Non-viral factors contributing to hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer death worldwide, accounting for over half a million deaths per year. The geographic pattern of HCC incidence is parallel to exposure to viral etiologic factors. Its incidence is increasing, ranging between 3% and 9% annually depending on the geographical location, and variability in the incidence rates correspond closely to the prevalence and pattern of the primary etiologic factors. Chronic infections with hepatitis B viruses or hepatitis C viruses have both been recognized as human liver carcinogens with a combined attributable fraction of at least 75% of all HCC cases. Multiple non-viral factors have been implicated in the development of HCC. Increased body mass index and diabetes with subsequent development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis represent significant risk factors for HCC. Other non-viral causes of HCC include iron overload syndromes, alcohol use, tobacco, oral contraceptive, aflatoxin, pesticides exposure and betel quid chewing, a prevalent habit in the developing world. Wilson disease, α-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Porphyrias, autoimmune hepatitis, Schistosoma japonicum associated with positive hepatitis B surface antigen, and thorotrastray are also contributing hepatocellualar carcinoma. In addition, primary biliary cirrhosis, congestive liver disease and family history of liver cancer increase the risk of HCC incident. In conclusion,clarification of relevant non-viral causes of HCC will help to focus clinicians on those risk factors that are modifiable. The multilevel preventative approach will hopefully lead to a reduction in incidence of non-viral HCC, and a decrease in the patient morbidity and mortality as well as the societal economic burden associated with HCC.

Intrinsic host restriction factors of human cytomegalovirus replication and mechanisms of viral escape

Before a pathogen even enters a cell, intrinsic immune defenses are active. This first-line defense is mediated by a variety of constitutively expressed cell proteins collectively termed "restriction factors"(RFs), and they form a vital element of the immune response to virus infections. Over time, however, viruses have evolved in a variety ways so that they are able to overcome these RF defenses via mechanisms that are specific for each virus. This review provides a summary of the universal characteristics of RFs, and goes on to focus on the strategies employed by some of the most important RFs in their attempt to control human cytomegalovirus(HCMV) infection. This is followed by a discussion of the counter-restriction mechanisms evolved by viruses to circumvent the host cell's intrinsic immune defenses. RFs include nuclear proteins IFN-γ inducible protein 16(IFI16)(a Pyrin/HIN domain protein), Sp100, promyelocytic leukemia, and h Daxx; the latter three being the keys elements of nuclear domain 10(ND10). IFI16 inhibits the synthesis of virus DNA by downregulating UL54 transcription- a gene encoding a CMV DNA polymerase; in response, the virus antagonizes IFI16 via a process involving viral proteins UL97 and pp65(p UL83), which results in the mislocalizing of IFI16 into the cytoplasm. In contrast, viral regulatory proteins, including pp71 and IE1, seek to modify or disrupt the ND10 proteins and thus block or reverse their inhibitory effects upon virus replication. All in all, detailed knowledge of these HCMV counter-restriction mechanisms will be fundamental for the future development of new strategies for combating HCMV infection and for identifying novel therapeutic agents.

Inhibitory effects of Shuanghuanglian injection on nuclear factor-kappa B expression in mice with viral encephalitis in a time-and dose-dependent manner

Previous studies have confirmed that the anti-virus effects of Shuanghuanglian injection may be associated with nuclear factor-kappa B activity. This study observed nuclear factor-kappa B expression in mice with viral encephalitis, and showed significant decreases in nuclear factor-kappa B protein and mRNA levels following Shuanghuanglian injection. The inhibitory effect was more significant with prolonged intervention duration and increased treatment dose. These findings verify that Shuanghuanglian injection plays a therapeutic role in viral encephalitis by reducing expression of nuclear factor-kappa B in a time- and dose-dependent manner.

