MODEL AND METHOD OF WELL TEST ANALYSIS FORWELLS WITH VERTICAL FRACTURE

Based on the flow mechanism of hydraulic fractured wells, through integrating linear-flow model and effective well-radius model, a new model of well test analysis for wells with vertical fracture was established. In the model, wellbore storage, the damage in the wall of fracture and all kinds of boundary conditions are considered. The model is concise in form, has intact curves and computes fast, which may meet the demand of real-time computation and fast responded well test interpretation. A new method to determine effective well radius was presented, and the correlation between effective well radius and the fracture length, fracture conductivity, skin factor of fracture was given. Matching flow rate or pressure tested, the optimization model that identified formation and fracture parameters was set up. The automatic matching method was presented by synthetically using step by step linear least square method and sequential quadratic programming. At last, the application was also discussed. Application shows that all of these results can analyze and evaluate the fracturing treatment quality scientifically and rationally, instruct and modify the design of fracturing and improve fracturing design level.

A new method to calculate the productivity index for vertical fractured well of tight gas reservoir

Generally the irreducible water saturation of low permeability gas reservoir is quite high which leads to the permeability stress sensibility and threshold pressure gradient. Under the assumption that permeability varies with experimental law of the pseudo pressure drop, according to concepts of perturbable ellipses and equivalent developing regulations, the calculation method of stable production of hydraulically fractured gas well in low permeability reservoirs is investigated with threshold pressure. And productivity curve is drawn and analyzed. The result shows that, permeability modulus and threshold pressure have effect on production of fractured gas well. The higher the permeability modulus and the threshold pressure, the lower the production is. Therefore, the impact of stress sensitive and threshold pressure must he considered when analyzing the productivity of vertical fracture well in low permeability gas reservoir.

EFFECT OF A VERTICAL FRACTURE ON HORIZONTAL UNSAT-URATED SEEPAGE FLOW

The movement of water flow in unsaturated fractured rock was investigated with the sandstone sample through experimental research and numerical simulation.The experimental results show that the arriving time of wetting front is delayed by the fracture,resulting in the increase of water saturation in the domain on the upstream side of the fracture,which will locally enhance water flow through the matrix.The numerical simulation with the finite volume method captures effectively these characteristics.The comparison between simulated and observed travel time and arriving time of wetting front shows that their difference are very small and the simulated results are in agreement with the observed results,which implies calibrated parameters are reliable and effective.Then according to the calibrated parameters,fractured models were established to examine how the change of large fractured aperture would affect the arriving time of wetting fronts,pressure heads and water saturation on the upstream and downstream sides of fracture.

New approach for the treatment of vertical root fracture of teeth:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Vertical root fracture(VRF)is one of the most common reasons for tooth extraction,although various methods have been applied for saving teeth with VRF.CASE SUMMARY This case report describes a woman who had a sinus tract on the labial gingiva of the left maxillary central incisor for past two months.Periodontal probing revealed an 8–10 mm deep,narrow,isolated pocket on the palatal side of the tooth.Clinical and radiographic examination confirmed a longitudinal root fracture.A new approach using a combination of resin and iRoot BP Plus through intentional replantation was used for the treatment of the tooth.At one-year follow-up,the tooth remained asymptomatic with normal periodontal probing depth,and radiographic images showed almost normal bone and periodontal structures around the root.CONCLUSION This new approach may be developed as an effective method for saving teeth with VRF.

The biomechanical role of periodontal ligament in bonded and replanted vertically fractured teeth under cyclic biting forces

After teeth are replanted,there are two possible healing responses：periodontal ligament healing or ankylosis with subsequent replacement resorption.The purpose of this study was to compare the fatigue resistance of vertically fractured teeth after bonding the fragments under conditions simulating both healing modes.Thirty-two human premolars were vertically fractured and the fragments were bonded together with Super-Bond C＆B.They were then randomly distributed into four groups（BP,CP,CA,BA）.The BP and CP groups were used to investigate the periodontal ligament healing mode whilst the BA and CA groups simulated ankylosis.All teeth had root canal treatment performed.Metal crowns were constructed for the CP and CA groups.The BP and BA groups only had composite resin restorations in the access cavities.All specimens were subjected to a 260 N load at 4 Hz until failure of the bond or until 2 x 106 cycles had been reached if no fracture occurred.Cracks were detected by stereomicroscope imaging and also assessed via dye penetration tests.Finally,interfaces of the resin luting agent were examined by scanning electron microscope.The results confirmed that the fatigue resistance was higher in the groups with simulated periodontal ligament healing.Periodontal reattachment showed important biomechanical role in bonded and replanted vertically fractured teeth.

