长期水淹条件下香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)和空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)的存活及生长响应

人工构建三峡库区消落区植被是控制消落区水土流失、保护消落区生态环境的重要措施,选择能够耐受长时间完全水淹的植物物种是该措施实施的关键。为了验证香根草、菖蒲、空心莲子草能否用于消落区植被的构建,实验模拟消落区的长期完全水淹条件,设置30d、60d、90d、120d、150d和180d等6个完全水淹时间水平,研究了3种植物在完全水淹条件下生长、生物量积累及存活状况。结果发现:(1)3种植物在经受长时间的完全水淹后有较高的存活率,180d全淹处理后,香根草、菖蒲和空心莲子草的存活率分别为87.5%、100%和50%。(2)这3种植物有不同的水下生长能力。全淹条件下,香根草生长缓慢,几乎没有产生新的叶片,总叶长也没有显著变化;菖蒲能够持续产生较对照植株更为细长的叶片,空心莲子草只在水淹初期(30d内)能够快速伸长地上部分的枝条,并迅速产生新叶片,但随水淹时间的延长,总枝条长及总叶片数没有再显著增加。(3)与对照植株相比,全淹处理抑制了3种植物总生物量的增加,但对3种植物的地上、地下部分生物量抑制程度不同。全淹条件下,香根草的地上部分和地下部分生物量与水淹0d水平(水淹处理开始前一天,下同)相比无显著变化,根冠比高于对照植株;菖蒲的地上部分生物量随水淹时间延长而降低,但却高于对照植株,地下部分生物量始终低于水淹0d水平,根冠比低于对照植株;空心莲子草的地上部分生物量与水淹0d水平相比无显著差异,但地下部分生物量与水淹0d水平相比大幅降低,根冠比低于对照植株。结果表明,这3种植物都有很强的水淹耐受能力,可应用于三峡库区消落区植被的构建。同时,发现植物对长期完全水淹的耐受能力很大程度上与植株在水下的生长情况及植株的营养储备水平相关,剧烈的水下生长会消耗大量的营养储备,进而造成植株存活率降低。植株在全淹条件下有限的生长能力及丰富的营养储备可能是耐淹物种的重要特征。

Effects of insoluble Zn,Cd,and EDTA on the growth,activities of antioxidant enzymes and uptake of Zn and Cd in Vetiveria zizanioides

A root-bag experiment was conducted to study the effects of insoluble Zn, Cd, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid （EDTA） on the plant growth, activities of antioxidant enzymes, proline, glutathione （GSH）, water-soluble proteins and malondialdehyde （MDA） of Vetiveria zizanioides. The V. zizanioides uptake capacity of Zn and Cd also determined. The results showed that plant growth of V. zizanioides was inhibited by Zn and Cd. The shoot dry weight （SDW） and root dry weight （RDW） decrease by 14.2%, 14.1%, 17.0% and 17.3%, 32.5%, 35.7%, respectively, compared to the control without EDTA addition. After adding EDTA, shoot and root dry weight decreased over 10% and 15%, respectively. The toxicity from insoluble Zn and Cd in soil on SDW and RDW of V. zizanioides was in order： Zn＋Cd 〉 Cd 〉 Zn. The activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase （POD） and catalase （CAT）, and contents of MDA and proline increased significantly, while the contents of GSH and water-soluble proteins decreased markedly with increasing Zn and Cd toxicity. With EDTA, shoot and root Zn concentrations increased in the Zn treatment by 7.3% and 37.4%, and Cd concentrations in the combined Zn and Cd treatment increased by 18.6% and 391.9% compared to the treatment without EDTA. However, Zn and Cd concentrations in shoot and roots decreased in the Cd treatment compared to the plants grown in absence of EDTA, with exception of root Cd concentration in the presence of EDTA.