Predictive Factors for Viral B and C Infection in Health Workers in a University Hospital in Ivory Cost

Purpose: To evaluate the serological status of hepatitis B and C and to identify the risk factors for viral B and C infection in health workers at the university hospital. Material and Method: Mono-centric cross-sectional study carried out at Bouaké University Hospital from March 2nd to May 16th, 2016, concerning the health staff of the Bouaké University Hospital. Cross-sectional study mono-centric concerning the serological status of viral hepatitis B and C from the period from March 2nd to May 16th, 2016 of the health staff of the University Hospital of Bouaké. It has benefited from data from PNLHVi (national program against viral hepatitis) as part of its awareness campaign. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 20.0. Results: Of the 1107 health workers, 632 had been included, representing a participation rate of 57.1%. The average age of the staff was 37.8 years with extremes ranging from 18 to 66 years. The sex ratio (H/F) was 0.8. Accidents with blood exposure were noted in 52.4% of cases. The maximum vaccine coverage was 16.1%. The prevalence of HBsAg was 8.4%. Contact with HBV was present in 3/4 of the staff. Anti HCV Ab was positive in 1.4% of the staff. Males, age over 50 and over 20 years of seniority were associated with HBV. Also, HBV infection was significantly higher in boys and girls (81.7%), nurses (78.3%) and nursing aides (73.8%), (p = 0.022). HCV infection was significantly correlated with emergency services. Conclusion: Age, gender, seniority, paramedic qualification, and high risk of exposure to body fluids were correlated with viral B infection while emergency department membership was a factor risk of HCV infection.

Shuanghuanglian injection downregulates nuclear factor-kappa B expression in mice with viral encephalitis

A mouse model of viral encephalitis was induced by intracranial injection of a Coxsackie virus B3 suspension. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR and western blot assay were applied to detect mRNA and protein expression of intelectin-2 and nuclear factor-kappa B in the viral encephalitis and control groups. Nuclear factor-kappa B and intelectin-2 mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased in mice with viral encephalitis. After intraperitoneal injection of Shuanghuanglian at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg for 5 successive days, intelectin-2 and nuclear factor-kappa B protein and mRNA expression were significantly decreased. To elucidate the relationship between intelectin-2 and nuclear factor-kappa B, mice with viral encephalitis were administered an intracerebral injection of 107 pfu recombinant lentivirus expressing intelectin shRNA. Both protein and mRNA levels of intelectin and nuclear factor-kappa B in brain tissue of mice were significantly decreased. Experimental findings suggest that Shuanghuanglian injection may downregulate nuclear factor-kappa B production via suppression of intelectin production, thus inhibiting inflammation associated with viral encephalitis.

Factors Associated with the Unsuppressed Viral Load of Children on Antiretroviral Therapy Followed Up in the GbêkêRegion (Côte d’Ivoire)

Introduction: Unsuppressed viral load (VL) in immunocompromised children on antiretroviral therapy (ART) increases the risk of child morbidity and death. The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with unsuppressed viral load in children on ART for the improvement of prognosis. Patients and Methods: this is a retrospective, descriptive and analytical study carried out from July 2015 to December 2019 in the 28 pediatric HIV/AIDS treatment centers supervised by the NGO IRAA in the region of Gbêkê. It Included children from 0 to 15 years who were HIV positive, on ART for at least 6 months with at least one viral load. The variables studied were socio-demographic, diagnostic and evolutionary. Data analysis was descriptive and analytical with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: out of 329 children included, 118 (62 boys, 53 girls) had a non-suppressed VL, i.e. a prevalence of 36%. The mean age at diagnosis was 61 months. The mother was a small trader (36.4%), illiterate (45.8%). Unsuppressed viral load was significantly associated with poor nutritional status at the start of treatment (p < 0.001), non-compliance with treatment (p < 0.001), poor maternal education (p = 0.011) and the lack of follow-up of the mother in the context of PMTCT (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Unsuppressed viral load is common in children on ART in the Gbêkê region. It mainly concerns the child who did not comply with ART, and whose mother was not followed within the framework of PMTCT. Strengthening early detection, early initiation of ART, PMTCT and increased therapeutic education strategies would improve the prognosis of children infected with HIV.

