In-Network Puncturing for Delay-Efficient Rate Control of Distributed Video Coding in Wireless Video Sensor Networks

Wyner-Ziv Video Coding （WZVC） is considered as a promising video coding scheme for Wireless Video Sensor Networks （WVSNs） due to its high compression efficiency and error resilience functionalities, as well as its low encoding complex- ity. To achieve a good Rate-Distortion （R-D） per- formance, the current WZVC paradi^prls usually a- dopt an end-to-end rate control scheme in which the decoder repeatedly requests the additional deco- ding data from the encoder for decoding Wyner-Ziv frames. Therefore, the waiting time of the additional decoding data is especially long in multihop WVSNs. In this paper, we propose a novel pro- gressive in-network rate control scheme for WZVC. The proposed in-network puncturing-based rate control scheme transfers the partial channel codes puncturing task from the encoder to the relay nodes. Then, the decoder can request the addition- al decoding data from the relay nodes instead of the encoder, and the total waiting time for deco- ding Wyner-Ziv frames is reduced consequently. Simulation results validate the proposed rate con- trol scheme.

VBR WAVELET VIDEO CODING AND ITS RATE CONTROL IN ATM NETWORKS

This paper presents a new video coding system based on wavelet transform and its rate control scheme over ATM networks. First, three dimensional wavelet transform is performed for the original image sequence, and an extension of set partitioning in hierarchical trees algorithm is employed to quantize the wavelet coefficients. Then, the output rate of the coder is controlled at group of frame scale, ensuring that it conforms to the parameters of a leaky bucket controller. Several leaky buckets with different sizes are discussed too. Simulation shows the efficiency of this codec and the effectiveness of the proposed rate control scheme.

Efficient Rate Control Algorithm for Hierarchical Video Coding

For rate control (RC) of hierarchical structure coding, an independent rate-quantization (R-Q) model was proposed based on mean absolute differences (MADs) in different temporal levels (TLs). In the proposed R-Q model, a novel MAD model was developed according to the hierarchical structure. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides better performance, in terms of average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and quality smoothness, than the H.264 reference model, JM14.2, under various sequences.

Variable Bit Rate Fuzzy Control for Low Delay Video Coding

Rate control plays a critical role in achieving perceivable video quality under a variable bit rate,limited buffer sizes and low delay applications.Since a rate control system exhibits non-linear and unpredictable characteristics,it is difficult to establish a very accurate rate-distortion(R-D)model and acquire effective rate control performance.Considering the excellent control ability and low computing complexity of the fuzzy logic in non-linear systems,this paper proposes a bitrate control algorithm based on a fuzzy controller,named the Fuzzy Rate Control Algorithm(FRCA),for All-Intra(AI)and low-delay(LD)video source coding.Contributions of the proposed FRCA mainly consist of four aspects.First,fuzzy logic is adopted to minimize the deviation between the actual and the target buffer size in the hypothetical reference decoder(HRD).Second,a fast lookup table is employed in fuzzy rate control,which reduces computing cost of the control process.Third,an input domain determination scheme is proposed to improve the precision of the fuzzy controller.Fourth,a novel scene change detection is introduced and integrated in the FRCA to adaptively adjust the Group-of-Pictures(GOP)length when the source content fluctuates.The FRCA can be transplanted and implemented in various industry coders.Extensive experiments show that the FRCA has accurate variable bit-rate control ability and maintains a steady buffer size during the encoding processes.Compared with the default configuration encoding under AI and LD,the proposed FRCA can achieve the target bit rates more accurately in various classical encoders.

A rate control scheme for H.264 video under low bandwidth channel

The dilemma of the quantization parameter (QP) being involved in both rate control and rate-distortion optimization (RDO) prevents using the traditional rate control scheme. Although some rate control schemes are proposed to circumvent the dilemma, the inaccurate prediction model and improper bit allocation deter H.264 application on low bandwidth channel. To resolve this issue, this paper proposes a novel rate control scheme by considering the macroblock (MB) encoding complexity variation and buffer variation and by exploiting the spatio-temporal correlation sufficiently well. Simulations showed that this scheme improves the perceptual quality of the pictures with similar or smaller PSNR deviations when compared to that of rate control in JVT-O016.

Frame-layer bit allocation for multi-view video coding based on frame complexity estimation

Current multi-view video coding （MVC） reference model in joint video team （JVT） does not provide efficient rate control schemes. This paper presents a rate control algorithm for MVC by improving the quadratic rate-distortion （R-D） model. We reasonably allocate bit-rate among views based on the correlation analysisl The proposed algorithm consists of three levels to control the rate bits more accurately, of which the frame layer allocates bits according to the frame complexity and the temporal activity. Extensive experiments show that the proposed algorithm can control the bit rate efficiently.

Frame complexity optimized selection for H.264/AVC video coding

To improve the coding performance of H.264/AVC, this paper proposes a rate control scheme composed of a novel flame complexity optimized selection and a quantization parameter （QP） value computation approach. First, it extracts the frame coding complexity from two rate distortion models, and then introduces five statistic modes to estimate the frame coding complexity. An optimal mode is selected according to the coding efficiency. Finally the paper presents a novel QP calculation method for the H.264/AVC rate control. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithra outperforms the algorithm integrated in the 3M model in obtaining precise frame coding complexity, achieving robust buffer control and improving coding quality. And the improving visual quality is high up to 0.90dB for CIF sequences.