Valencene-rich fraction from Vetiveria zizanioides exerts immunostimulatory effects in vitro and in mice

Objective:To decipher the responsible compound present in the aqueous root extract of Vetiveria zizanioides which has tremendous immunomodulatory activity.Methods:Different fractions of the water extract were collected and analyzed for immunomodulatory activity by analyzing in vitro phagocytic activity and nitric oxide production.One fraction VF3 was selected and further analyzed for possible compounds by high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer.The in vitro immunomodulatory parameters such as phagocytic index,nitrite content,and tumor necrosis factor-α production in murine macrophages were analyzed.In vivo studies,sheep red blood cell induced haemagglutination titer,the number of antibody-producing cells,and sheep red blood cell induced delayed-type hypersensitivity were analyzed.Cytotoxic studies in L929 normal fibroblasts were also performed.Results:One of the fractions,VF3,was selected and confirmed the presence of an active compound valencene.The in vitro immunomodulatory parameters were significantly(P<0.05)increased by valencene treatment.In vivo studies in Swiss albino mice showed that valencene could significantly(P<0.05)increase haemagglutination titer,the number of antibody-producing cells,and delayed-type hypersensitivity.Cytotoxic studies also showed that valencene did not cause any morphological changes and DNA damage in normal fibroblasts.Conclusions:Valencene possesses immunomodulatory activities and can be commercially exploited for its immunostimulatory potentials.

Leaf Growth of Different Populations of Vetiveria zizanioides

Large sample sampling was adopted in this paper for the statistical analysis of leaves of four populations of Vetiveria zizanioides （ introduced, local wild, domesticated wild populations of different years）. The results showed that four populations varied in different degrees in terms of tiller height, leaf biomass, and leaf biomass ratio. Leaf length, leaf width, and ratio of leaf width to length of different populations also varied, but had similar power-function change regularity, and showed converging leaf biomass growth pattern and leaf growth process.

Seedling Production from Seeds of a Wild Ecotype of Vetiver Grass (<i>Vetiveria zizanioides</i>L.) in Southern China

Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) is widely used for soil and water conservation, and land management. In practice, all vetiver seedlings are propagated via ramets or tillers, which cannot meet the market demand and would also destroy the original habitat. Most vetiver genotypes flower but do not produce seeds. A wild ecotype of vetiver grass originated in southern China is fertile, but the rate of seed germination is very low. This study aimed to develop a novel method to improve its seed germination and seedling establishment. In the field, the inflorescences of wild vetiver were wrapped using a transparent plastic bag with a pot containing wet soils. The effects of inflorescence bagging and Tween 80 application on seed germination and seedling growth were examined. The results showed that seed development was characterized by low seed setting rate (19.2%), uneven maturity time, easy shedding (more than 95% of spikelets shed off 20 days after flowering), therefore difficult harvest of viable seeds. Bagging the inflorescence with moist soils in pot ensured the mature seeds falling onto the nursery soil surface and absorbing water for germination while the immature seeds continued to grow on the inflorescence. Bigging not only improved seed development and maturity, saved the procedure of seed collection and storage, but also provided a humid micro-environment for seed germination and seedling growth. Tween 80 as a surfactant promoted seed water absorption, germination and seedling growth. This simple and novel method has integrated the procedures of seed collection, storage, germination and seedling establishment, and enables the production of a large number of healthy seedlings. The possible reasons for the degeneration and disappearance of the original population were also discussed from the perspective of the disadvantages of vetiver propagation.

Supercritical extraction to obtain vetiver （Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash） extracts from roots cultivated hydroponically

We determined the global yield and composition of extracts from vetiver roots cultivated hydroponically. We extracted roots of two varieties collected at different times after planting. The extracts were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction （SFE）; we also estimated manufacturing costs. Constituents were quantified by gas-chromatography/time ionization detection （GC-FID）. Results demonstrated the efficacy of a hydroponic system in producing vctiver with a high root extract content. The largest yield was obtained from roots collected on days 132 and 92 after planting from varieties National （1.41%） and Bourbon （1.28%）, respectively. The major compounds present in the extract were khusimoi, isovalencenol, alpha-vetivone and beta-vetivone. To determine the economic viability of producing these extracts, manufacturing costs were estimated using a simplified methodology. The manufacturing costs were US$ 22.26/kg and US$ 24.26/kg for varieties national and Bourbon, respectively.