血清乳酸脱氢酶、肌酸激酶同工酶与病毒性心肌炎患者病情严重程度及不良预后的关系

目的:探究血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)与病毒性心肌炎患者病情严重程度及不良预后的关系。方法:选取172例病毒性心肌炎患者,根据病情严重程度分为轻症组92例和重症组80例,比较血清LDH、CK-MB水平变化,对研究对象进行12个月的随访,根据预后情况分为预后良好组100例,预后不良组72例,比较两组患者临床资料,以Cox回归分析血清LDH、CK-MB与病毒性心肌炎患者不良预后的相关性。结果:轻症组患者的血清LDH、CK-MB均低于重症组,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。预后良好组收缩压、舒张压高于预后不良组,血清肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、肌红蛋白(MYO)、LDH、CK-MB水平及心律失常患者占比低于预后不良组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。Cox回归分析结果显示,收缩压、心率失常、cTnI、LDH≥184.93 U/L、CK-MB≥43.48 U/L是影响病毒性心肌炎患者不良预后的危险因素(均P<0.05)。结论:病毒性心肌炎患者血清LDH、CK-MB与病情严重程度及不良预后有关,血清LDH、CK-MB越高,病情越严重,且不良预后的发生风险也随之提升。

Linker phosphorylation of Smad3 promotes fibro-carcinogenesis in chronic viral hepatitis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Epidemiological and clinical data point to a close association between chronic hepatitis B virus infection or chronic hepatitis C virus infection and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC develops over several decades and is associated with fibrosis. This sequence suggests that persistent viral infection and chronic inflammation can synergistically induce liver fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis. The transforming growth factor-&#x003b2; (TGF-&#x003b2;) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in diverse cellular processes and contributes to hepatic fibro-carcinogenesis under inflammatory microenvironments during chronic liver diseases. The biological activities of TGF-&#x003b2; are initiated by the binding of the ligand to TGF-&#x003b2; receptors, which phosphorylate Smad proteins. TGF-&#x003b2; type&#x02005;I&#x02005;receptor activates Smad3 to create COOH-terminally phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad3C), while pro-inflammatory cytokine-activated kinases phosphorylates Smad3 to create the linker phosphorylated Smad3 (pSmad3L). During chronic liver disease progression, virus components, together with pro-inflammatory cytokines and somatic mutations, convert the Smad3 signal from tumor-suppressive pSmad3C to fibro-carcinogenic pSmad3L pathways, accelerating liver fibrosis and increasing the risk of HCC. The understanding of Smad3 phosphorylation profiles may provide new opportunities for effective chemoprevention and personalized therapy for patients with hepatitis virus-related HCC in the future.

Role of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha in gastrointestinal and liver diseases

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha(HNF4α)is a highly conserved member of nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors that is expressed in liver and gastrointestinal organs(pancreas,stomach,and intestine).In liver,HNF4αis best known for its role as a master regulator of liver-specific gene expression and essential for adult and fetal liver function.Dysregulation of HNF4αexpression has been associated with many human diseases such as ulcerative colitis,colon cancer,maturity-onset diabetes of the young,liver cirrhosis,and hepatocellular carcinoma.However,the precise role of HNF4αin the etiology of these human pathogenesis is not well understood.Limited information is known about the role of HNF4αisoforms in liver and gastrointestinal disease progression.There is,therefore,a critical need to know how disruption of the expression of these isoforms may impact on disease progression and phenotypes.In this review,we will update our current understanding on the role of HNF4αin human liver and gastrointestinal diseases.We further provide additional information on possible use of HNF4αas a target for potential therapeutic approaches.

