected,23 vertical profiles were obtained,and the concentrations of 87 VOCs were measured.The range of the total VOC concentration was 41-48 ppbv below 600 m.It then slightly increased above 600 m,and rose to 58±52 ppbv at 1000 m.The proportion of alkanes increased with height,while the proportions of alkenes,halohydrocarbons and acetylene decreased.The proportion of aromatics remained almost unchanged.A comparison with the results of a winter field campaign during 8-16 January 2019 showed that the concentrations of all VOCs in winter except for halohydrocarbons were more than twice those in summer.Alkanes accounted for the same proportion in winter and summer.Alkenes,aromatics,and acetylene accounted for higher proportions in winter,while halohydrocarbons accounted for a higher proportion in summer.There were five VOC sources in the vertical direction.The proportions of gasoline vehicular emissions+industrial sources and coal burning were higher in winter.The proportions of biogenic sources+long-range transport,solvent usage,and diesel vehicular emissions were higher in summer.From the surface to 1000 m,the proportion of gasoline vehicular emissions+industrial sources gradually increased.

Analysis of Rainstorm Process over Henan Province of China in July 2021

Based on the data from the China National Meteorological Station and the fifth-generation reanalysis data of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, we investigated and examined the precipitation, circulation, and dynamic conditions of the rainstorm in Henan in July 2021. The results show that: 1) This precipitation is of very heavy rainfall level, beginning on the 19th and lasting until the 21st, with a 3-hour cumulative precipitation of more than 200 mm at Zhengzhou station at 19:00 on the 20th. The major focus of this precipitation is in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, and it also radiates to Jiaozuo, Xinxiang, Kaifeng, Xuchang, Pingdingshan, Luoyang, Luohe, and other places. 2) The Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), typhoons “In-Fa” and “Cempaka”, as well as the less dynamic strengthening of the Eurasian trough ridge structure, all contributed to the short-term maintenance of the favorable large-scale circulation background and water vapor conditions for this rainstorm in Henan. 3) The vertical structure of low-level convergence and high-level dispersion near Zhengzhou, together with the topographic blocking and lifting impact, produced favorable dynamic lifting conditions for this rainstorm.

Chemicohydrographic characteristics of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass

Based on the field data obtained during summer cruises in 2006, the overall perspective of chemical and hydrographic characteristics of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass （YSCWM） are discussed through the cross- YSCWM transect profiles and horizontal distributions of hydrological and chemical variables, with emphasis on the differences between the northern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass （NYSCWM） and the southern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass （SYSCWM）. The results show that YSCWM is characterized by low temperature （〈10℃） and dissolved oxygen （DO） concentration, high salinity （〉32.0） and nutrient concentrations. Compared to the SYSCWM, the NYSCWM possesses lower values of temperature, salinity and nutrient concentrations but higher values of DO. Also its smaller variation ranges of variables （except for temperature） demonstrate that NYSCWM is more uniform than that of SYSCWM. In addition, thermocline is more intensive in the SYSCWM than that of NYSCWM. Furthermore, DO and Chl a maxima appear at the depth of 30 m in the SYSCWM, while these phenomena are not obvious in the NYSCWM.

Retrieval of leaf biochemical properties by inversed PROSPECT model and hyperspectral indices:an application to Populus euphratica polymorphic leaves

Leaf biochemical properties have been widely assessed using hyperspectral reflectance information by inversion of PROSPECT model or by using hyperspectral indices, but few studies have focused on arid ecosystems. As a dominant species of riparian ecosystems in arid lands, Populus euphratica Oliv. is an unusual tree species with polymorphic leaves along the vertical profile of canopy corresponding to different growth stages. In this study, we evaluated both the inversed PROSPECT model and hyperspectral indices for estimating biochemical properties of P. euphratica leaves. Both the shapes and biochemical properties of P. euphratica leaves were found to change with the heights from ground surface. The results indicated that the model inversion calibrated for each leaf shape performed much better than the model calibrated for all leaf shapes, and also better than hyperspectral indices. Similar results were obtained for estimations of equivalent water thickness （EWT） and leaf mass per area （LMA）. Hyperspectral indices identified in this study for estimating these leaf properties had root mean square error （RMSE） and R2 values between those obtained with the two calibration strategies using the inversed PROSPECT model. Hence, the inversed PROSPECT model can be applied to estimate leaf biochemical properties in arid ecosystems, but the calibration to the model requires special attention.

