Occurrence and distribution of vibrios in fishes and shellfishes in coastal waters of Hong Kong

The summer occurrence and distribution of vibrios in the fishes and shellfishes in the coasal waters of Hong Kong were investigaed. A total of 69 strains of vibrios were isolated from all samples examined. The strains, along with 10 reference strains were classified with the technique of numerical taxonomy bared on 54 characters and 62 of the 69 strains fell into 5 major phena, identified as V. paraheamolyticus (30 strains), V. alginoloticus (23 strains), V. choloerae (3 strains), V. harveyi (2 strains) and V. fluinalis (4 strains). Among them, V.paraheamolyticus and V. alginolyticus were the predominant species in the fishes, shellfishes and the coastal waters of Hong Kong and comprised 43. 5 % and 33. 3 % of the total Vibrio spp. isolates respectively. Meanwhile, 3 strains of non-Ol V. cholerae were isolated from oyster and it was the first time to record V. cholerae non-Ol in seawater or from shellfishes in Hong Kong. These results highlighted the potential risks of food poisoning associated with raw or undercooked seafood.

Halophilic Vibrios in the waters of Xiamen Harbor and Daya Bay

The distribution featires, spotes composition and seasonal variation of halophilic Vibrios in 7 stations ofXiamen Harbor and 9 stations of the Daya Bay were studied. The counts of Vibrios were analyzed with the most probable number(MPN) technique. The media TCBS was used to isolate Vibrios, and API20E system employed to identifythe Vibrios. The results reveals that the density Of Vibrios in the Daya Bay ranged from 30. 0 x 105 to 2. 4 x 105 celldin-3 and the average density was 6. 61 x 103 cell·din-3, and that in Xiamen Harbor was 2. 3 x 102-2. 4 x 105 cen·din-3 and 7. 8 x 103 cell·din-3 on the average. The number of Vibrios varied seasonally with the water temperature,and was heher in the summer than in the autumn. The Vibrio species in the two bays mainly included Vibrioalginolyticus, V. parahaemolytic-us, V. fluvialis, V. vulnificus, V. mimices and V. metshnikovii and V.alginolyticus was the predominant spotes.

Transcriptome analysis reveals immune-related genes in tissues of Vibrio anguillarum-infected turbot Scophthalmus maximus

Turbot Scophthalmus maximus is an important mariculture fish species with high economic value.However,the bacterial diseases caused by Vibrio anguillarum infection bring huge economic losses to the turbot aquaculture industry.To understand the immune response of the turbot against V.anguillarum infection and to explore novel immune-related genes,the transcriptome analysis of turbot spleen and gills were conducted after V.anguillarum infection.Differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were identified in spleen and gill of the turbot amounted to 17261 and 16436,respectively.A large number of immunerelated DEGs were enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction signaling pathway,and the others by the kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)enrichment.The gene ontology(GO)classification analysis revealed that V.anguillarum infection had the greatest effect on biological processes and cellular components.Twelve immune-related DEGs were identified in the spleen(cstl.1,egfl6,lamb21,v2rx4,calcr,and gpr78a)and gills(ghra,sh3gl2a,cst12,inhbaa,cxcl8,and il-1b)by heat map.The proteinprotein interaction(PPI)networks were constructed to analyze the immune mechanism.The results demonstrate that the maturation and antigen processing of major histocompatibility complex(MHC)class II molecule,and calcitonin-or adrenomedullin-regulated physiological activity were important events in the immunity of turbot against V.anguillarum infection.In the gills,the protein interactions in TGF-βsignaling pathway,production of inflammatory factors,and endocytosis regulation were most significant.Our research laid a foundation for discovering novel immune-related genes and enriching the knowledge of immune mechanisms of turbot against V.anguillarum infection.

