跨学科视野下对Point of View的重新界定

在西方叙事作品研究界,“point of view”自20世纪初以来一直是一个核心概念和热门话题。叙事学和文体学都十分关注这一话题。表面上看,两个学派对“point of view”进行了大致相同的探讨,而实际上两者在理念和路径上各行其道且相互排斥。叙事学界在探讨“point of view”时,将其囿于观察者的感知(区分“谁说”和“谁感知”),这种自我限制不合情理。与此相对照,文体学在探讨“point of view”时,聚焦于叙述者(说话者)的立场态度,这种自我限制也造成了很大问题。这两个学派在探讨“point of view”时各自的片面性以及相互之间的排他性还导致了不少理论上的混乱。这也对国内的研究造成了影响。本文在指出以往问题的基础上,对“point of view”提出切合实际的新的界定,旨在通过这一新的界定帮助推进理论探讨的发展并促进跨学科研究,以便对叙事作品进行更好、更为全面的分析。

Child’s Point of View vs.Adult’s in Melville’s Early Two Stories

This paper aims to study the functions of two different points of view from the perspective of narratology,namely,the point of view of the adult and the one of the child,in two of Herman Melville’s early stories.By contrasting these two functions of the different perspectives,the author of this paper draws the conclusion that the child has a unique and significant perspective in Melville’s works.

Health Providers’ Points of View on the Impact of the Project to Strengthen the Expanded Program of Routine Vaccination from 2014 to 2018 in the Barumbu Health Zone in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

According to the World Health Organization, approximately 3 million deaths are prevented each year in the world thanks to vaccination and then, in addition, each year, it makes it possible to avoid nearly 750,000 children suffering from serious physical, mental or neurological handicaps and 1.5 million other deaths could be avoided if the vaccination coverage is improved. However, vaccination coverage is often not achieved due to various difficulties encountered by health providers in the expanded program on vaccination activities. Yet, it is important to strengthen the program. This research paper aimed to assess health providers’ points of view on the impact of the project to strengthen the routine expanded program on vaccination in the Barumbu health zone in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (RDC). To do so, we surveyed a convenience sample of 234 health providers involved in the implementation of the project, including 210 community relays, 9 permanent nurses, 9 health committee chairpersons and 6 health authorities. A questionnaire related to the objective of the research was submitted to them. After analyzing the data, we found that the points of view of health providers are negative. The performance of the vaccination program was not great. Several reasons were given for this, including the non-involvement of the political and administrative authorities, the failure to respect the funds disbursement circuit and the non-effective financing of vaccination activities in the Barumbu health zone in Kinshasa, DRC.

Fight Against Poverty From the Islamic Point of View： The Wealth Distribution and Share

Today, poverty is one of the most important problems in the world. This is not only the problem of poor people living in specific regions but also the problem of all people in general. Poverty is expected to decrease as the welfare level increases. The World Bank predicts that extreme poverty will disappear until 2030 but mentions significant hesitations in achieving this objective. Even though extreme poverty will have actually disappeared in 2030, the deep gap between the richest 20% and the poorest 20% will continue to maintain its presence. There are many reasons for poverty arising from individuals such as illiteracy, inexperience, and laziness. However, there are many reasons for poverty beyond the individual such as the management of the capital by a small group of people. While the capital continuously increases under the control of a narrow group, poor community deprived of increasing welfare benefits from it slightly and too late. In this case, the solutions that individuals striving to live below the poverty line can find on their own in order to keep alive remain quite limited. Islam has a shorter term solution for welfare share： Transferring a small amount of high-income group’s wealth to the low-income group. Through this worship called zakat, it is aimed to rid poor people of desperation. It is not theoretically impossible todevelop a method to reduce income inequality by taking the worship of zakat as a model.

Overview of 3D Scene Viewpoints evaluation method

The research on 3D scene viewpoints has been a frontier problem in computer graphics and virtual reality technology.In a pioneering study,it had been extensively used in virtual scene understanding,image-based modeling,and visualization computing.With the development of computer graphics and the human-computer interaction,the viewpoint evaluation becomes more significant for the comprehensive understanding of complex scenes.The high-quality viewpoints could navigate observers to the region of interest,help subjects to seek the hidden relations of hierarchical structure,and improve the efficiency of virtual exploration.These studies later contributed to research such as robot vision,dynamic scene planning,virtual driving and artificial intelligence navigation.The introduction of visual perception had The introduction of visual perception had contributed to the inspiration of viewpoints research,and the combination with machine learning made significant progress in the viewpoints selection.The viewpoints research also has been significant in the optimization of global lighting,visualization calculation,3D supervising rendering,and reconstruction of a virtual scene.Additionally,it has a huge potential in novel fields such as 3D model retrieval,virtual tactile analysis,human visual perception research,salient point calculation,ray tracing optimization,molecular visualization,and intelligent scene computing.