Immunohistochemical study of hepatic oval cells in human chronic viral hepatitis

AIM: To detect immunohistochemically the presence of oval cells in chronic viral hepatitis with antibody against c-kit. METHODS: We detected oval cells in paraffin embedded liver sections of 3 normal controls and 26 liver samples from patients with chronic viral hepatitis, using immunohistochemistry with antibodies against c-kit, piclass glutathione S-transferase (pi-GST) and cytokeratins 19 (CK19). RESULTS: Oval cells were not observed in normal livers. In chronic viral hepatitis, hepatic oval cells were located predominantly in the periportal region and fibrosis septa,characterized by an ovoid nucleus, small size,and scant cytoplasm. Antibody against stem cell factor receptor, c-kit, had higher sensitivity and specificity than pi-GST and CK19. About 50%-70% of c-kit positive oval cells were stained positively for either pi-GST or CK19. CONCLUSION: Oval cells are frequently detected in human livers with chronic viral hepatitis, suggesting that oval cell proliferation is associated with the liver regeneration in this condition.

病毒性脑炎患者预后不良的危险因素分析

目的探讨病毒性脑炎患者预后不良危险因素。方法以医院2019年6月至2022年5月收治的259例病毒性脑炎患者为研究对象,根据预后情况将患者分为预后不良组(79例)和预后良好组(180例)。比较两组一般临床资料[性别、年龄、偏瘫、发热、低钠血症、低钾血症、住院时间、发病至住院时间、脑电图情况、脑膜刺激征、血肌酐(Scr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、血清增殖诱导配体(APRIL)、血清B淋巴细胞刺激因子(BlyS)、血清T细胞正常表达和分泌刺激因子(RANTES)、血清纤维胶凝蛋白3(FCN3)、血清陷窝蛋白1(Caveolin-1)、血清基质金属蛋白酶-2(MMP-2)],logistic多因素回归分析病毒性脑炎患者预后不良的危险因素,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清APRIL、BlyS、RANTES、FCN3、Caveolin-1、MMP-2水平联合检测对病毒性脑炎患者预后不良的预测价值。结果预后不良组血清APRIL、BlyS、RANTES、FCN3、Caveolin-1、MMP-2水平高于预后良好组(P<0.05);logistic回归分析显示,血清APRIL(>7.48μg·L^(-1))、BlyS(>7.14μg·L^(-1))、RANTES(>273.64 ng·L^(-1))、FCN3(>17.02 mg·L^(-1))、Caveolin-1(>15.62μg·L^(-1))、MMP-2(>496.13 ng·L^(-1))水平是病毒性脑炎患者预后不良的危险因素(P<0.05);ROC曲线结果显示,血清APRIL、BlyS、RANTES、FCN3、Caveolin-1、MMP-2水平联合预测病毒性脑炎患者预后不良的曲线下面积为0.804,最佳预测敏感度为92.41%,特异度为68.33%。结论病毒性脑炎患者预后与血清APRIL、BlyS、RANTES、FCN3、Caveolin-1、MMP-2水平存在关联性,上述血清联合应用时可有效预测预后不良发生风险,便于临床早期制定防治措施。

Frequency of Various Risk Factors in HCV Positive Patients in Initial Diagnostic Phase

Viral hepatitis C is a type of illness, which is transmitted to patients by different methods in world. Here we will identify the different common risk factors for transmission of viral hepatitis C in our setup. Aim of study was to determine frequency of various risk factors in HCV positive patients. This study was cross sectional and conducted Department of Medicine PMC Hospital at Nawabshah. Duration of this study was one year from April 2016 to March 2017. After taking informed written consent, 243 diseased persons with positive anti Hepatitis C Antibodies were incorporated in this research. Frequency of variables i.e. Hepatitis C virus risk factors and different other demographic results was collected on preformed proforma. In total of 243 subjects there were 165 (67.9%) male and 78 (32.1%) females respectively. Most of the subjects have more than one risk factor. 19 (7.8%) had history of blood and blood products transfusion. IV drug abuse was detected in 08 (3.3%). Homosexuality and heterosexuality were observed in 14 (5.8%) and 12 (4.9%) subjects respectively. History of dental procedure was seen in 31 (12.8%). 228 (93.8%) had history of needle pricking in different ways. History of different surgical procedures was observed in 33 (13.8%). Calculated Mean and Standard Deviation for age was 39.2 ± 10.3 years. It was concluded that proper implementation of precautionary measures should be carried out for every human being to reduce burden of HCV illness in far near future.