Molecular Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of a G-Type Lysozyme in Yellow Drum(Nibea albiflora)

Lysozyme(EC3.2.1.17)plays an important role in the immune response;as a nonspecific immune factor,it can resist causative agents.Lysozyme can be divided into c-type and g-type in fish.In a previous study,through genome-wide association analysis,the g-type lysozyme gene,which is named NaLyg in yellow drum(Nibea albiflora),was found to be a key candidate gene for disease resistance in response to Vibrio harveyi infection.The cDNA of NaLyg was 1025 bp,including four exons and three introns,and its open reading frame(ORF)had a full-length of 582 bp,encoding 193 amino acids.NaLyg was found to be conserved during evolution through bioinformatic analyses.The NaLyg protein possessed a sugar binding domain and three catalytic sites,including Glu71,Asp84 and Asp101.Quantitative qRT-PCR results confirmed that NaLyg gene mRNA was visibly increased after V.harveyi infection.The NaLyg protein purified by prokaryotic expression killed some gram-negative bacterial pathogens by inducing cell wall destruction,including V.harveyi,Aeromonas hydrophila and Edwardsiella tarda.Moreover,the NaLyg protein killed two gram-positive bacteria,Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.Taken together,the experimental results suggested that the NaLyg protein of N.albiflora played an important role in fighting bacterial infections.

Gene Cloning and Bioinformatics Analysis of phoR Gene from Vibrio alginolyticus HY9901

PhoR is a histidine kinase in a two-component regulatory system that regulates phosphorus metabolic pathways and undertakes the key mission of information transmission in pathogenic bacteria.The full-length phoR gene was successfully cloned from the Vibrio alginolyticus HY9901 strain.A comprehensive analysis of the cloned gene was conducted using bioinformatics.Sequence analysis revealed that the total length of the phoR gene(GenBank accession No.:KJ958404.1)is 1299 bp,with the coding region containing a total of 432 amino acid residues.The phylogenetic tree of PhoR revealed that it belongs to the same subclade as V.diabolicus.The SMART program was employed for the purpose of functional domain prediction,which revealed that PhoR possesses three major functional domains:PAS(amino acids 98-166),HisKA(amino acids 205-272),and HATPase_c(amino acids 317-429).

Immune response of shrimp(Penaeus monodon)against Vibrios furnissii pathogen

Objective:To analyse experimental infection and immune system of shrimp(Penaeus monodon)against Vibrios furnissii(V.furnissii).Methods:Experimental animals were collected and acclimatized by maintaining specific temperature,pH and salinity to avoid mortality.Shrimps were experimentally infected with V.furnissii and their immune responses were monitored.After the infection all the shrimps were monitored for any symptoms,death rate in 0,12,24,36,48 h.Then haemolymph were collected and tetrahydrocannabinol,phenol oxidase,nitroblue tetrazolium and lysozyme were monitored in every 12 h at the interval of 48 h.Results:Shrimps infected by live V.furnissii had showed gradual increase in tetrahydrocannabinol,phenol oxidase activity,nitro-blue-tetrazolium and lysozyme activity comparing with the killed and control.Conclusions:The live V.furnissii had showed infection in the shrimp immune system.The live V.furnissii shows infection in experimental shrimps comparing with killed V.furnissii.So the V.furnissii in nature cause the infection in shrimp Penaeus monodon immune system.This report could be applied to control of the infection in shrimp hatchery.

宁德市南美白对虾副溶血弧菌的分离与药敏试验

为给宁德市南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei )养殖病害提供精准用药依据,从7个海水养殖场南美白对虾体内分离病原菌,通过形态学观察、生理生化和16srRNA鉴定,确定其分类地位,并进行药物敏感试验。结果表明,分离的9株病原菌在TCBS琼脂培养基中菌落均呈蓝一绿色,通过革兰氏染色镜检可见为革兰氏阴性菌,呈棒状、弧状、卵圆状,无芽孢。在氧化酶反应、葡萄糖、赖氨酸、鸟氨酸、甘露醇、6%盐陈水、8%盐陈水、动力等8项试验中,结果呈阳性,确定为副溶血弧菌。9株副溶血弧菌对青霉素、新霉素、四环素等3种药物耐受比例较高,对恩诺沙星、呋喃唑酮、万古霉素等6种药物均高度敏感。