Assessment of the Impacts of Tropical Cyclone Fantala to Tanzania Coastal Line: Case Study of Zanzibar

The study investigated the impacts of tropical cyclone (TC) Fantala (11th to 27th April, 2016) to the coastal areas of Tanzania, Zanzibar in particular. Daily reanalysis data consisting of wind speed, sea level pressure (SLP), sea surface temperatures (SSTs) anomaly, and relative humidity from the National Centres for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) were used to analyze the variation in strength of Fantala as it was approaching the Tanzania coastal line. In addition observed rainfall from Tanzania Meteorological Authority (TMA) at Zanzibar office, Global Forecasting System (GFS) rainfall estimates and satellite images were used to visualize the impacts of tropical cyclone Fantala to Zanzibar. The results revealed that, TC Fantala was associated with deepening/decreasing in SLP (from 1012 - 1010 mb) around the north-western Madagascar and coastal Tanzania, whereas the mean SSTs was greater than 28°C and an SSTs anomaly ranged from 0 to 2.3°C. The vertical wind shear which ridged at Mozambican Channel and over north-eastern Madagascar was high enough (12 - 15 ms-1) to support the intensifying of Fantala. The thermodynamic and dynamic conditions of Fantala influenced heavy rainfall of greater than 170 mm over most stations in Zanzibar. Moreover, Fantala disrupted the temporal variability of 2016 March to May (MAM) seasonal rainfall. Besides, more than 420 people were homeless, at least 3330 houses were destroyed, and about 2 people died. As for mainland Tanzania Fantala resulted in a death of 12 people in Kilimanjaro and Arusha, more than 315 houses were washed away by flooding leading to 13,933 people being homeless. Conclusively the study calls for an extensive research work based on examining and forecasting the TCs rainfall impacts and their contribution during the two rainfall seasons of OND and MAM in Tanzania.

Depth-resolved numerical model of dam break mud flows with Herschel-Bulkley rheology

Mud flows are common phenomena in mountainous areas,which can threaten human safety and cause property losses under certain extreme circumstances.Studying the dynamic characteristics of mud flows,especially in the vertical direction,is helpful for risk reduction and hazard mitigation.In this study,a 2D depth-resolved numerical model based on Herschel-Bulkley rheology was developed to study the vertical structures of unsteady mud flows with a free-surface.The numerical model was solved by the projection method,and the free surface of mud flows was captured through the VOF method.To fully validate this new model,a series of laboratory experiments involving dam break mud flows were conducted,and the mud flow heights,bottom pressures and envelopes of mud residuum were measured.The numerical model proposed in this study was first validated by the steady-state solution for uniform flows of Herschel-Bulkley fluid on an inclined plane.Additionally,the simulated and measured mud flow heights,bottom pressures at different x locations and envelopes with different bed slopes showed good agreement.Furthermore,the numerical results for a Herschel-Bulkley fluid dam break flow were used to validate the proposed model,which further revealed good agreements.After that,the scenarios in which mud flows impact on a structure were numerically studied,and the vertical profiles of the front velocity and impact pressure on the structure were analyzed and discussed.The results show that a plug layer was formed in the mud flow under unsteady and nonuniform flow conditions,and the impact pressure on the structure was dominated by the dynamic pressure.In addition,the vertical position with the maximum impact pressure acting on the structure was not at the bottom or the surface of the mud flows,and the normalized vertical position rose as the yield stress and consistency coefficient increase for Herschel-Bulkley fluids.

Simulating CO_(2) profiles using NIES TM and comparison with HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations

We present a study on validation of the National Institute for Environmental Studies Transport Model(NIES TM)by comparing to observed vertical profiles of atmospheric CO_(2).The model uses a hybrid sigmaisentropic(σ–θ)vertical coordinate that employs both terrain-following and isentropic parts switched smoothly in the stratosphere.The model transport is driven by reanalyzed meteorological fields and designed to simulate seasonal and diurnal cycles,synoptic variations,and spatial distributions of atmospheric chemical constituents in the troposphere.The model simulations were run for combination of biosphere,fossil fuel,air-ocean exchange,biomass burning and inverse correction fluxes of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))by GOSAT Level 4 product.We compared the NIES TM simulated fluxes with data from the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations(HIPPO)Merged 10-s Meteorology,Atmospheric Chemistry,and Aerosol Data,including HIPPO-1,HIPPO-2 and HIPPO-3 from 128.0°E to 84.0°W,and 87.0°N to 67.2°S.The simulation results were compared with CO_(2) observations made in January and November,2009,and March and April,2010.The analysis attests that the model is sufficient to simulate vertical profiles with errors within 1–2 ppmv,except for the lower stratosphere in the northern hemisphere high latitudes.

A Method for Retrieving Vertical Ozone Profiles from Limb Scattered Measurements

A two-step method is employed in this study to retrieve vertical ozone profiles using scattered measure- ments from the limb of the atmosphere. The combination of the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy （DOAS） and the Multiplicative Algebraic Reconstruction Technique （MART） is proposed. First, the limb radiance, measured over a range of tangent heights, is processed using the DOAS technique to recover the effective column densities of atmospheric ozone. Second, these effective column densities along the lines of sight （LOSs） are inverted using the MART coupled with a forward model SCIATRAN （radiative transfer model for SCIAMACHY） to derive the ozone profiles. This method is applied to Optical Spectrograph and Infra Red Imager System （OSIRIS） radiance, using the wavelength windows 571–617 nm. Vertical ozone profiles between 10 and 48 km are derived with a vertical resolution of 1 km. The results illustrate a good agreement with the cloud-free coincident SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY （SCIAMACHY） ozone measurements, with deviations less than ± 10% （ ± 5% for altitudes from 17 to 47 km）. Furthermore, sensitivities of retrieved ozone to aerosol, cloud parameters and NO 2 concentration are also investigated.