香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)对淹水的反应和适应初报

研究香根草在形态和生理上对淹水的反应 .实验结果表明 ,香根草完全淹水 5个月仍能存活 .在部分淹水条件下 ,香根草分蘖和株高的变化状况与对照组 (陆生条件 )没有明显差异 ,而净光合速率比对照组强 .香根草是一种两栖植物 ,可在河岸。

天台铅锌矿区香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)等几种草本植物的重金属耐性

研究了浙江天台铅锌矿区香根草 (Vetiveriazizanioides)及其群落中几种主要植物Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb的累积分布 ,对植物与土壤元素、对重金属的耐受性作了初步探讨 .结果表明 ,香根草植物中元素含量表现为Zn >Pb >Cu >Cd,其中Cu表现为根 >茎 >叶 ,Cd表现为叶 >茎 >根 ,Zn、Pb表现为根 >叶 >茎 .香根草中的Zn、Pb含量均显著地高于其它几种植物 .香根草与土壤元素关系中 ,Zn的相关性最显著 ,其次为Pb .图 1表 5参

不同Zn、Cu水平对香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)体内Cd积累及生理指标的影响

采用水培试验研究了不同浓度的重金属Cd(15、30mg·L-1)污染下,不同浓度Zn、Cu(10、40mg·L-1)对香根草生长、丙二醛(MDA)含量、根系活力、可溶性蛋白质、叶绿素含量以及香根草体内Cd积累的影响.结果表明,除了低浓度的Cu外,不同浓度的Zn、Cu、Cd对香根草体内生理生化指标都产生协同或加和作用,提高了香根草体内MDA含量,降低了根系活力、叶绿素a、b含量以及可溶性蛋白质含量.Zn、Cu对植物吸收Cd的复合作用较为复杂,其中对香根草地上部Cd的转移可能产生拮抗作用,对根部Cd的吸收可能产生协同或加和作用.

Accumulation of heavy metals in four grasses grown on lead and zinc mine tailings

A field experiment was conducted to compare the growth and metal accumulation of Vetiveria zizanioides, Paspalum notatum, Cynodon dactylon and Imperata cylindraca var. major on the tailings, amended with 10 cm domestic refuse + complex NPK fertilizer(Treatment A), 10 cm domestic refuse(Treatment B) and complex NPK fertilizer(Treatment C) respectively, and without any amendment used as control(Treatment D). The results indicated that V. zizanioides was a typical heavy metal excluder, because the concentrations in shoots of the plants were the lowest among the four plants tested. The most of metal accumulated in V. zizanioides distributed in its root, and transportation of metal in this plant from root to shoot was restricted. Therefore, V. zizanioides was more suitable for phytostabilization of toxic mined lands than P. notatum and C. dactylon, which accumulated a relatively high level of metals in their shoots and roots. It was also found that I. cylindraca var. major accumulated lower amounts of Pb, Zn and Cu than C. dactylon and P. notatum, and could also be considered for phytostalilisaton of tailings. Although the metal(Pb, Zn and Cu) concentrations in shoots and roots of V. zizanioides were the lowest, the total amounts of heavy metals accumulated in shoots of V. zizanioides were the highest among the four tested plants due to the highest dry weight yield of it. The results indicated that V. zizanioides was the best choice among the four species used for phytoremediation(for both phytostabilization and phytoextraction) of metal contaminated soils.

香根草对镉-扑草净复合污染胁迫的生理响应

以香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)为供试材料,采用温室水培方法,研究水体中Cd(初始质量浓度为0.5 mg·L^(-1))、扑草净(初始质量浓度为1 mg·L^(-1))单一或复合污染胁迫对香根草鲜重、叶绿素含量、根系活力、抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明:与未添加Cd和扑草净处理(CK)相比,香根草总鲜重和鲜重增长率在单一Cd污染胁迫下没有显著差异(P>0.05),但在单一扑草净和Cd-扑草净复合污染胁迫下显著降低(P<0.05),在单一扑草净污染胁迫下分别下降32.72 g和11.66%,在Cd-扑草净复合污染胁迫下分别下降16.85 g和6.69%。香根草叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和总叶绿素(Chlt)含量在单一扑草净污染胁迫下呈波动下降趋势,在单一Cd和Cd-扑草净复合污染胁迫下呈波动上升趋势。除0和6 d时以外,其他培养时间单一Cd污染、Cd-扑草净复合污染和单一扑草净污染胁迫下香根草根系活力均显著高于CK。随培养时间延长,在Cd和扑草净的单一及复合污染胁迫下香根草根系和茎叶超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量表现出不同的变化趋势。香根草对水体中Cd和扑草净的单一/复合污染胁迫具有较强耐受反应,能通过抗氧化酶系统间的相互调整来应对胁迫。研究结果可为筛选人工湿地植物用以修复重金属、农药的单一/复合污染提供基础理论依据。

