Improving Video Watermarking through Galois Field GF(2^(4)) Multiplication Tables with Diverse Irreducible Polynomials and Adaptive Techniques

Video watermarking plays a crucial role in protecting intellectual property rights and ensuring content authenticity.This study delves into the integration of Galois Field(GF)multiplication tables,especially GF(2^(4)),and their interaction with distinct irreducible polynomials.The primary aim is to enhance watermarking techniques for achieving imperceptibility,robustness,and efficient execution time.The research employs scene selection and adaptive thresholding techniques to streamline the watermarking process.Scene selection is used strategically to embed watermarks in the most vital frames of the video,while adaptive thresholding methods ensure that the watermarking process adheres to imperceptibility criteria,maintaining the video's visual quality.Concurrently,careful consideration is given to execution time,crucial in real-world scenarios,to balance efficiency and efficacy.The Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR)serves as a pivotal metric to gauge the watermark's imperceptibility and video quality.The study explores various irreducible polynomials,navigating the trade-offs between computational efficiency and watermark imperceptibility.In parallel,the study pays careful attention to the execution time,a paramount consideration in real-world scenarios,to strike a balance between efficiency and efficacy.This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the interplay of GF multiplication tables,diverse irreducible polynomials,scene selection,adaptive thresholding,imperceptibility,and execution time.The evaluation of the proposed algorithm's robustness was conducted using PSNR and NC metrics,and it was subjected to assessment under the impact of five distinct attack scenarios.These findings contribute to the development of watermarking strategies that balance imperceptibility,robustness,and processing efficiency,enhancing the field's practicality and effectiveness.

An H.264/AVC Video Watermarking Scheme in VLC Domain for Content Authentication

A semi-fragile content authentication algorithm is proposed for low bit-rate H.264/AVC video in VLC domain. Utilizing the intra prediction mode and coded block pattern in VLC domain, the proposed algorithm chooses those macro-blocks from which the signature is extracted and constructs content signature at macro-block level according to the relationship among the energies of quantized low-frequency coefficients of sub-macroblocks. The signature is embedded by modifying the trailing coefficients. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs well in visual quality impact and keep the bit-rate basically unchanged. In addition, the algorithm can embed signatures into I, P, B slices simultaneously and remarkably enhances the watermark capacity. By verifying the extracted signature, the algorithm can detect and locate video tampering efficiently.

Multiresolution Video Watermarking Algorithm Exploiting the Block-Based Motion Estimation

This paper presents a novel technique for embedding a digital watermark into video frames based on motion vectors and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). In the proposed scheme, the binary image watermark is divided into blocks and each watermark block is embedded several times in each selected video frame at different locations. The block-based motion estimation algorithm is used to select the video frame blocks having the greatest motion vectors magnitude. The DWT is applied to the selected frame blocks, and then, the watermark block is hidden into these blocks by modifying the coefficients of the Horizontal sub-bands (HL). Adding the watermark at different locations in the same video frame makes the scheme more robust against different types of attacks. The method was tested on different types of videos. The average peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and the normalized correlation (NC) are used to measure the performance of the proposed method. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm does not affect the visual quality of video frames and the scheme is robust against a variety of attacks.

An Anti-Recompression Video Watermarking Algorithm in Bitstream Domain

Following the popularity of digital video application,video copying and dissemination have become very easy;however,this makes video hacking and piracy a potential threat in video communication.Video watermarking technology can solve the problem of copyright protection,and thus,it has been extensively researched.The robustness of the video watermarking algorithm in the bitstream domain is poor,especially the anti-recompression ability,since the watermarked video may be compressed again before transmitting.Considering this,this paper proposes a video watermarking algorithm in the bitstream domain based on moving object detection.To increase the robustness of the watermarking scheme,the moving macroblocks that belong to the moving object in each P frame can be identified via the moving object detection algorithm.Then,watermark embedding in the moving macroblocks is performed using codeword substitution to ensure the consistency of the bitstream.Moving object detection and watermark embedding are independent and are both carried out in the bitstream domain by partially decoding the bitstream;this avoids the complete decoding and reconstruction of the video,making the method to be highly efficient.The simulation results confirm that the proposed method is robust against recompression and has little impact on the video visual quality and no influence on the bit rate.