水环境温度对戊二醛杀菌效果的影响

为了解水环境温度对戊二醛(glutaraldehyde,GA)杀菌效果的影响,在20℃、25℃和30℃三个温度条件下,定期检测了2株细菌(副溶血弧菌Vibrio parahaemolyticus、维氏气单胞菌Aeromonas veroni)在不同浓度戊二醛水溶液中的致死情况。检测结果显示,戊二醛对维氏气单胞菌的杀菌率与温度正相关,低药物浓度时(0.45 mg/L),30℃水体中的杀菌率在24 h达到90%以上,而较低温度(20℃)实现90%杀菌率需要27 h;当浓度升至1.8 mg/L时,30℃、5 h杀菌率可以达到90%,20℃时则需要延长至7 h;当更高药物浓度(18 mg/L)时,30℃、20 min可实现90%以上杀菌率,20℃时所需时间相应延长至30 min。戊二醛对副溶血弧菌灭菌效果的影响也呈现相似规律性,当药物浓度0.18 mg/L时,杀菌率分别在15 h(30℃)和18 h(20℃)达到90%以上;当药物浓度1.8 mg/L和18 mg/L时,30℃水体中分别于100 min和3 min达到90%以上的杀菌率;20℃时时间延长至180 min和5 min。该研究结果可为科学合理使用戊二醛提供参考。

Ecology of antibiotic resistant vibrios in traditional shrimp farming system(bhery)of West Bengal,India

Objective:To study the ecology of antibiotic resistant bacteria with emphasis on sucrose negative vibrios in water and sediments samples of traditional shrimp farming system(bhery)in West Bengal,India.Methods:The vibrios were isolated from traditional shrimp farm samples on thiosulphate citrate bile salt sucrose agar and sucrose negative bacterial strains were used as biomarkers to assess the frequency of antibiotic resistance.Results:The incoming water brought presumptive vibrios ranging from 5.50×10^(1)to 1.00×10^(3)mL in to the bhery,and there appeared to build up vibrios in the culture system with days of culture,as there was about 9 fold increase in vibrios.The levels of vibrios were observed to be moderately higher in outlet water and ranged between 4.15×10^(2)and 4.15x10^(3)mL.The counts of vibrios in pond sediment was found to be 1.00x10^(2)-4.90×10^(3)g;while in inlet(2.00×10^(2)-4.20×10^(4)g)and outlet(3.00×10^(2)-6.85×10^(3)g)their levels were observed to be higher than the pond sediment.Thirteen different Vibrio species were encountered in traditional shrimp culture system and all vibrios were sensitive to chloramphenicol,followed by ciprofloxacin and gatifloxacin(98.24%),gentamicin(95.61%)and other antibiotics.The multiple antibiotic resistance(MAR),i.e.,resistance to at least two antibiotics,was noticed among 43.85%of the sucrose negative vibrios and 41.86%of the sucrose negative non--vibrios.All vibrios harveyi strains exhibited MAR.Although no antibiotic was used in the bhery,the prevalence of MAR in 44%of the sucrose negative vibrios and nonvibrios is a cause of concern.The MAR index was higher in inlet water and sediment samples.The MAR observed in biomarker strains of pond water and sediment(40%)was comparable to those of inlet samples,thus confirming the fact that incoming water was the major source of antibiotic resistant bacteria.Conclusions:It seems that the shrimp culture in bhery does not favour the proliferation and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

大口黑鲈源鳗弧菌的分离鉴定

为探明引起大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)体表及内脏出血病的病原,本研究从发病大口黑鲈肝、脾、肾处分离病原,得到1株形态一致的优势菌株2004301,采用腹腔注射方式进行人工回感实验,证实菌株2004301能够引起养殖大口黑鲈内脏出血症状并死亡,且具有较强毒力。综合形态学观察、生理生化特性分析、基于16S rRNA基因和hsp 60基因构建的系统发育树及特异性基因检测结果,将菌株2004301鉴定为鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)。菌株2004301对32种药物的敏感实验证实其对恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考、磺胺甲恶唑、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星等抗菌药物敏感。

