Design of Power System Stabilizer for DFIG-based Wind Energy Integrated Power Systems Under Combined Influence of PLL and Virtual Inertia Controller

Wind energy systems (WESs) based on doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) have enormous potential for meeting the future demands related to clean energy. Due to the low inertia and intermittency of power injection, a WES is equipped with a virtual inertial controller (VIC) to support the system during a frequency deviation event. The frequency deviation measured by a phase locked loop (PLL) installed on a point of common coupling (PCC) bus is the input signal to the VIC. However, a VIC with an improper inertial gain could deteriorate the damping of the power system, which may lead to instability. To address this issue, a mathematical formulation for calculating the synchronizing and damping torque coefficients of a WES-integrated single-machine infinite bus (SMIB) system while considering PLL and VIC dynamics is proposed in this paper. In addition, a power system stabilizer (PSS) is designed for wind energy integrated power systems to enhance electromechanical oscillation damping. A small-signal stability assessment is performed using the infinite bus connected to a synchronous generator of higher-order dynamics integrated with a VIC-equipped WES. Finally, the performance and robustness of the proposed PSS is demonstrated through time-domain simulation in SMIB and nine-bus test systems integrated with WES under several case studies.

Fractional-order Virtual Inertia Control and Parameter Tuning for Energy-storage System in Low-inertia Power Grid

As conventional synchronous generators are replaced by large-scale converter-interfaced renewa-ble-energy sources(RESs),the electric power grid en-counters the challenge of low rotational inertia.Conse-quently,system frequency deviation is exacerbated and system instability may occur when the frequency deviates beyond the acceptable range.To mitigate this effect,this study proposes a virtual inertia control(VIC)strategy based on a fractional-order derivative and controller parameter-tuning method.The tuning method uses the stability boundary locus and provides a stability criterion for identifying the stability region in the parameter space.The controller parameters are then optimized within the identified stability region to suppress frequency deviation and enhance system robustness.The proposed controller and tuning method is applied to a battery energy-storage system(BESS)in a low-inertia power system with the integration of RESs.Time-domain simulations are carried out to verify the stability region and compare the per-formance of the optimized proposed controller to that of the traditional integral-order controller.The simulation results show that the stability-analysis method is effective and that the fractional-order VIC,tuned with the pro-posed method,outperforms the traditional method in both frequency-regulation performance and parametric robustness.

Comparison of Different Virtual Inertia Control Methods for Inverter-based Generators

With the rapid development of inverter-based generators(IGs),power grid is faced with critical frequency stability challenges because the existing IGs have no inertia.To equip IGs with inertial response,researchers have proposed several virtual inertia control methods,which can be classified into two categories:virtual synchronous generator(VSG)control and droop control based on rate of change of frequency(ROCOFdroop control).In this paper,the comparison between both virtual inertia control methods is conducted from three perspectives:mathematical model,output characteristic and small-signal stability.State-space models are firstly built to analyze the control mechanism of VSG control and ROCOF-droop control methods.Simulation and eigenvalue analysis are conducted to study the transient responses and oscillation characteristics of both methods,which is helpful to understand the advantages and limitations of existing virtual inertia control methods.Finally,the obtained theoretical results are validated through realtime laboratory(RT-LAB)hardware-in-loop simulation platform.

A Cooperative Approach of Frequency Regulation Through Virtual Inertia Control and Enhancement of Low Voltage Ride-through in DFIG-based Wind Farm

Doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG)-based wind farms(WFs)are interfaced with power electronic converters.Such interfaces are attributed to the low inertia generated in the WFs under high penetration and that becomes prevalent in a fault scenario.Therefore,transient stability enhancement along with frequency stability in DFIG-based WFs is a major concern in the present scenario.In this paper,a cooperative approach consisting of virtual inertia control(VIC)and a modified grid-side converter(GSC)approach for low voltage ride-through(LVRT)is proposed to achieve fault ride-through(FRT)capabilities as per the grid code requirements(GCRs)while providing frequency support to the grid through a synthetic inertia.The proposed approach provides LVRT and reactive power compensation in the system.The participation of the VIC in a rotor-side converter(RSC)provides frequency support to the DFIG-based WFs.The combined approach supports active power compensation and provides sufficient kinetic energy support to the system in a contingency scenario.Simulation studies are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment for symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults.The superiority of the proposed scheme is demonstrated through analysis of the performance of the scheme and that of a series resonance bridge-type fault current limiter(SR-BFCL).