Rate Control Algorithm of Wireless Video Based on Visual Saliency Map Model

In order to further improve the efficiency of video compression, we introduce a perceptual characteristics of Human Visual System (HVS) to video coding, and propose a novel video coding rate control algorithm based on human visual saliency model in H.264/AVC. Firstly, we modifie Itti's saliency model. Secondly, target bits of each frame are allocated through the correlation of saliency region between the current and previous frame, and the complexity of each MB is modified through the saliency value and its Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) value. Lastly, the algorithm was implemented in JVT JM12.2. Simulation results show that, comparing with traditional rate control algorithm, the proposed one can reduce the coding bit rate and improve the reconstructed video subjective quality, especially for visual saliency region. It is very suitable for wireless video transmission.

RATE CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR H.264 VIDEO ENCODER

This letter proposes a rate control algorithm for H.264 video encoder, which is based on block activity and buffer state. Experimental results indicate that it has an excellent performance by providing much accurate bit rate and better coding efficiency compared with H.264. The computational complexity of the algorithm is reduced by adopting a novel block activity description method using the Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) of 16× 16 mode, and its robustness is enhanced by introducing a feedback circuit at frame layer.

无人机航拍视频码率控制算法优化

高效率视频编码(HEVC)在实际应用中很难满足无人机航拍领域的需求。针对此问题,提出一种基于缓冲区状态及视频显著性的码率控制算法。对预处理后的帧进行颜色、纹理特征提取,并采用log-Gabor滤波器对其进行特征滤波,得到当前帧的显著图;计算每帧和每个最小单元(CTU)的显著性权重;以帧的显著性权重和缓冲区状态指导帧层比特分配,以CTU的显著性权重指导CTU层比特分配。实验结果表明,提出的算法可以在缓冲区维持在一个平稳状态的前提下,提高0.61 dB视频显著区域的峰值信噪比,更适用于无人机航拍的场景。

质量一致性限制的编码模型设计

传统编码器虽然具有可控的码率,但却无法有效控制编码视频的质量,存在随图像内容变化而产生抖动的缺陷。针对当前互联网带宽特性,如自适应码率(Adaptive Bitrate,ABR)网络带宽控制技术中带宽固定的限制条件比传统广播网松弛,在以失真为约束的条件下,提出了一种新的率失真优化的失真分配方案,根据每个编码单元的拉格朗日乘子与图像组(Group of Pictures,GOP)级别的乘子之间的相互关系模型,设计了以帧级为单元的失真分配策略。基于高效率视频编码(High Efficiency Video Coding,HEVC)模型随机编码结构的默认配置下,对通用测试条件中规定的标准测试序列,实验结果显示质量一致性限制的编码器率失真性能Bj ntegaard Delta-Peak Signal to Noise Rate(BD-PSNR)提升了0.057 dB,编码后的图像组失真的方差减小了50%,能有效地减少编码视频的质量抖动,具有更加平稳的编码质量。

优化编码树单元级比特分配算法

新一代视频编码标准H.266/VVC(Versatile Video Coding)的码率控制算法采用编码参数相互独立的率失真优化技术。然而,同一帧内的编码树单元(CTU)间在空域上相互影响,且存在全局编码参数;同时,CTU级比特分配公式采用近似的编码参数分配比特,进而降低了码率控制精度和编码性能。针对上述问题,提出空域全局优化CTU级比特分配算法RTE_RC(Rate Control with Recursive Taylor Expansion),并通过递归算法逼近全局编码参数。首先,建立空域全局优化比特分配模型;其次,应用递归算法求解CTU级比特分配模型中的全局拉格朗日乘子;最后,优化编码单元的比特分配并对编码单位进行编码。实验结果表明,在低延时P(Prediction)帧(LDP)配置下,与码率控制算法VTM_RC相比,所提算法的码率控制误差由0.46%下降至0.02%,码率节省了2.48个百分点,编码时间下降了3.52%,显著提升了码率控制精度和率失真性能。

基于时空域复杂度特征的LCU级码率分配算法

提出一种新的最大编码单元(Largest Coding Unit,LCU)级码率分配算法,在保证码率准确性的前提下提升视频质量。首先,选择更符合人眼视觉特性的结构相似性(Structural Similarity,SSIM)图像评价算法来衡量每个LCU的空域复杂度,通过已编码帧的失真度来衡量每个LCU的时域复杂度,基于多元线性回归函数对时空域复杂度特征与实际编码比特数之间的关系进行数学建模。最后,依据时空域复杂度特征因子指导编码帧中每个LCU分配合理的目标码率。实验结果表明,在保证码率精确性的情况下,所提的LCU级码率分配算法具有较高的编码效率,率失真性能平均提高了1.25%。

H.264视频编码率失真优化和码率控制技术研究进展

在H.264率失真优化和码率控制(RC)技术研究的基础上,根据控制目的将率失真优化和RC的发展分为3个阶段:即率失真建模,考虑质量波动对主观质量的影响,以主观失真为指导的RC.分析了各阶段有代表性的RC技术及其特点,指明了RC需要进一步研究的关键和难点问题.对面向传输的错误弹性编码、可分级编码、多描述编码、以及立体与多视编码中的RC技术进行总结,分析进一步发展趋势.对下一代高性能视频编码(HEVC)中的RC应该如何发展进行了探讨.