Resveratrol Prevents Vibrio vulnificus-Induced Sepsis by Attenuating Necroptosis

Objective This study investigated how the natural phytophenol and potent SIRT1 activator resveratrol(RSV)regulate necroptosis during Vibrio vulnificus(V.vulnificus)-induced sepsis and the potential mechanism.Methods The effect of RSV on V.vulnificus cytolysin(VVC)-induced necroptosis was analyzed in vitro using CCK-8 and Western blot assays.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction,western blot,and immunohistochemistry and survival analyses were performed to elucidate the effect and mechanism of RSV on necroptosis in a V.vulnificus-induced sepsis mouse model.Results RSV relieved necroptosis induced by VVC in RAW264.7 and MLE12 cells.RSV also inhibited the inflammatory response,had a protective effect on histopathological changes,and reduced the expression level of the necroptosis indicator pMLKL in peritoneal macrophages,lung,spleen,and liver tissues of V.vulnificus-induced septic mice in vivo.Pretreatment with RSV downregulated the mRNA of the necroptosis indicator and protein expression in peritoneal macrophages and tissues of V.vulnificusinduced septic mice.RSV also improved the survival of V.vulnificus-induced septic mice.Conclusion Our findings collectively demonstrate that RSV prevented V.vulnificus-induced sepsis by attenuating necroptosis,highlighting its potency in the clinical management of V.vulnificus-induced sepsis.

基于可控震源特征信号的一致性测试方法及应用

随着可控震源高效采集的广泛应用,传统的可控震源有线一致性测试方法耗时长、效率低等缺点日渐凸显,成为制约地震高效采集的主要因素之一。介绍了一种基于震源特性信号的可控震源一致性测试方法,该方法使用震源正常生产的震源特性信号数据与仪器编码器中的真参考信号进行合成、分析和比较,能很好地展示震源属性状态及震源仪器同步性,在中东某高效地震采集项目中进行了推广应用,实现了在生产不停工的情况下,达到可控震源质控的目的,取得了良好效果。

Protein Containing the GGDEF Domain Affects Motility and Biofilm Formation in Vibrio cholerae and is Negatively Regulated by Fur and HapR

Objective This study aimed to investigate whether the VCA0560 gene acts as an active diguanylate cyclase(DGC)in Vibrio cholerae and how its transcription is regulated by Fur and Hap R.Methods The roles of VCA0560 was investigated by utilizing various phenotypic assays,including colony morphological characterization,crystal violet staining,Cyclic di-GMP(c-di-GMP)quantification,and swimming motility assay.The regulation of the VCA0560 gene by Fur and Hap R was analyzed by luminescence assay,electrophoretic mobility shift assay,and DNase I footprinting.Results VCA0560 gene mutation did not affect biofilm formation,motility,and c-di-GMP synthesis in V.cholerae,and its overexpression remarkably enhanced biofilm formation and intracellular c-di-GMP level but reduced motility capacity.The transcription of the VCA0560 gene was directly repressed by Fur and the master quorum sensing regulator Hap R.Conclusion Overexpressed VCA0560 functions as an active DGC in V.cholerae,and its transcription is repressed by Fur and Hap R.

Immuno-Protective Efficiency of the Bivalent Inactivated Vaccine Against Vibrio scophthalmi and Aeromonas salmonicida Infections in Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus L.)

Vibrio scophthalmi and Aeromonas salmonicida can cause high turbot mortality and huge economic losses.Presently,vaccination is the most promising method for preventing communicable diseases.In this study,we used formalin to kill V.scophthalmi and A.salmonicida cells,and mixed with the mineralized oil adjuvant(Montanide^(TM)ISA 763 AVG)to prepare the bivalent inactivated vaccine.The results showed that turbot inoculated with the bivalent inactivated vaccine exhibited strong tolerance to the infection of V.scophthalmi and A.salmonicida,and no obvious clinical symptoms and pathological changes were observed.The activities of enzymes lysozyme,acid phosphatase and complement C3 had significantly increased after the vaccination.The antibody titer response of vaccinated turbot was greatly boosted,which was positively connected with the immunological impact according to ELISA results.Simultaneously,the expression levels of immune-related genes such as MHC-IIα,MHC-IIβ,CD4,CD8,TNF-αand IL^(-1)βwere up-regulated,demonstrating that it might stimulate humoral and cellular immunological response in turbot.These findings highlight the potential of the bivalent inactivated vaccine for controlling V.scophthalmi and A.salmonicida infections in turbot.