黄芪多糖通过减轻免疫炎症抑制病毒性肝炎小鼠肝损伤

目的:观察黄芪多糖对病毒性肝炎小鼠肝损伤的影响,并探讨其是否能通过调控核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域1(NOD1)/受体相互作用蛋白2(RIP2)/核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)通路介导的免疫炎症发挥肝保护作用。方法:将60只雌性C3H/HeJ小鼠,采用随机数字表法分为建模组(50只)和正常组(10只)。建模组采用3型鼠肝炎病毒(MHV-3)腹腔注射建立病毒性肝炎小鼠模型,并于确定建模成功后将存活小鼠采用随机数字表法分为胸腺肽组(10μg)、黄芪多糖低、中、高剂量组(腹腔注射100、200、400 mg/kg黄芪多糖冻干溶于1 ml/100 g体质量的生理盐水)、模型组。模型组和正常组予以等量生理盐水腹腔注射,各组均每天给药1次,连续1个月。结果:经肝组织苏木素-伊红(HE)染色和病毒空斑数检测证实建模成功;与正常组比较,模型组小鼠肝脏指数,血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBIL)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IL-1β、IL-8水平,肝组织病毒空斑数,肝组织NOD1、RIP2、NF-κB p65表达与p-NF-κB p65水平均升高(P<0.05),肝组织呈严重病理改变;与模型组小鼠比较,胸腺肽组和黄芪多糖各剂量组肝脏指数,血清ALT、AST、TBIL、TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-8水平,肝组织病毒空斑数,肝组织NOD1、RIP2、NF-κB p65表达与p-NF-κB p65水平均下降(P<0.05),肝组织病理改变均减轻,且黄芪多糖的作用呈剂量依赖性,胸腺肽组与黄芪多糖中剂量组比较上述指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:黄芪多糖可改善病毒性肝炎小鼠的肝功能,减轻炎症反应和肝组织病理改变,降低病毒水平,推测与抑制NOD1/RIP2/NF-κB通路,下调NOD1、RIP2、NF-κB p65 mRNA与蛋白表达,抑制NF-κB p65磷酸化有关,且高剂量的黄芪多糖效果最佳,并优于胸腺肽-α1。

小儿病毒性脑炎继发癫痫的危险因素分析

目的 探讨小儿病毒性脑炎(Viral Encephalitis, VE)继发癫痫(Epilepsy, EP)的危险因素。方法 方便选取2022年1月—2023年7月滨州市中心医院收治的98例VE患儿为研究对象,统计EP发生情况,并进行单因素分析与多因素Logistic回归分析以明确VE继发EP的危险因素。结果 98例VE患儿中,26例(26.53%)继发EP;EP组家族EP史、痫性发作次数>2次、未使用抗癫痫药物比例较非EP组更高,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,家族EP史(OR=2.369)、痫性发作次数(OR=3.415)是小儿VE继发EP的独立危险因素(P均<0.05),使用抗癫痫药物(OR=0.127)是小儿VE继发EP的保护因素(P<0.05)。结论小儿VE继发EP的危险因素主要包括家族EP史、痫性发作次数等,使用抗癫痫药物可降低继发EP的发生率。

Prevalence and Predictors of Viral Hepatitis D Co-Infection in Chronic HbsAg Carriers