To Tell A “Plausible Story” through Constructing Different Narrative Point of Views in “Wide Sargasso Sea”

"Wide Sargasso Sea"is one of Jean Rhys' novella which appealed enormous research. Although many studies touched on different meanings from its narrative perspective, most of them illustrated from the aspect which mixed narrator and point of view. This study researched this novella from the perspective of point of view suggested by Prof. Shen Dan to decode author's method of telling a"plausible story".

Analysis on Oates' Tragic Artistic Point of View in Wonderland

Oates is reputed as a representative writer of"psychological realism".Wonderland is one of her most representative novels of in the 1970 s.The author of the thesis tentatively analyzes Oates' tragic artistic point of view,hoping to contribute to the studies on Oates' artistic point of view and her works.

Multimodal Literacy in a New Era of Educational Technology:Comparing Points of View in Animations of Children's and Adult Literature

Purpose The paper shows the interpretive impact of different constructions of the point of view available to the reader/viewer in book and animated movie versions of a children's picture book,a novel for pre-adolescents/early teenagers,and a graphic novel for adolescents and adults.Design/Approach/Methods Excerpts from book and animated movie versions of the same story are compared using multimodal analysis of interpersonal meaning to show how the reader/viewer is positioned in relation to the characters in each version,complemented by analyses of ideational meaning to show the effect of point of view on interpretive possibilities.Findings Focusing mainly on multimodal construction of point of view,the analyses show how interpretive possibilities of ostensibly the same story are significantly reconfigured in animated adaptations compared with book versions even when the verbal narrative remains substantially unchanged.Originality/Value The study shows that it is crucial to students’critical appreciation of,and their creative contribution to,their evolving digital literary culture that in this new era of educational technology,attention in literacy and literary education focuses on developing understandings of digital multimodal narrative art,and that animated movie adaptations are not presented pedagogically as isomorphic with,or simply adjunct to,corresponding book versions.

新世纪的文体学应如何借鉴叙事学对Point of View的研究?

进入21世纪以来,在研究point of view时,文体学家加强了对叙事学的借鉴,但在借鉴中出现了新问题,本文针对这些问题展开探讨。首先,针对有的文体学家失去了界定point of view的能力,本文将综合并平衡考虑文体学和叙事学的不同关切,重新界定point of view,既涵盖叙述者的立场态度,又涵盖结构观察角度。其次,针对有的文体学家将文体学与叙事学的基本立场相混淆,本文将厘清混乱,指出如何才能既守住文体学的立足之本,又对叙事学借鉴到位。最后,针对有的文体学家在探讨point of view的主观性和客观性时,过于看重叙述类型所起的作用,本文将指出如何摆脱文体学传统的束缚和更加精准地借鉴叙事学,以更好地探讨point of view的主观性和客观性。

Emotional undercurrents beneath the calm surface： An analysis of Langston Hughes＇ writing skills employed in Early autumn

Langston Hughes displays a common incident of the common people and explores the eternal theme of love in his short story Early autumn. This paper discusses the writing skills employed by Hughes from his special point of view, manipulation of characterization and deployment of setting.

The Case for Presupposition： On Kripke＇s Anaphoric Account

According to Kripke, traditional approaches to presupposition and anaphora do not work in some compound sentences because traditionally, they have been thought to assign presuppositions to each clause in isolation. I agree with this criticism, but also think that context is required in order to determine the presupposition included in a complex sentence. To show the context role in fixing the utterance truth-conditions in those cases, this paper introduces the Kripkean anaphoric account on presuppositions （section 2）, and then criticizes this approach because it is very restrictive （section 3）. The paper concludes that to solve those difficulties, one should appeal to a two-dimensional framework, including a new parameter that focuses on the sentence according to the concrete features of the context： the speaker＇s point of view （section 4）.

Reliance or Defiance： Writing out of Her Mother in Maxine Hong Kingston＇s The Woman Warrior

This paper is to illustrate that form develops meaning in Maxine Hong Kingston＇s The Woman Warrior （1989）. Her writing is permeated with the dual forces stretching to diverse directions, and equips readers with the mimic world to be pushed and pulled to experience all the paradoxes in narrator＇s life. This enigmatic writing style is the mimesis of the push-pull dynamics existent in the mother-daughter relationship in the book, and also through this kind of writing does the writer finally succeed in breaking away from the suffocating mother-daughter relationship and in claiming her own unique identity.