农林基质生物炭联合香根草对铜镉铅复合污染土壤的修复研究

通过盆栽试验,分析添加稻壳生物炭(DBC)、椰壳生物炭(YBC)和玉米秸秆生物炭(JBC)对土壤基本性质、土壤Cu、Cd和Pb的形态分布及香根草各部位Cu、Cd和Pb含量的影响。结果表明:单施生物炭及生物炭联合香根草处理均提高了土壤pH值和有机质含量,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性均有不同程度的升高;单施生物炭及生物炭联合香根草处理后,土壤中Cu、Cd和Pb总量降低;培养3个时间段内,土壤中可利用态Cu和Pb占比降低,残渣态Cu和Pb占比增加,残渣态Cd占比先减少后增加;添加生物炭显著降低了香根草根部重金属Cu、Pb、Cd的累积。生物炭有利于香根草将Cu、Cd、Pb稳定在根部,降低土壤中Cu、Cd、Pb的有效态,可应用于Cu、Cd、Pb复合污染土壤的修复治理。

植物配置对水体扑草净去除效果研究

采用温室水培模拟试验,研究不同浓度扑草净污染下,香根草、菖蒲及其2∶1配置于水体中第0、6、12、24、30天扑草净含量。结果表明:不同浓度扑草净污染水体中,培育植物条件下第30天扑草净去除率为58.60%~91.69%,CK扑草净去除率为45.86%~57.48%,培育植物组显著高于CK。当扑草净初始浓度<4 mg/L时,香根草对水体扑草净污染的去除效率最高,第30天达到88.4%;扑草净初始浓度≥4 mg/L时,香根草、菖蒲生物量2∶1组合对水体扑草净污染的去除效率最高,第30天达到91.69%。研究结果可为不同浓度扑草净污染水体植物修复提供参考。

几种植物浮床的水质净化及水华防治效率

分别构建香根草Vetiveria zizanioides、黄菖蒲Iris pseudacorus、西芹Apium graveolens浮床及其不同组合的植物浮床,并在水体中加入6种不同种类的浮游植物及一种水生动物-斑马鱼Danio rerio,研究不同浮床系统对水质的净化效应及其对水生生物的影响。结果显示三种植物在浮床上能健康生长,其生物量、株高和根长均明显增加,且香根草和黄菖蒲的长势优于西芹。植物浮床均能有效防止水体的中化学需氧量(CODMn)的上升,但各生态浮床植物之间无显著性差异;植物浮床能显著去除水体中的氮(N)、磷(P)营养盐,其中,香根草的去除效果最好,而西芹的效果相对较差。总体而言,在系统中添加斑马鱼能在一定程度上提高浮床系统对水体的净化功能。香根草浮床能显著抑制水体中浮游植物的生长,相对而言其他类型的植物浮床对浮游植物的抑制能力较弱或无显著影响,且不同种类浮游藻类对植物浮床的敏感度不同。香根草和黄菖蒲对生态浮床系统中斑马鱼的生物量具有促进作用,香根草的促进作用大于黄菖蒲。综上所述,香根草是一种优良的浮床植物,可广泛用于水体净化及水华防治,而黄菖蒲可用于城市景观水体的净化。

香根草对富营养化水体净化效果研究

采用浮床种植香根草技术研究了香根草对富营养化水体的净化能力 .结果表明 ,香根草对富营养化水体中的氮、磷、COD、BOD等具有明显的去除效果 ,能显著改善富营养化水体的水质 .

镉在土壤-香根草系统中的迁移及转化特征

以无植物组处理为对照,采用盆栽试验方式探讨不同Cd浓度胁迫条件下香根草根际土壤中重金属Cd的积累、迁移及转化特征。土壤Cd处理设4个浓度梯度,分别为0、2、20、80 mg/kg土壤干重。结果表明:(1)香根草可以显著降低土壤中生物有效态Cd和总Cd含量。(2)香根草各部分Cd积累量随处理浓度的增加和处理时间的延长而增加,90 d时80 mg/kg处理组地上部分和根的Cd积累量分别高达180.42 mg/kg和241.54 mg/kg。(3)各浓度Cd处理下,富集系数随着Cd处理浓度的增加而显著降低,随处理时间的延长而升高。(4)香根草地上部分Cd含量小于根部,各处理转移系数均小于1。随着处理时间的延长,中低浓度处理组的转移系数稍有降低,高浓度处理组的转移系数则显著上升。(5)种植香根草使其根际土中残渣态的Cd转化为生物有效态Cd,提高Cd清除效率。研究结果表明,香根草能够有效地吸收土壤中的Cd,降低土壤中总Cd含量,提高土壤安全性,可作为Cd污染地区植物修复的备选物种。