Characterization of Caspase Gene Family Members in Spotted Sea Bass(Lateolabrax maculatus)and Their Expression Profiles in Response to Vibrio harveyi Infection

The caspase gene family is a crucial gene cluster that regulates apoptosis which contribute to programmed cell death,cell proliferation and differentiation,and several immune responses.In our study,a complete set of 12 caspase genes were identified in spotted sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus.These genes were divided into three subfamilies:2 inflammatory caspases(casp-1 and casp-14-like),5 apoptosis initiators(casp-2,casp-8a,casp-8b,casp-9,and casp-10),and 5 apoptosis executioners(casp-3a,casp-3b,casp-3-like,casp-6,and casp-7).Their phylogenetic relationships,synteny and gene structures were systematically analyzed.Furthermore,the relative expression profiles of the caspase family members in the liver,intestine,head kidney,and spleen were measured by q PCR after infection with Vibrio harveyi.The results showed that the overall mRNA levels of the caspase genes were dramatically increased after V.harveyi infection,and the expression patterns varied among genes and tissues.More caspase genes underwent pronounced expression changes in the head kidney and spleen than in the liver or intestine,mainly after 48 h of the challenge.Specifically,casp-3a,casp-3b,casp-3-like,casp-6,casp-7,casp-8a,casp-8b,casp-10,and casp-14-like in the head kidney,and casp-3-like,casp-6,casp-7,and casp-14-like in the spleen,were the most responsive caspase genes which may contribute significantly to immune regulation in spotted sea bass.Additionally,the apoptosis level in head kidney and spleen after infection were examined using the Caspase assay.Our study provides a systemic overview of the caspase gene family in spotted sea bass after V.harveyi infection and lays a foundation for further deciphering the biological roles of these caspase genes.

Identification of suitable reference genes for quantitative gene expression analysis in clam Cyclina sinensis under salinity stress and Vibrio infection

The appropriate reference gene is a prerequisite for accurate normalization of gene expression level,and research on suitable reference genes in clam Cyclina sinensis is scarce.To improve the situation,we selected five commonly used housekeeping genes,including β-actin,Elongation factor 1-α(EF1-α),Glyceraldehyde-3-pho sphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH),40S ribosomal protein S18(RPS18),and Tubulin a(TUB-α),then evaluated their expression stability in different adult tissues and under different experimental treatments(salinity stress and Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection).Their expression stability was analyzed by three frequently used programs,geNorm,NormFinder,and BestKeeper.This analysis indicated that multiple genes should be used for normalization,and we concluded that the reference gene combination GAPDH-RPS18-β-actin,should be used for qRT-PCR analysis in different tissues of C.sinensis under normal physiological conditions.For the clams under salinity stress and Vibrio infection,EF1-α-GAPDHRPS18 was recommended as the gene combination for qRT-PCR normalization.TUB-αwas generally poorly ranked by all programs,and should not be used in future studies.This study should provide fundamental support for accurate quantitative gene expression analysis of this species.

Identification and Pathogen Stimulation Patterns of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase(nNOS)in Black Rockfish(Sebastes schlegelii)

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS)was the producer of nitric oxide(NO)which played important gas messenger molecules in biological process.It also can take effect as immune regulation molecule in organism.Black rockfish(Sebastes schlegelii)is an important economic fish which were widely farmed in East Asia countries.Meanwhile,the pathogenic bacteria such as the Edwardsiella tarda and Vibrio anguillarum in seawater always brought serious obstacles to their healthy growth.In order to explore the expression pattern of n NOS gene under the pathogen stimulation and predict its immune function,the n NOS gene in black rockfish named Ssn NOS was identified.It was 3780 bp in length,located on chromosome 6,and contained 27 coding domain sequence(CDs).According to the phylogenetic analysis,the Ssn NOS showed closest relative to the counterpart gene of swamp eel(Monopterus albus).Meanwhile,analysis of Ssn NOS expression in various healthy tissues showed that Ssn NOS expression level was highest in healthy brain tissues,followed by intestinal tissues.In addition,Ssn NOS showed significant expression changes in response to stimulation by two pathogens.Particular in gill,the expression of Ssn NOS after pathogenic stimulation increased significantly.The Elisa analysis showed the Ssn NOS content in gills was much higher than that in other tissues at all time points.Moreover,the expression patterns of Ssn NOS in brain,intestine and kidney after stimulation by pathogens showed a distinct expression pattern which first down-regulated and then up-regulated.Therefore,the Ssn NOS may be an important signaling molecule for fish to respond rapidly in immune stimulation.