一种面向SVC的码率控制算法

H.264/AVC可伸缩性扩展视频编码系统(JSVM)提供了一种可伸缩视频编码(SVC)的解决方案,然而它本身并没有提供一种有效的码率控制算法.文中基于JSVM的分层预测结构,提出了一种全新的码率控制算法.首先在码率分配方面,考虑到分层B帧预测(或运动补偿时间域滤波(MCTF))结构,给出一种分层的码率分配方案;然后,针对不同类型和不同时间分解层各自的统计特性,分别为它们设计了不同的率失真(R-D)模型.实验结果表明,文中算法能够有效地控制码率,使得目标码率跟实际产生码率之间的偏差最大不超过2%;同时文中算法较大地提高了解码图像的质量,使得峰值信噪比(PSNR)在低码率端可提高1dB;另外,JSVM是通过不断调整量化参数(QP)使得实际产生的码率逐次逼近目标码率,较之这种尝试型的码率控制算法,文中基于模型的码率控制是在一次编码中产生最终的目标码率,从而大大降低了计算复杂度.

一种改进的R-λ模型码率控制算法

码率控制是视频编码系统中的重要模块,用于控制编码器输出特定目标的码率,并使编码视频失真最小。R-λ模型码率控制方法是新一代视频编码标准HEVC中推荐的码率控制算法,其主要包括固定比例比特分配和自适应比率比特分配两种码率控制策略。为了提高R-λ模型码率控制算法的码率控制精度和率失真性能,文中提出了相应的算法改进。首先,根据图像组的编码结构设计了精确的率失真模型参数更新方法;其次,根据率失真依赖关系改进了图像组层的比特分配策略;最后,提出动态的图像组层拉格朗日乘子和编码帧比特权重计算方法。实验结果显示,所提方法在低延迟P帧和B帧配置下,码率相对误差仅为0.006%和0.005%,相比自适应比率比特分配码率控制策略,改进方法的率失真性能提高了1.2%和1.3%。

一种场景切换检测及自适应码率控制方法

ＴｅｓｔＭｏｄｅｌ５（ＴＭ５）建议的码率控制算法不能正确处理场景切换，因此解码图像的主观视觉质量在场景切换处将急剧下降。为有效解决此问题，本文提出了一种附加运算量很小的检测场景切换的方法以及相应的自适应码率控制算法来改善切换点处的视觉质量，并保证解码器输入缓存不发生上、下溢。从而使得整个解码视频序列的视觉质量较为恒定。

融合全色度LZMA与色度子采样HEVC的屏幕图像编码

由于屏幕图像的各向异性特点，使用传统的图像／视频编码算法不能得到理想的编码效率。该文提出一种双编码器方案，在保留HEVC（HighEfficiencyVideoCoding）对连续色调区域的优秀性能的同时，加入了从LZMAfLempel．Ziv—MarkovchainAlgorithm）SDK中提取出来的对非连续色调区域编码性能更优的字典一熵编码模块。两种编码器以宏块级自适应的方式有机融合，可适应不同的视频源特性。为了减少YUV4：4：4格式转换到YUV4：2：0对图像造成的失真，该文还提出了混合色度采样率的设计，可在保留传统色度子采样编解码器和其低码率低成本优势特性的前提下，有效提高编码效率。实验结果表明，该文提出的方案，比单纯使用HEVC的性能提高约10～30dB，其主观性能改善也非常明显。

一种新的视频编码二次率失真模型及其性能分析

基于对视频编码比特率与内容复杂度之间关系的研究,该文提出了一种新的视频编码二次率失真模型。该模型保留泰勒级数中的常数项,并通过合理引入内容复杂度,提高了描述实际信源率失真特性的准确性。大量实验分析表明该模型具有良好的性能,可广泛应用于各种速率控制算法以及其他使用率失真模型的场合,以提高视频编码器的率失真性能。

X264的平均比特率控制算法优化

无线视频传输系统中,网络带宽往往是有限和动态变化的,这将导致视频信息在传输过程中的质量差以及不稳定,此时需要在视频编解码中采用码率控制进行调控。针对X264平均比特率(ABR)算法的不足,提出了两种改进措施:其一,根据实际输出比特和目标比特之差在帧层增加补偿算法来调整当前帧的量化参数(QP);其二,改善缓存区增长函数以限制缓存区的过快增长。改进算法通过对同一视频序列不同目标码率以及不同视频序列同一目标码率两种方式进行实验仿真验证。仿真结果表明,在峰值信噪比(PSNR)平均值基本不变的情况下,输出的实际码率更加接近于目标码率。