种植香根草对铜尾矿废弃地基质化学和生物学性质的影响

通过实地调查取样和室内分析,研究铜陵水木冲铜尾矿废弃地不同时期种植香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides L.)群落(近期种植香根草群落(V.zizanioides communities were established in the recent stage,JX),中期种植香根草群落(V.zizanioides communities were established in the middle stage,ZX)和早期种植香根草群落(V.zizanioides communities were established in the early stage,OX))对尾矿基质化学性质、微生物量和土壤酶活性的影响,探讨人工植被恢复对铜尾矿废弃地基质系统的修复作用。结果表明:香根草的定植能延缓铜尾矿的酸化过程,且随着香根草定植时间的延长,0—5 cm和5—20 cm层尾矿基质中总氮和速效磷含量提高(其中,0—5 cm层总氮积累更加显著),OX下0—5 cm表层基质总氮和速效磷的平均值分别是JX下的4.64倍和22.44倍。基质微生物量C、N含量和脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性也随香根草种植时间的延长而有不同程度的升高,且基质化学性质对微生物量和酶活性有影响,其中基质微生物量C、N含量、脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性均与电导率呈显著或极显著负相关性;而基质微生物量N和4种酶活性均与总氮含量呈显著或极显著正相关性,表明总氮含量是影响基质微生物量N和酶活性的主要因子;基质微生物量N、脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性还与速效磷含量呈极显著正相关性。基质中Cu、Pb含量对脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶活性和微生物量均有显著抑制作用,而Zn对基质微生物活性有一定的激活作用。生长在尾矿废弃地上的香根草不仅显著地改善了铜尾矿废弃地的基质化学性质,且有利于基质微生物量和酶活性的增加,是一种良好的矿业废弃地生态修复物种。

香根草挥发物化学成分的分析

The chemical components of the volatiles from Vetiveria zizanioides were analyzed by SPME and GC-MS. In the roots, the main component was valencene (30.36%) abstract, while in the shoots and leaves, they were 9-octadecenamide (33.50%) abstract, 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene (27.46%) abstract, and 1,2-benzendicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester(18.29%) abstract The results showed that there were many terpenoids in the volatils. In shoot volatiles, there existed 3 monoterpenes, 2 sesquiterpenes and 1 triterpene. Most of the volatiles in roots were sesquiterpenes.

香根草和鹅观草对Cu、Pb、Zn及其复合重金属的耐性研究

采用根伸长实验研究了香根草和鹅观草对重金属的耐性随着溶度的升高,耐性指数下降,当香根草和鹅观草受Cu2+、Pb2+、Zn2+单一污染时,三元素的危害作用依次为Cu2+>Pb2+>Zn2+;在Cu、Pb、Zn混合溶液中,其两种植物耐性指数的大小及变化与单一元素Cu溶液最为相似,Cu在溶液中起到主导因子作用;香根草与鹅观草相比,不论是受Cu、Pb、Zn单一污染还是三者的复合污染,香根草比鹅观草都具有较强抵制重金属的胁迫能力,其耐性指数大都大于0 5。因此香根草具有对重金属较强的耐性,在重金属污染土壤的植物修复及尾矿废弃地的植被重建中,可优先作为选择的材料。

风车草和香根草在人工湿地中迁移养分能力的比较研究

为研究风车草(Cyperusalternifolius)和香根草(Vetiveriazizanioides)迁移养分的能力,建立170m2风车草潜流式人工湿地和133m2香根草潜流式人工湿地处理猪场废水,在四个季节末测定植物生物量和组织氮、磷、铜、锌含量.结果表明,香根草地下部生物量大于风车草,地上部生物量则是风车草大于香根草.风车草年地上部收获量为340647g·m-2,比香根草的148388g·m-2高2.3倍;风车草的氮含量为2269mg·g-1,比香根草的1544mg·g-1高725mg·g-1;风车草的磷含量为609mg·g-1,比香根草的547mg·g-1高062mg·g-1.植株含铜、锌量风车草略比香根草高.风车草每年迁移N6872g·m-2和P1849g·m-2,香根草迁移N893g·m-2和P369g·m-2.风车草人工湿地每年由植物迁移的氮、磷、铜、锌比香根草高4～7倍.