The characteristics of viral hepatitis B and D co-infection are poorly documented in Chad. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of HBV/HDV co-infection and the characteristics of this co-infection. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study including all patients with chronic HBsAg carriers referred in our department from January 2014 to December 2018. Non-inclusion criteria were: absence of anti-HDV testing, presence of anti-viral hepatitis C or Human Immunodeficiency Virus antibodies or excessive alcohol consumption. The variables studied were age, sex, blood transaminase level, HBV DNA level, HDV RNA level, and liver fibrosis and activity score (Actitest Fibrotest). The prevalence of HDV and the characteristics of HDV/HBV co-infection were determined. Results: During the study period, 403 patients were seen in these two hospitals for chronic HBsAg carriage. Of these, 378 (75%) had performed the anti HDV assay. Anti-HDV antibodies were positive in 53 patients (14%). In multivariate analysis, HBV/HDV co-infected patients were less frequently HBeAg positive (5.4% vs. 28.1%;p = 0.0001), older (35 years vs. 32 years;p = 0.001), and more frequently had significant necrotic-inflammatory activity (3.9% vs. 3.2%;p = 0.031) compared with mono infected patients. Neither gender (76.9% male vs. 77.4% male;p = ns), nor viral load (median 530 IU/ml vs. 195 IU/ml;p = ns), nor significant liver fibrosis (35.1% vs. 47.1%;p = ns), nor transaminases (median 26 vs. 32 IU/ml) were different with mono infected patients. Conclusion: VHD is common in Chad. It is associated with increased hepatic necrotic-inflammatory activity.

单中心维持性血液透析患者新型冠状病毒感染状况调查及预后影响因素分析

目的调查维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者新型冠状病毒感染的患病率,并分析影响预后的相关因素,为更好地管理MHD患者提供依据。方法整群抽取280例MHD患者作为调查对象,调查MHD合并新型冠状病毒感染的患病率。筛选出其中感染新型冠状病毒的患者,根据预后情况的不同,将MHD新型冠状病毒感染患者分为痊愈组和死亡组,调查相关因素。结果共筛查出MHD合并新型冠状病毒感染患者265例,患病率为94.64%。死亡患者15例,病死率为5.66%。无症状感染者为30例(11.32%)。与痊愈组(n=250)患者相比,死亡组(n=15)患者发生乏力、纳差、咳嗽、咽喉肿痛、呼吸困难的比例更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与死亡组患者相比,痊愈组患者发生肌肉酸痛的比例更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者在发热、嗅觉失敏、味觉失敏、头昏头痛、腹泻等症状的百分率方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者在原发疾病中的慢性肾炎,高血压,多囊肾,新型冠状病毒疫苗接种1剂次、2剂次、3剂次,透析龄,血磷、甲状旁腺激素水平、透析间期体重增长率、血红蛋白、空腹血糖以及血压等指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与痊愈组患者相比,死亡组患者在原发疾病中的糖尿病比例及感染新型冠状病毒后发生病毒性肺炎的比例更高,透析间期更加缺少运动,年龄更大,血钙水平更低,炎症指标(白细胞计数、C反应蛋白、降钙素原、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6))更高以及存在更多的单室尿素清除指数(single-poolKt/V,spKt/V)不达标,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论原发疾病中的糖尿病、感染新型冠状病毒后发生的病毒性肺炎、透析间期缺乏运动、高龄、低血钙、高水平炎症指标(白细胞计数、C反应蛋白、降钙素原、IL-6)以及spKt/V不达标是引起MHD新型冠状病毒感染患者死亡的主要影响因素。因此,鼓励MHD患者透析间期加强运动,有利于增强MHD患者的体质。另外,通过改善患者的透析充分性,有助于改善MHD新型冠状病毒感染患者的预后。