Transient pressure analysis of polymer flooding fractured wells with oil-water two-phase flow

The oil-water two-phase flow pressure-transient analysis model for polymer flooding fractured well is established by considering the comprehensive effects of polymer shear thinning,shear thickening,convection,diffusion,adsorption retention,inaccessible pore volume and effective permeability reduction.The finite volume difference and Newton iteration methods are applied to solve the model,and the effects of fracture conductivity coefficient,injected polymer mass concentration,initial polymer mass concentration and water saturation on the well-test type curves of polymer flooding fractured wells are discussed.The results show that with the increase of fracture conductivity coefficient,the pressure conduction becomes faster and the pressure drop becomes smaller,so the pressure curve of transitional flow goes downward,the duration of bilinear flow becomes shorter,and the linear flow appears earlier and lasts longer.As the injected polymer mass concentration increases,the effective water phase viscosity increases,and the pressure loss increases,so the pressure and pressure derivative curves go upward,and the bilinear flow segment becomes shorter.As the initial polymer mass concentration increases,the effective water phase viscosity increases,so the pressure curve after the wellbore storage segment moves upward as a whole.As the water saturation increases,the relative permeability of water increases,the relative permeability of oil decreases,the total oil-water two-phase mobility becomes larger,and the pressure loss is reduced,so the pressure curve after the wellbore storage segment moves downward as a whole.The reliability and practicability of this new model are verified by the comparison of the results from simplified model and commercial well test software,and the actual well test data.

External fixator with lumbopelvic distraction spondylodesis for vertically unstable pelvic fracture

Objective To evaluate the clinical outcomes of external fixator with lumbopelvic distraction spondylodesis in treatment of vertically unstable pelvic fractures.Methods From January 2008 to March 2009,9 patients(4 males and 5 females)

Productivity analysis of horizontal wells intercepted by multiple finite-conductivity fractures

Horizontal wells in the anisotropic reservoirs can be stimulated by hydraulic fracturing in order to create multiple finite-conductivity vertical fractures. Several methods for evaluating the productivity of the horizontal wells have been presented in the literature. With such methods, however, it is still difficult to obtain an accurate result. This paper firstly presents the dimensionless conductivity theory of vertical fractures. Then models for calculating the equivalent wellbore radius and the skin factor due to flow convergence to the well bore are proposed after analyzing the steady-state flow in porous reservoirs. By applying the superposition principle to the pressure drop, a new method for evaluating the productivity of horizontal wells intercepted by multiple finite-conductivity fractures is developed. The influence of fracture conductivity and fracture half length on the horizontal well productivity is quantitatively analyzed with a synthetic case. Optimum fracture number and fracture space are further discussed in this study. The results prove that the method outlined here should be useful to design optimum fracturing of horizontal wells.

2.5D boundary element simulation of wave propagation in a vertical fluid-filled borehole with irregular shape

In this paper, a boundary element formulation in the wave-number space domain for solving the wave equation for a borehole with arbitrary shape in acoustic logging problems is presented. The problem is treated as a two-dimensional medium with the discrete wave- number method in the vertical direction. The method is validated by comparing the results obtained by this method with those obtained by the finite-difference method. The method is used to study the effect on wave propagation in a vertical borehole of a vertical fracture. For a monopole source, the dispersion curves for Stoneley waves yield three branches. For dipole and quadrupole sources, different orientations of the source yield different results. When the dipole source is orthogonal to the fracture, the dispersion curve is similar to that of the open hole, while the curves are quite different when the source is parallel to the fracture. These characteristics enable us to determine the orientation of the vertical fracture.

THE TRANSIENT ELLIPTIC FLOW OF POWER-LAW FLUID IN FRACTAL POROUS MEDIA

The steady oil production and pressure distribution formulae of vertically fractured well for power-law non-Newtonian fluid were derived on the basis of the elliptic flow model in fractal reservoirs. The corresponding transient flow in fractal reservoirs was studied by numerical differentiation method: the influence of fractal index to transient pressure of vertically fractured well was analyzed. Finally the approximate analytical solution of transient flow was given by average mass conservation law. The study shows that using elliptic flow method to analyze the flow of vertically fractured well is a simple method.