Proteomic and Functional Analyses of Outer Membrane Vesicles Secreted by Vibrio splendidus

Vibrio splendidus is an important opportunistic pathogen ubiquitously present in the marine environment,exhibiting virulence to a variety of cultured animals.The extracellular products secreted by V.splendidus are crucial to bacterial survival and virulence.In this study,the secretion of outer membrane vesicles(OMVs)by V.splendidus was determined,purified,and morphologically characterized.The protein composition of OMVs was analyzed by proteomic analysis.The results showed that approximately 120 proteins were contained in these OMVs,including outer membrane proteins,flagellins,ABC transporters,protease,and iron regulation proteins,etc.,which were involved in bacterial motility,formation of biofilms and the cell membrane components,and cellular localization based on their structural molecule activity,passive transmembrane transporter activity,channel activity,neurotransmitter receptor activity,extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity,glutamate receptor activity,ligand-gated ion channel activity,and transmembrane signaling receptor activity.To explore the biological functions of OMVs in V.splendidus,the effects of OMVs on the bacterial adaption to iron limitation,antibiotic,and the coelomic fluid of the Apostichopus japonicus were confirmed.This study is the first time to show that V.splendidus secretes OMVs,and OMVs carry functional proteins that enhance bacterial survival under various stresses.

Selection of the appropriate reference genes by quantitative real-time PCR in leopard coral groupers Plectropomus leopardus

Leopard coral groupers(Plectropomus leopardus),commercially bred in South China,are a significant economical fish species.In this study,by means of quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR)technology,we assessed the stability of six common reference genes expression and selected the appropriate reference genes in leopard coral groupers with or without Vibrio harveyi stimulation at different time points.These data produced by qRT-PCR was handled via the geNorm,NormFinder,and BestKeeper software.The results revealed all the examined reference genes had manifest tissue-specific expression in different tissues.Prior to V.harveyi stimulation,RPL13 gene was the appropriate reference gene among eleven tissue types(blood,spleen,hepatopancreas,kidney,stomach,gill,heart,skin,muscle,intestine,brain)in leopard coral groupers.Under V.harveyi stimulation,the most reliable reference genes varied from tissue to tissue and were closely hinged upon different time points.At 6-h post-bacterial injection,the appropriate reference genes in hepatopancreas,spleen,kidney,and gill were Actin,B2M,UBCE,and Actin,respectively.At 9-and 12-h post-bacterial injection,the appropriate reference genes in hepatopancreas,spleen,kidney,and gill were RPL13,Actin,Actin,and Actin,respectively.If one reference gene was preferable,RPL13,Actin,Actin,and Actin could be selected as the reference gene in hepatopancreas,spleen,kidney,and gill of leopard coral groupers after V.harveyi infection,respectively.Expression profiles of two target genes(IL-6 and NK-lysin)were used to further validate reliability of these selected appropriate candidates.This study will lay a solid foundation for the future research on qRTPCR analysis of gene expression in leopard coral groupers.

溶藻弧菌体外刺激泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)血细胞后早期转录组研究

泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)是我国传统养殖贝类,细菌性疾病导致的死亡已成为制约泥蚶养殖业发展的重要因素,血细胞是泥蚶免疫防御的执行者,血细胞能直接吞噬异物,能通过包囊作用将异物包裹,血细胞还在炎症反应和伤口修复中发挥作用。采用RNA-seq测序技术研究了溶藻弧菌体外刺激后泥蚶血细胞3 h和6 h时转录组动态变化,与未受刺激血细胞相比,3 h时1 790个基因表达发生显著改变,包括1 319个上调基因和471个下调基因;6 h时3 183个基因表达发生显著改变,包括2 629个上调基因和554个下调基因。KEGG通路富集分析发现溶藻弧菌刺激后免疫相关多个信号通路或生物学过程发生显著改变,如吞噬体、细胞凋亡、蛋白酶体、内质网加工、局部黏附等。部分免疫相关基因表达丰度3 h时变化不显著而6 h时发生显著改变,部分免疫相关基因3 h和6 h时表达丰度均显著改变。研究结果为泥蚶血细胞早期免疫反应提供了新的见解,为泥蚶抗病机理研究提供了理论基础。