Effective Control of Smart Hybrid Power Systems:Cooperation of Robust LFC and Virtual Inertia Control Systems

A modern power system is expected to consist primarily of renewables,which either lack or have less rotating masses(i.e.,source of inertia)compared to the traditional generation sources.However,the growth of renewables generation,based on power electronics,can substantially decrease the inertia levels of renewable power grids,which can create several frequency stability issues,resulting in power system degradation.To address this issue,this paper presents a recent virtual inertia scheme predicated on electric vehicles(EVs)to mimic the necessary inertia power in low-inertia smart hybrid power systems(SHPSs),thus regulating the system frequency and avoiding system instability.Moreover,to guarantee robust performance and more stability for SHPSs against multiple perturbations,system uncertainties,and physical constraints,this paper also proposes a robust control strategy relying on a coefficient diagram method(CDM)for the load frequency control(LFC)of SHPSs considering high renewables penetration and EVs.The efficacy of the proposed system(i.e.,robust LFC with the proposed VIC strategy)is validated by comparison with a conventional LFC with/without the proposed VIC system.In addition,the simulation outcomes show that the proposed system can considerably support smart low-inertia hybrid power systems for many different contingencies.

风电虚拟惯量延时的影响机理模型解析及替代性研究

风电机组采用虚拟惯量参与电网调频时,其本质是带延时的快速功率响应,但虚拟惯量延时对频率控制的非线性影响尚不清晰。同时,虚拟惯量存在测频精度要求高、延时大、频率微分环节放大量测误差等固有缺陷。为此,提出了风电机组虚拟惯量延时的影响机理模型解析及替代性研究的思路。首先,通过将风电机组虚拟惯量和下垂控制的延时特性近似等效为一阶惯性环节,建立风电调频使用虚拟惯量和下垂控制的系统频率响应模型;其次,基于劳斯近似法对高阶模型进行降阶解析,求得系统频率最低点的解析表达式;然后,解析求解风电调频仅使用下垂控制的系统频率响应模型,并在频率最低点指标下给出与虚拟惯量和下垂控制相同调频效果的下垂控制系数设定方法。进一步,在设定下垂控制参数下,对比两种控制方式下的最大频率变化率、稳态频率等关键指标关系,得出结论:适当改变下垂系数可替代带延时虚拟惯量,并能取得比虚拟惯量和下垂控制更佳的调频效果。最后,建立仿真模型,并从系统频率响应动态、调频能量需求、风电机组响应功率等方面验证了分析的正确性。

基于模型预测的直流微网多电力弹簧协同控制策略研究

针对新能源接入、负荷投切所导致的直流微电网电压质量下降与系统呈现低惯性的问题,传统惯性控制随着电网规模的扩大适应性降低,因此提出一种多直流电力弹簧(DC electric springs,DCESs)单元下的直流微网电压协同控制策略,首先采用分布式一致性算法通过稀疏通信网络交换本地信息与相邻信息,求解全局母线电压平均值,并引入积分环节提高传统通信方式的收敛性。接着考虑系统负荷投切以及源侧功率波动导致的电压突变,基于DCES中的双向全桥DC/DC变换器构建预测模型,令各DCES根据系统功率波动状态自适应求解最佳虚拟电容值,平滑直流母线电压,提升了动态响应速度,同时分析了系统电压的收敛性与稳定性。最后通过MATLAB/Simulink在随机波动负荷、实际光伏场景下从电压质量、即插即用性能、系统惯性3个方面验证了模型的有效性,所提出的控制策略在保证系统电压平稳的同时,具有更优的动态响应能力。

可再生能源高渗透下时滞孤岛微电网的负荷频率控制

针对孤岛微电网系统中大规模接入可再生能源导致的低惯性和开放通信网络中通信延迟对系统稳定运行造成的不可忽略的影响,该文研究变时滞影响下低惯性孤岛微电网系统的负荷频率控制问题。首先,提出一种引入虚拟惯性控制的时滞微电网分层频率控制模型;然后构造一个新的Lyapunov-Krasovskii泛函,它包括时滞乘积项和增广的s-dependent积分项。进而,选取复合松弛积分不等式、二次函数不等式和凸组合等方法与所构造泛函有效配合,得到保守性更低的稳定性判据。最后,通过不同场景的仿真分析验证所提方法在提高孤岛微电网时滞稳定裕度和系统动态性能方面具有更好的效果,并分析了时滞稳定裕度与控制器参数、非线性负载扰动之间的关系。