煤吸附CO_(2)压缩因子快速计算模型研究

为研究Virial、V-d-W、R-K、S-R-K、P-R、童景山等6种工程常用气体状态方程中适合煤吸附CO_(2)压缩因子最优方程及快速计算模型,以3种不同变质程度煤样为研究对象,采用容量法实测了试验温度为30℃时应用以上6种方程所得煤的CO_(2)吸附量、CO_(2)吸附常数及吸附等温线。研究表明:与美国国家标准技术研究所(NIST)提供的CO_(2)压缩因子相比,采用Virial状态方程得到的CO_(2)压缩因子最大、绝对误差最小,为0.38%;吸附等温线拟合优度最高,CO_(2)吸附常数a值绝对值误差最小,确定出煤吸附CO_(2)压缩因子最优方程为Virial方程;同时,提出试验温度为30℃时,CO_(2)压缩因子一种简便快捷计算模型,经检验,该模型相对美国标准计算所得CO_(2)吸附常数a值绝对值误差最大不超过1%,且操作简便,快速精确。

Cloning and Characterization of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E) Gene Family in Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam) for Understanding Hexaploid Sweetpotato-Virus Interactions

Characterization of genes related to sweetpotato viral disease resistance is critical for understanding plant-pathogen interactions, especially with feathery mottle virus infection. For example, genes encoding eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)4E, its isoforms, eIF(iso)4E, and the cap-binding protein (CBP) in plants, have been implicated in viral infections aside from their importance in protein synthesis. Full-length cDNA encoding these putative eIF targets from susceptible/resistant and unknown hexaploid sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L. Lam) were amplified based on primers designed from the diploid wild-type relative Ipomoea trifida consensus sequences, and designated IbeIF4E, IbeIF(iso)4E and IbCBP. Comparative analyses following direct-sequencing of PCR-amplified cDNAs versus the cloned cDNA sequences identified multiple homeoalleles: one to four IbeIF4E, two to three IbeIF(iso)4E, and two IbCBP within all cultivars tested. Open reading frames were in the length of 696 bp IbeIF4E, 606 bp IbeIF(iso)4E, and 675 bp IbCBP. The encoded single polypeptide lengths were 232, 202, and 225 amino acids for IbeIF4E, IbeIF(iso)4E, and IbCBP, with a calculated protein molecular mass of 26 kDa, 22.8 kDa, and 25.8 kDa, while their theoretical isoelectric points were 5.1, 5.57, and 6.6, respectively. Although the homeoalleles had similar sequence lengths, single nucleotide polymorphisms and multi-allelic variations were detected within the coding sequences. The multi-sequence alignment performed revealed a 66.9% - 96.7% sequence similarity between the predicted amino acid sequences obtained from the homeoalleles and closely related species. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis revealed ancestral relationships between the eIF4E homeoalleles and other species. The outcome herein on the eIF4E superfamily and its correlation in sequence variations suggest opportunities to decipher the role of eIF4E in hexaploid sweetpotato feathery mottle virus infection.