Study on Dickinson＇s Works under Intertextual Context

Based on intertextuality point of view, researching and studying Dickinson＇s background, education, her family, as well as the society where she lived. Analyzing the Dickinson＇s poets and other writers＇ or poets＇ works in different contexts of classical inheritance, and philosophical thought. To break up the text of the solitary, put the text in the associative network of readers＇ experience, take the text as the link of the writer and the readers, and connect the inheritance, experience of the writer and the readers＇ reading. Use the method of intertextuality to interpret the non-meaning of the text, then to understand the significance of existence of Dickinson＇s works. This thesis mainly studies from the following aspects： It reveals the intertextuality of the works of Dickinson and Shakespeare, Isaac Watts and some Romantic poets from the point of classical context. By studying from the point of Transcendentalism and Existentialism, It explores the intertexutality relationship between Dickinson and Emerson, Thoreau as well as other writers. It also disserts the significance and influences of Dickinson＇s works through comparing and analyzing the intertextuality between Dickinson and Li Qingzhao, Xi Murong, as well as Annebaby.

Recognition of field roads based on improved U-Net++Network

Unmanned driving of agricultural machinery has garnered significant attention in recent years,especially with the development of precision farming and sensor technologies.To achieve high performance and low cost,perception tasks are of great importance.In this study,a low-cost and high-safety method was proposed for field road recognition in unmanned agricultural machinery.The approach of this study utilized point clouds,with low-resolution Lidar point clouds as inputs,generating high-resolution point clouds and Bird's Eye View(BEV)images that were encoded with several basic statistics.Using a BEV representation,road detection was reduced to a single-scale problem that could be addressed with an improved U-Net++neural network.Three enhancements were proposed for U-Net++:1)replacing the convolutional kernel in the original U-Net++ with an Asymmetric Convolution Block(ACBlock);2)adding a multi-branch Asymmetric Dilated Convolutional Block(MADC)in the highest semantic information layer;3)adding an Attention Gate(AG)model to the long-skip-connection in the decoding stage.The results of experiments of this study showed that our algorithm achieved a Mean Intersection Over Union of 96.54% on the 16-channel point clouds,which was 7.35 percentage points higher than U-Net++.Furthermore,the average processing time of the model was about 70 ms,meeting the time requirements of unmanned driving in agricultural machinery.The proposed method of this study can be applied to enhance the perception ability of unmanned agricultural machinery thereby increasing the safety of field road driving.

Automatic global path generation for large-scale 3D scene exploration

Large-scale virtual scene exploration is still a challenging task. The novice users caneasily get distracted and disorientated, which results in being lost in space. Assistedcamera control technology is the most effective solution for virtual environment exploration problems which requires viewpoint computation and path planning. In this paper,a novel approach for large-scale virtual scene based on viewpoint scoring is proposed.First, the scene was adaptively divided into several meaningful and easily analyzedsubregions according to the optimal view distance criterion. Second, a novel viewpointscoring method based on visual perception and information entropy fusion was developed for optimal viewpoint determination and greedy N-Best viewpoint selection algorithm was utilized for visual perceptibility calculation. Then evolutionary programmingapproach for the Traveling Salesman problem was applied for intra-subregion and intersubregion exploring path optimization. Finally, the Cubic Hermite Curve was introduced to smoothen the inflection point on the exploration path. The experimental resultsdemonstrate that the proposed method can effectively generate an automatic smooth,informative, aesthetic and non-intersecting path, with the characteristics of good exploring comfort, strong immersion and high scene information perception.

TSR: algorithm of image hole-filling based on three-step repairing

In order to solve the hole-filling mismatch problem in virtual view synthesis, a three-step repairing(TSR) algorithm was proposed. Firstly, the image with marked holes is decomposed by the non-subsampled shear wave transform(NSST), which will generate high-/low-frequency sub-images with different resolutions. Then the improved Criminisi algorithm was used to repair the texture information in the high-frequency sub-images, while the improved curvature driven diffusion(CDD) algorithm was used to repair the low-frequency sub-images with the image structure information. Finally, the repaired parts of high-frequency and low-frequency sub-images are synthesized to obtain the final image through inverse NSST. Experiments show that the peak signal-to-noise ratio(PSNR) of the TSR algorithm is improved by an average of 2-3 dB and 1-2 dB compared with the Criminisi algorithm and the nearest neighbor interpolation(NNI) algorithm, respectively.

Unwrapping and stereo rectification for omnidirectional images

Omnidirectional imaging sensors have been used in more and more applications when a very large field of view is required.In this paper,we investigate the unwrapping,epipolar geometry and stereo rectification issues for omnidirectional vision when the particular mirror model and the camera parameters are unknown in priori.First,the omnidirectional camera is calibrated under the Taylor model,and the parameters related to this model are obtained.In order to make the classical computer vision algorithms of conventional perspective cameras applicable,the ring omnidirectional image is unwrapped into two kinds of panoramas:cylinder and cuboid.Then the epipolar geometry of arbitrary camera configuration is analyzed and the essential matrix is deduced with its properties being indicated for ring images.After that,a simple stereo rectification method based on the essential matrix and the conformal mapping is proposed.Simulations and real data experimental results illustrate that our methods are effective for the omnidirectional camera under the constraint of a single view point.