基于改进虚拟惯性控制的直流充电桩控制方法

直流充电桩充电速度快、效率高的优点使得电动汽车负载可以频繁投切,但其作为直流系统具有惯性小、阻尼弱的特点。为降低电动汽车负载投切对直流侧电压扰动的影响,文中提出一种基于改进虚拟惯性(virtual inertia,VI)控制的直流充电桩控制方法。首先,类比虚拟同步机(virtual synchronous machine,VSM)技术推出VI控制,赋予直流系统一定的惯性与阻尼支撑。其次,采用指令滤波反推积分滑模(command filter backstepping integral sliding mode,CFBISM)控制对VI控制进行改进,即采用积分滑模(integral sliding mode,ISM)控制优化VI控制,增强系统的鲁棒性,并采用指令滤波反推控制对其中关键参数进行重构,避免控制器出现计算膨胀现象,同时对电流内环采用改进ISM控制从而进一步提升控制效果。然后,通过Lyapunov稳定性判据证明所提控制方法的稳定性。最后,通过仿真对比验证了文中所提控制方法可将直流侧电压波动限制在2 V以内,动态响应速度提高约0.1 s,关键参数在稳态时的扰动限制在1 V左右,从而验证了其响应速度快、鲁棒性好的特性。

含减载控制和虚拟惯量控制的直驱风电场等值建模方法

为建立准确的具有主动支撑能力的直驱风电场等值模型,提出一种含减载控制和虚拟惯量控制的直驱风电场等值建模方法。首先,建立包含减载控制和虚拟惯量控制的直驱风机并网系统模型;其次,依据适应性分析选取转速、减载系数、惯性系数和阻尼系数作为分群指标;然后,基于分群指标利用改进K-means算法对直驱风电场中的机组进行聚类分群,得到直驱风电场的等值模型;最后,利用实际算例在不同场景下进行仿真和计算,对等值建模方法的准确性进行验证。

风电并网的电压稳定性分析与研究

风能作为一种无污染的清洁能源,近些年一直受到世界各国的青睐。但随着大规模的风电场并入电网,风能的随机性和间歇性也给电网的稳定性带来了冲击,因此,研究风电并网的电压稳定性对风电并网的安全运行有着非常重要的意义。本文以双馈异步发电机为例,通过MATLAB仿真,研究虚拟惯量控制、阻尼控制对电压频率稳定性的影响。

风电集群汇集的共享储能虚拟惯量补偿控制策略

针对大规模风电并网导致系统惯量削弱问题,提出风电集群汇集的共享储能虚拟惯量补偿控制策略。首先,计算风电集群惯量削弱量及共享储能电站的惯量补偿目标;然后,根据惯性响应的基本物理意义,定义储能装置的虚拟惯量;接着,探明其时变特性,求解储能虚拟惯量时域过程,确定储能电站以及各储能单元虚拟惯量补偿目标,提出各储能单元补偿目标动态设置控制参数的控制策略;最后,通过Matlab/Simulink仿真,验证了所提策略在不同储能配置容量、不同风电渗透率下均具有良好控制效果和适应性。

基于自抗扰的直驱风电机组强迫振荡抑制研究

风剪切和塔影效应会导致直驱式风电机组产生强迫功率振荡,影响系统的安全稳定运行。因此,提出了一种基于自抗扰控制的虚拟惯量控制方法,该方法通过扩张状态观测器观测估计系统扰动量,同时利用跟踪微分器调整系统频率的参考值,优化风电机组控制功率。仿真结果表明,相比传统的虚拟惯量控制,所提方法具有更好的抗干扰性,能更有效地对扰动进行观测估计并补偿,达到抑制直驱式风电并网系统强迫振荡的目的。

变流器虚拟惯量和阻尼协同自适应控制策略

针对变流器传统虚拟同步发电机控制(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)在暂态过程中出现的频率超调等问题,提出一种虚拟惯量和阻尼系数协同自适应控制策略。首先,对VSG变流器系统进行数学建模;然后,通过分析VSG有功和角频率暂态特性曲线,提出一种虚拟惯量和阻尼系数协同自适应控制策略,同时借鉴传统同步发电机小信号模型分析方法建立有功功率环路传递函数,给出参数的选取范围;最后,基于MATLAB/Simulink仿真,验证了所提自适应控制策略在改善频率和功率暂态特性方面的有效性。