New Fragile Watermarking Technique to Identify Inserted Video Objects Using H.264 and Color Features

The transmission of video content over a network raises various issues relating to copyright authenticity,ethics,legality,and privacy.The protection of copyrighted video content is a significant issue in the video industry,and it is essential to find effective solutions to prevent tampering and modification of digital video content during its transmission through digital media.However,there are stillmany unresolved challenges.This paper aims to address those challenges by proposing a new technique for detectingmoving objects in digital videos,which can help prove the credibility of video content by detecting any fake objects inserted by hackers.The proposed technique involves using two methods,the H.264 and the extraction color features methods,to embed and extract watermarks in video frames.The study tested the performance of the system against various attacks and found it to be robust.The evaluation was done using different metrics such as Peak-Signal-to-Noise Ratio(PSNR),Mean Squared Error(MSE),Structural Similarity Index Measure(SSIM),Bit Correction Ratio(BCR),and Normalized Correlation.The accuracy of identifying moving objects was high,ranging from 96.3%to 98.7%.The system was also able to embed a fragile watermark with a success rate of over 93.65%and had an average capacity of hiding of 78.67.The reconstructed video frames had high quality with a PSNR of at least 65.45 dB and SSIMof over 0.97,making them imperceptible to the human eye.The system also had an acceptable average time difference(T=1.227/s)compared with other state-of-the-art methods.

Video Identification Based on Watermarking Schemes and Visual Cryptography

Related to the growth of data sharing on the Internet and the wide-spread use of digital media,multimedia security and copyright protection have become of broad interest.Visual cryptography(VC)is a method of sharing a secret image between a group of participants,where certain groups of participants are defined as qualified and may combine their share of the image to obtain the original,and certain other groups are defined as prohibited,and even if they combine knowledge of their parts,they can’t obtain any information on the secret image.The visual cryptography is one of the techniques which used to transmit the secrete image under the cover picture.Human vision systems are connected to visual cryptography.The black and white image was originally used as a hidden image.In order to achieve the owner’s copy right security based on visual cryptography,a watermarking algorithm is presented.We suggest an approach in this paper to hide multiple images in video by meaningful shares using one binary share.With a common share,which we refer to as a smart key,we can decrypt several images simultaneously.Depending on a given share,the smart key decrypts several hidden images.The smart key is printed on transparency and the shares are involved in video and decryption is performed by physically superimposing the transparency on the video.Using binary,grayscale,and color images,we test the proposed method.

A blind video watermarking scheme based on ICA and shot segmentation

Video watermark is the main method to protect the copyright of digital video. In this paper, a blind video watermarking scheme based on independent component analysis （ICA） and shot segmentation is presented. In this scheme, the global histogram comparison approach is used to segment the video, and ICA is performed on each obtained segment to get its independent component frames （ICFs）. The copyright information is embedded into the principal independent component frames （PICFs） according to the single watermark embedding （SWE） scheme. The content-based shot segmentation for video sequences is used here to improve the robustness to temporal desynchronization. The watermark embedded in PICFs provides better robustness to intra-video collusion attack. And blind detection is achieved by using the SWE scheme. The simulations show the feasibility and validity of this scheme. It can resist most of the common frame-based and video-based attacks. The watermark can be detected blindly. And it is robust to temporal desynchronization and intra-video collusion.

Turbo-Based DNW Algorithm for Compressed Video in VLC Domain

In order to improve the robustness of the differential number watermarking (DNW) algorithm proposed by us before, we proposed turbo-based DNW (T-DNW) in which the turbo code was employed in the DNW algorithm. The turbo code was used to encode the message prior to watermark embedding and decode the watermark posterior to watermark detection. From the analysis and experiments, the following conclusion could be drawn. The T-DNW algorithm has little higher computational complexity than DNW. And both algorithms have the same performance in terms of watermark visual quality impact. Furthermore, the T-DNW algorithm is much more robust against some common attack than DNW. Although the T-DNW algorithm sacrifices a half payload, we think the achievements are encouraging.

Video Watermark Using Multiresolution Wavelet Decomposition

A novel technique for the video watermarking based on the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is present. The intra frames of video are transformed to three gray image firstly, and then the 2th-level discrete wavelet decomposition of the gray images is computed, with which the watermark W is embedded simultaneously into and invert wavelet transform is done to obtain the gray images which contain the secret information. Change the intra frames of video based on the three gray images to make the intra frame contain the secret information. While extracting the secret information, the intra frames are transformed to three gray image, 2th-level discrete wavelet transform is done to the gray images, and the watermark W’ is distilled from the wavelet coefficients of the three gray images. The test results show the superior performance of the technique and potential for the watermarking of video.

Digital Watermarking Applied To MEPG-2 Coded Video Sequences Exploiting Motion Vector

This paper proposes a video watermarking technology to hide copyright information by a slight modification of the motion vector in MPEG-2 video bitstream. In this method, the watermark is embedded in the motion residual of the large value motion vector, then the motion residual is regularized into a modified bitstream, from which the watermark information can be retrieved easily and exactly. From the experimental results, this technology has the advantage of little influence on the MPEG decoding speed, degrading the perceptive effect little, and the capability to embed watermark in a short video sequence, and can be used to watermark directly on the compressed and uncompressed video sequence.