病毒性脑炎217例症状性癫痫发生风险的预测研究

目的分析病毒性脑炎并发症状性癫痫的风险因素,据此构建列线图预测模型。方法回顾性分析2018年2月至2022年5月汕头市中心医院收治的217例病毒性脑炎病人临床资料,抽取70%为建模集(152例),30%为验证集(65例)。根据病人是否合并症状性癫痫,将建模集进一步分为发生组和未发生组,比较两组病人一般资料,选择差异有统计学意义的指标用逐步向前回归法进行非条件多因素logistic分析病毒性脑炎病人症状性癫痫发生的影响因素,并采用R3.4.3软件包绘制基于多因素分析结果的列线图模型。采用Bootstrap法分别对建模集和验证集进行验证,并绘制受试者操作特征曲线(ROC曲线)和决策曲线(DCA)以评估列线图模型的预测效能和临床净获益率。结果217例病毒性脑炎病人中,共46例病人合并症状性癫痫(21.20%),其中建模集中有32例合并症状性癫痫,验证集中有14例合并症状性癫痫;发生组昏迷、大脑皮质损坏、脑电图重度异常、颅脑核磁共振成像(MRI)有责任病灶、累及颞叶或额叶、脑脊液单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)(+)占比及脑脊液压力均高于未发生组(P<0.05);logistic多元回归分析,昏迷、大脑皮质损坏、脑电图重度异常、颅脑MRI有责任病灶、累及颞叶或额叶、脑脊液压力、脑脊液HSV(+)均是病毒性脑炎合并症状性癫痫的影响因素(P<0.05);经Bootsrap法进行验证,建模集其一致性指数(C-index)为0.833,验证集的C-index则为0.830,校正曲线和标准曲线拟合度较好。建模集ROC曲线下面积(AUC)、灵敏度、特异度分别为0.84[98%CI:(0.78,0.89)]、79.17%、84.04%,验证集则为0.81[98%CI:(0.76,0.86)],83.04%,73.64%,提示模型区分度良好。DCA曲线显示病人根据列线图模型进行风险评估可获得满意的净收益。结论昏迷、大脑皮质损坏、脑电图重度异常、颅脑MRI有责任病灶、累及颞叶或额叶、脑脊液压力、脑脊液HSV(+)均是病毒性脑炎合并症状性癫痫的影响因素,综合上述因素针对病毒性脑炎病人构建的列线图预测模型可以较好地个体化预测症状性癫痫的发生,对临床防治症状性癫痫提供指导。

3种中药注射液联合西医抗病毒药物对病毒性肺炎患者炎症因子影响网状Meta分析

目的采用网状Meta分析比较血必净注射液、热毒宁注射液、痰热清注射液对病毒性肺炎患者炎症因子水平的影响。方法计算机检索中国知识资源总库(CNKI)、中国学术期刊数据库(万方数据)、中文科技期刊数据库(VIP)、中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library建库至2022年4月15日3种注射液分别联合西医抗病毒药物治疗病毒性肺炎随机对照试验(RCT)。利用Cochrane系统评价手册5.1.0推荐的偏倚风险评估工具对文献进行质量评价,用Stata15.1软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入26项RCT,涉及患者2315例。网状Meta分析结果显示:总有效率方面,西医抗病毒+热毒宁注射液治疗较西医抗病毒+血必净注射液[OR=5.69,95%CI(3.37,9.61),P<0.05]和仅使用西医抗病毒治疗[OR=5.51,95%CI(2.92,8.94),P<0.05]差异有统计学意义,其余差异无统计学意义。降低C反应蛋白方面,西医抗病毒+痰热清注射液效果最好。降低白细胞介素-6方面,西医抗病毒+痰热清注射液与西医抗病毒+热毒宁注射液[OR=-2.51,95%CI(-4.29,-0.73),P<0.05]、西医抗病毒+痰热清注射液与西医抗病毒[OR=-1.90,95%CI(-2.57,-1.22),P<0.05]比较差异均有统计学意义,西医抗病毒+热毒宁注射液和单纯西医抗病毒治疗比较差异无统计学意义。降低肿瘤坏死因子-α方面,西医抗病毒+热毒宁注射液较西医抗病毒差异无统计学意义,西医抗病毒+痰热清注射液较西医抗病毒[OR=-1.98,95%CI(-2.62,-1.34),P<0.05]、西医抗病毒+热毒宁注射液[OR=-2.62,95%CI(-3.63,-1.61),P<0.05]比较差异均有统计学意义。不良反应发生率方面,西医抗病毒+热毒宁注射液较西医抗病毒[OR=0.38,95%CI(0.18,0.79),P<0.05]差异有统计学意义,其余无统计学意义。结论中药注射液联合西医抗病毒治疗病毒性肺炎的疗效优于单纯使用西医抗病毒,安全性较好,且能有效降低炎症因子水平,尤以痰热清注射液效果更佳。