直驱永磁风力发电机的变系数PD虚拟惯量控制研究

传统PD虚拟惯量控制虽然能有效避免无惯量情况下频率的二次跌落问题,但应对风速变化时,传统控制方法中固定的惯性系数可能导致惯量响应中惯量的过余或不足,风机输出有功功率延时变化,影响系统频率的变化,惯量响应效果不理想。为此,在搭建PD虚拟惯量控制模型的基础上,综合考虑转子动能与风速变化对虚拟惯量调节的影响,通过当前风速与下一时刻预测风速对应的旋转动能超前算出满足系统的变微分系数,优化传统控制方法中的风机辅助功率,匹配系统适时的惯量效应,在系统频率调整方面具有更高的灵活性,同时避免了传统控制方法机械、固定的全惯量支撑,减小机组的调频压力。最后通过仿真验证了所提策略的有效性。

基于改进模型预测的并网变换器自适应虚拟惯性控制策略研究

针对低惯性直流微电网中母线电压易受网内功率波动影响的问题,提出了一种基于改进模型预测的直流微电网并网变换器自适应虚拟惯性控制策略。首先,电压外环引入自适应类虚拟同步发电机控制,通过将控制方程中的虚拟惯性参数与电压变化率结合起来,实现虚拟惯性参数的灵活可调。其次,在电流内环引入模型预测控制,并采用改进延时补偿算法,实现对给定电流值快速跟踪的同时改善控制系统的动态特性。最后,基于Matlab/Simulink建立了系统模型进行仿真。结果表明,与传统的虚拟惯性控制策略相比较,所提控制策略下的直流母线电压波动幅值更小且动态性能更佳,可以有效提高直流母线电压的稳定性和直流微电网的惯性。

基于改进灰狼算法的VSG参数自适应控制策略

由于传统的虚拟同步发电机(Virtual synchronous generator,VSG)转动惯量和阻尼系数固定不变,在电网受到扰动时,系统的功率和频率输出会发生振荡,使系统失去了一定的动态调节性能。为了解决该问题,提出一种基于改进灰狼算法VSG参数自适应控制策略。根据VSG系统受到扰动时角速度变化率对转动惯量和阻尼系数变化影响,建立了参数自适应控制函数。在系统稳定条件下,利用改进灰狼算法对虚拟同步发电机参数选择初始值,使系统的有功功率和频率输出具有更好的动态性能,提高系统的稳定性。最后通过仿真对比现有的其他控制策略,验证所提策略的有效性和优越性。

基于虚拟同步机的风-光-储并网系统自适应功频控制策略

风-光-储系统通过虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)并网时,其运行工况变化将引起系统功频波动。针对这一问题,提出一种VSG自适应惯量阻尼功频控制策略。首先,建立VSG的数学模型及功率小信号模型,分析虚拟参数变化对系统稳定性的影响;然后,依据系统受扰时的功角曲线分析惯量阻尼的动态特性,设计了一种分段线性调整函数,并给出参数选取原则;最后,在Matlab/simulink平台中搭建仿真模型验证。结果表明,在工况变化情况下,采用VSG自适应控制的风光储并网系统功频响应得到了改善,相比传统VSG控制具有更好的动态调节性能。

弱电网下多源构网型变流器协同控制方法

虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)作为构网型控制的主要技术之一,可为电网提供惯量支撑,但由于变流器单机容量有限,当系统需要更大的惯量支撑时,需要多VSG并联运行,因此多VSG并联的协同控制备受关注。基于此,建立了VSG多机并联的状态空间模型,通过状态变量矩阵的特征值分析系统稳定性。同时,提出了基于模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)的多VSG并联协同控制策略,引入角频率差与功角差作为性能指标设计目标函数,求解所需最佳有功额定增量,通过功频系数对输出角频率进行动态修正,实现对输出频率的主动支撑,有效抑制了VSG并联造成的系统频率波动,提高了电网的稳定性。结果表明,相较于传统的VSG并联系统,所提出的MPC-VSG并联控制方法可缩短系统暂态响应时间,提高系统在暂态下的鲁棒性。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。

基于虚拟惯性控制的光伏直流微电网稳定性分析

在“双碳”目标下,直流微电网呈现低惯性特性,这对系统稳定运行造成不利影响。建立基于母线节点导纳网络的负反馈模型,利用其等效开环函数对系统稳定性进行分析。针对系统稳定裕度不足,提出将虚拟惯性控制引入光伏单元,实现光照变化较大情况下的母线电压平滑输出。理论分析与实验结果表明,所提控制方法在保证光伏利用率的基础上,对母线电压波动的抑制效果明显。